سعید کیوان شکوه

his study aimed to investigate the effect of selenium and magnesium nanoparticles and their composition on growth performance, nutritional indices, survival rate and hepatic accumulation of nano selenium and nano-magnesium in Asian Sea Bass (Lates calcalifer) with mean weight: 32.78 ± 1.16 g for 42 days. After four weeks of acclimation to the experimental conditions, 96 fish were randomly distributed in 12 fiberglass 300-liter tanks in equal numbers. Four treatments including nano-selenium and nano-magnesium free as control group, 4 mg nano-selenium treatment, 0.5 g nano-magnesium treatment and combination of 4 mg nano-selenium and 0.5 g nano-magnesium were investigated in this study. The fish were fed daily in two times based on station. Fish biometry was performed in all treatments at the end of the experiment. Samples needed to measure liver accumulation were collected at the end of the period. The results of this study showed that the final weight in the treatment of selenium nanoparticles was significantly different (P <0.05), percentage of body weight gain and specific growth rate in selenium + magnesium nanoparticles treatment was significantly different compared to the control group (P <0.05). Nutritional indices of protein yield coefficient, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were not significantly different among experimental treatments (P> 0.05). The results showed that the survival rate was not significantly different among experimental treatments (P> 0.05). The highest levels of selenium and magnesium accumulation in liver were related to selenium nanoparticles and selenium + magnesium nanoparticles, respectively, which were significantly different from other treatments (P <0.05).

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of selenium, magnesium nanoparticles and their composition on growth and digestive enzymes of Asian seabass with a mean weight of 32.78±1.16 g for 42 days. After adaptation to the experimental conditions, 96 fish were randomly distributed in 12 fiberglass cylinder 300-liter tanks in equal numbers. Four treatments including control treatment, 4mg / kg nanoselenium, 500mg / kg nanomagnasium and combination of 4mg/ kg nanoselenium with 500mg / kg nanomagnasium were investigated. The fish were fed daily in satiation and up to 3% of body weight in two time a day. Samples needed to measure growth indices and digestive enzymes were collected at the end of the period. The results showed that in the fish fed the combined treatment, the highest body weight gain was 131.33±26.58 and the specific growth rate was 2.08±0.28 and there was a significant difference between the control treatment (65.01±21.26 and 1.23±0.32, respectively) (P <0.05). The results of this study showed that digestive enzymes of alkaline phosphatase, lipase, trypsin and chymotrypsin were significantly different between experimental treatments (P <0.05), so that the highest activity of alkaline phosphatase in nanoselenium treatment (611.06±82.00U/mg protein),  the highest amount of lipase (0.86±0.03 U/mg protein), trypsin (0.054 ± 0.001 U/mg protein), and chymotrypsin (0.214±0.004U/mg protein) was seen in nanomagnesium treatment (P <0.05), whereas the amylase enzyme showed no significant difference between the experimental treatments (P> 0.05). The results of this study showed that the addition of selenium and magnesium nanoparticles to the diet of Asian Sea bass had positive effects on growth performance and digestive enzymes and suggested that magnesium nanoparticle supplementation (500 mg/kg) could be used alone or in combination with selenium nanoparticles (4 mg/kg nano-selenium and 500 mg / kg nano-magnesium) in the diet of Asian Sea bass.

In this study, the effects of changes in environmental salinity on some biochemical parameters and body composition in yellowfin seabream (Acanthopagrus latus) were assayed. Fish adapted to salinity of 20 ppt, then suddenly introduced in experimental salinities including 5, 12 and 34 ppt. Each treatment was done in three replicates. In each replicate, 12 fishes with an average initial weight of 100± 10 grams per 300-liter tanks were placed. alues increased in group 12 and 34 ppt (P<0.05). A higher level of triglyceride and lower levels of high density lipoprotein were recorded in 34 ppt compared to other treatments (P<0.05). The proximate composition of body was affected by salinity as moisture was lower in 34 ppt in compare to other groups (P<0.05). In this study, A. latus survived without mortality in experimental salinities, but changes induced for osmoregulation in 5 ppt requires high energy consumption, which reduces the energy available to the fish.

This study investigated the effects of replacement of fish oil with dietary sesame oil (SO) on growth performance and fillet composition of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) juvenile with initial mean body weight 52.54 ± 2.03 . Triplicate groups of 30 fish each held under identical culture conditions were fed twice daily by iso-nitrogenous, iso-calorific and iso-lipidic diets for 8 weeks. Experimental diets consisted of 36.96% protein and 18.52% lipid from fish oil (T1) 75% fish oil with 25% sesame oil(T2), 50% fish oil with 50% sesame oil (T3),  25% fish oil with 75% sesame oil (T4) ) and sesame oil (T5). Dietary sesame oil had no significant effect on growth rate or feed conversion ratio but the group was fed 100 % sesame oil had lower final body weight compare with others. SGR had been effect by oil source in diet and this index was decreased by increasing of sesame oil in diets. The VSI and HSI were changed by changing of diets and VSI was significantly higher in fish fed sesame oil only. The condition factor of fish reared on T5 was significantly higher than other groups. These treatments were affected on body composition, The carcass lipid content was lower in fish fed sesame oil. In contrast, protein content in carcass was higher in fish fed sesame oil. no significant differences were observed between dietary treatments for ash content in carcass of rainbow trout. The present results indicate that rainbow trout juvenile can be reared on diets in which FO has been replaced with SO, with no significant effects on fish performance.

One hundred and eight yellow-fin seabream (Acanthopagrus latus) with approximate weight 110±20g, adapted to salinity 20 ppt for 14 days, then challenged suddenly to salinity 5 ppt, 12 ppt, 34 ppt and kept in these salinities for 7 days. Gill samples were taken at 0, 24, 48 hours and 7 day after transfer. At time 0 structure of gill was normal and no changes were recorded in distribution of gill constitutes. Area of chloride cell increased in all groups after salinity challenge, but after one week at 12 and 34 ppt salinity, area of chloride cell decreased. Gill microscopic structure was normal and no changes was recorded in arrangement of the gill components. Size of chloride cell showed increase in fish kept in changed salinities, but decreased in 12 and 34 ppt groups after one week. Some changes including hypertrophy and hyperplasia of gill epithelium, lifting the gill epithelium, hypertrophy of chloride cells, changes in chloride cells area, adhesion Lamella and had an aneurysm were recorded in all groups. Our findings showed that some structural changes was seen in gills of A. latus to be compatible with different salinities

The induction of triploidy is an effective strategy for the production of sterile fish for aquaculture and has usually been reported to be accompanied by modifications in physiological characteristics. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of triploidy induction on growth performance and amino acid profiles in rainbow trout. Eight female (total weight 1600 ± 246 g) and six male (total weight 1393 ± 186 g) four-year-old healthy rainbow trout were used in this study. Triploidy was inducted through the application of heat shock of 28 ºC for 10 min to eggs 10 min post fertilization in an aquarium equipped with a heater. During the 38 days of rearing period, the fish were fed a rainbow trout commercial diet (BioMar, France) 12 times a day at the rate of 7% of their body weight. Fish ploidy level was determined by erythrocyte size measurement. Based on red blood cell analysis, the overall triploidization success level was 87.1%. Growth performance was significantly higher in diploids as compared to triploids (p<0.05). The levels of non essential amino acids increased and the levels of essential amino acids decreased as an effect of triploidy induction. Triploidy induction in rainbow trout affects growth performance and amino acid profiles in rainbow trout.

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of Tetraploidy induction on survival, growth performance, body composition and fatty acids profile in rainbow trout. For this work, 8 female brood stock (1600±246 g) and 6 male brood stock (1393±186 g) with 4 years old mean age were used. Heat shock achieved 65 degree- hour after fertilization, for 10 min and in 28˚c. The results showed that the level of tetraploidization induction was 68.21±2% that determined via red blood cell measurement. The survival rates in tetraploid group were significantly (p

One of the most important defense systems in fish to keep homeostasis is antioxidant defense system. To assay antioxidant enzymes in ovarian maturation process in cultured Sterlet sturgeon Acipenser ruthenus females, 24 fish were identified in four groups: previtellogenic, vitellogenic, post-vitellogenic and atresia (6 in each group) and blood samples were taken. Maturity stages were identified on the basis of histological criteria and direct observation. The activity of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD(, glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in blood was investigated. The results showed CAT and GPX activity decreased in the vitellogenic stage in compare to previtellogenic (P 0.05). MDA concentration in different groups did not show significant changes (P> 0.05). The results of this study showed nevertheless the metabolism increased in the process of sexual maturation, the antioxidant defense is could effectively protect fish against these changes.

In this present study genetic diversity of cuttlefish (Sepia pharaonis) populations were investigated using microsatellite markers. Total 51 samples were collected from Bandarabass and Bushehr regions. Tissue sample of arm tips (tentacle) were preserved in 96% ethanol alcohol until using in biotechnology laboratory of Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology. Genomic DNA was extracted with CTAB method. The quality and quantity of extracted DNA was assessed by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis and spectrophotometry, respectively. Polymerase chain reaction conducted with 6 pairs of microsatellite primers. PCR products were electrophoresised on 8% polyacrylamide gel and stained with silver nitrate. These primers were shown 4 pairs of polymorph and 2 pairs of monomorp. Allele Sizes were measured in populations then genetic parameter were calculated using Arlequin and Gen Alex Programs and phylogenetic relationship was determinated and drawn using TFPGA Program. Result obtained showed genetic distance and resemblance distance is 0.282 and 0.754, respectively and genetic differentiation was present 0.031. The findings of present study showed low levels of genetic differentiation but significant between of populations and S. pharaonis were likely two different population. These findings provide useful information for conservation and management of this species in the Persian Gulf.

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of triploidy and tetraploidy induction on survival, growth performance and response to transport stress in rainbow trout (O. mykiss) fry (with a weight range of 2-2.5g). To this purpose, 8 female (1600±246 g) and 6 male (1393±186 g) rainbow trout broodstock with the mean age of 4 years were used. Ten min. after insemination, the eggs were subjected to heat-shock for 10 min. submerged in a 28 °C water bath to induce triploidy. Tetraploidy was also induced by a thermal shock at 65 hour-degrees after fertilization in a 28 °C water bath for 10 min. Based on measuring area and volume of red blood cells, the overall triploidization and tetraploidization success level was 87.1±1% and 68.21±2%, respectively. Survival rate from fertilization to eyed stage in triploids (86.31 ± 1.21%) was significantly lower than that in diploids (92.12± 1.59%). Survival rate from eyed stage to hatching in triploids (94.04 ± 1.33%) was also significantly lesser than that in diploids (98.10 ± 0.45%). Survival rates of tetraploids in the three stages were significantly lower than those of the other experimental groups. After transportation stress, cortisol concentration in triploid fish (67.33 ± 4.48 ng/ml) was higher than that in other groups. The results showed that both triploidy and tetraploidy induction can lead to decreased survival rate. Moreover, the survival rate and physiological response of tetraploid fish to transportation stress is different from triploids but almost similar to diploids.

High mortality rates in embryonic and larval stages of rainbow trout in Iran are believed to be associated with incubation stressors such as handling. In the present study, the effects of handling stress on hatching, survival rate, growth performance, proximate composition and fatty acid profiles in rainbow trout were assessed. The fertilized eggs were subjected to handling for 10 min submerged in a 12 °C, aerated water bath, 10 min after fertilization. Untreated fertilized eggs were used as controls. The handling stress caused decreased survival of eggs during the incubation period (p

The aim of this study was to examine the changes in muscle proteome of the rainbow trout fed dietary β-glucan. The experimental diets contained 0 (control), 0.1% and 0.2% β-1,3/1,6 yeast glucan. First, feeding larvae were fed to apparent satiation nine times per day with their respective diets over two months. The percentage of body weight gain and feed efficiency of fish fed 0.2% diet was significantly higher than those of fish fed the control and 0.1% diets. Fish fed the control and 0.2% diets were subjected to proteomic analysis. Proteins of the muscle tissue were analyzed using two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Spots that were found to differ significantly in abundance between control and β-glucan fed fish were selected for identification. Out of 8 protein spots showing differential expression, 7 spots were successfully identified. Two protein spots that were found to be increased in abundance in the β-glucan treated rainbow trout corresponded to tropomyosin alpha-1 chain (spot 1) and slow myotomal muscle tropomyosin (spot 2). The five spots that were down-regulated with dietary β-glucan supplementation were identified as different forms of myosin: myosin light polypeptide 3-2 (spot 3), myosin light chain 1 (spots 4 and 5), fast myosin light chain 2 (spot 6) and myosin heavy chain (spot 7). The altered expression of structural proteins in fish fed β-glucan may be related to higher growth rate in rainbow trout. These findings provide basic information to understand possible mechanisms of dietary β-glucan contribution to better growth in rainbow trout.

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of triploidy induction on survival, growth performance, body composition and fatty acid profiles in rainbow trout. Eight female (1600±246 g) and 6 male (1393±186 g) of four-year rainbow trout broodstock were selected and stripped. Heat shock treatment achieved 10 min after fertilization, for 10 min and in 28˚C water bath. Based on red blood cell analysis, the overall triploidization success level was 87.1±1%.The survival rate from fertilization to eyed stage in triploid group (86.31 ± 1.21%) was significantly (p

This study was conducted to determine the effects of mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) on growth, some immune responses and gut lactic acid bacteria of common carp. Four experimental diets containing 0%, 0.05%, 0.10% and 0.20% MOS were prepared. Each diet was randomly allocated to triplicate groups of fish with initial average weight of approximately 14 g. After eight weeks, survival rate was high in all treatments with no significant difference (p > 0.05). Growth performance including final weight, weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) did not differ among the treatments. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was better when the fish were fed 0.05 to 0.20% MOS diets. The alternative complement activity, lysozyme activity and serum total Ig were found to be significantly (p < 0.05) greater in fish fed 0.20% MOS diets. Although the total intestinal bacterial counts were not affected by dietary treatment (p > 0.05), the lactic acid bacteria levels were significantly elevated in fish fed MOS diets (p < 0.05). These results indicated that oral administration of MOS at 0.20% elevated the immune response, improved FCR and modulated intestinal microbiota of common carp.

Aloe vera has been used worldwide both for pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries due to the plethora of biological activities of some of its constituents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Aloe vera on the antioxidant defense and growth index in rainbow trout. 480 Rainbow trout, weighing 9.50 gr were divided into four group, group 1: normal group, group 2: 0.5 mg/kg Aloe vera concentration, group 3: 1 mg/kg Aloe vera concentration, group 4: 2 mg/kg Aloe vera concentration. Serum catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and growth index were estimated. Our results showed that growth was not significantly affected by Aloe vera extract. In experimental control groups, 0.5 and 2 concentration enzyme activities were significantly lower compared with control group. In conclusion, Aloe vera is not recommended for strengthen of antioxidant defenses.

This experiment was conducted to examine the effect of dietary Immunogen prebiotic on growth، hematological indices and body composition of rainbow trout fingerlings. A basal diet supplemented with 0 (control)، 0. 05، 0. 1، 0. 15 and 0. 2 percent prebiotic to formulate five experimental diets. Each diet was randomly allocated to triplicate groups of fish with initial average weight of approximately 13. 76±0. 54 g. After 8 weeks of feeding trial، fish fed diets with prebiotic showed the highest final weight and SGR، and lowest in fish fed the control diet (P<0. 05). The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was better when the fish were fed with 0. 15 percent prebiotic. There were significant differences in hematological parameters including hematocrit، RBC، WBC، HB، lymphocyte and neutrophil counts in fish fed by dietary prebiotic (P<0. 05). At the end of feeding trial، the fish fed 0. 1% diet showed higher whole body protein. The fish fed with 0. 15% diet exhibited lower levels of lipid and ash. The results suggested that administration of dietary Immunogen at 0. 15-0. 2 percent exerted positive effects on growth، hematological indices and body composition in rainbow trout.

In this research, the variation of spermatozoa traits among three male rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was used to examine how the relative influences of sperm density and duration of sperm motility account for sperm competition success. Sperm competition trial was conducted to study the fertilization ability of sperms from three male rainbow trout. The proportions of larvae sired by different males were quantified using DNA microsatellite analysis. Larvae sired by male number 2 dominated the offsprings; this male sired 56% and 48% of the offspring checked in the paternity test using OMM1036 and Ocl8 loci respectively. Microsatellite DNA fingerprinting revealed that duration of sperm motility was conducive to sperm competition success. There was no significant relationship between fertilization success and either relative sperm count or duration of sperm motility; sperm count showed an inverse relationship with competition success (P<0.01, r=-0.915, n=30). Therefore, the results showed that under the experimental conditions for rainbow trout gametes, duration of sperm motility was a key spermatozoa character affecting sperm competition success. In the both control (paired mating treatments) and mixed milt fertilization groups, fertilization rates were high (>95%) when sufficient numbers (107) of spermatozoa per egg were used. Therefore, the fertilization success did not depend on whether sperm from one, or from a mixture of more males were used.

Nucleotides as low molecular weight intracellular compounds play key roles in diverse physiological and biochemical functions including encoding genetic in-formation and mediating energy metabolism. To determine effects of different levels of dietary nucleotides (NT) on fatty acid profile in rainbow trout. This experiment was carried out in 700 L circular tanks with 40 fish per tank. NT was added to the diet at a rate of 0. 0، 0. 05، 0. 1، 0. 15 and 0. 2 percent. Fish with average weight of 11. 35±0. 32 g were fed 5 times a day (3-5% of body weight) over 8 weeks. After 56 days of feeding، Eicosapentaenoic acid and Linolenic acid levels increased in fish fed on 0. 2% NT compared to the control group. No significant difference (p>0. 05) was in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)، n-3، n-6، n3/n6 and saturated fatty acids (SFA) among groups. It can be concluded that dietary nucleotides exerted positive effects on fatty acid composition in rainbow trout.

Effects of different levels of dietary nucleotides (NT) were studied on muscle amino acid profile of rain bow trout with an average weight 11.35±0.32 over 8 weeks. This experimental was carried out in 700 L circular tanks with 40 fish per tank. NT was added to the diet at the rates of 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2%. Fish were fed 5 times a day at a rate of 3-5% body weight. After 8 weeks of feeding, the fish fed 0.2% NT showed higher SGR and WG (%) compared to the control group. No significant differences were observed in fish fed 0.2% NT compared to the fish fed 0.15% NT. The results showed that dietary supplementation of NT has significant effect on His, Arg, Thr, Val, Ilu, Leu, Phe, Lys, Glu, Ser, Gly, Tyr+Phe, TEAA and TNEAA. In fish fed 0.2% NT, total essential amino acid (EAA) content was significantly higher among the experimental groups.

Effects of different levels of dietary nucleotides (NT) were studied on growth indices and body composition of rainbow trout with average weight of 11.35±0.32 during 8 weeks. This experimental was carried out in 700 L circular tanks with 40 fishes per tank. NT was added to the diet at a rate of 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2 percent. Fish were fed 5 times daily at a rate of 3-5% body weight per day. At the end of feeding trial, the fish fed 0.2% NT showed higher whole body protein, and lower lipid and ash levels compared to the control group. Administration of dietary NT at the level of 0.2% seems to positively influence the proximate composition of fingerling rainbow trout.

This research was carried out over a period of 21 days in September - October 2009 in Shahid Maleki Warm Water Fish Culture Centre in Ahvaz. The aim of the present study was to evaluate cortisol hormone and glucose in response to salinity (1>, 3, 6, 9, 12 ppt) in grass carp, (Ctenopharyngodon idella) fingerlings. Fishes (weight 12.55±0.239 g and total length 10±0.069 cm) were placed in 250 l-tank (15 grass carps/ tank) for 21 days at 24.16±1.35°C. These treatments were tasted in three replicates. At the end of experimental period, blood was collected from the heart for determination of cortisol hormone and glucose. Results indicate that salinity up to 3ppt did not affect cortisol hormone and glucose in grass carp (p>0.05) but higher salinities (6 and 9ppt) adverse effects on cortisol hormone, glucose and survival (p<0.05). At 12ppt all fishes died prior to 14 days. Cortisol and glucose levels significantly increased with increasing salinity indicate that physiological response of fish to salinity stress.

The present experiment was conducted to examine the effect of dietary nucleotides on complements C3 and C4 and resistance of rainbow trout fingerlings to Streptococcus iniae. A basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2 percent to formulate five experimental diets. Each diet was randomly allocated to triplicate groups of fish with initial average weight of approximately 23 g. After 8 weeks of feeding trial, levels of serum complements C3 and C4 in fish fed the nucleotide-supplemented diets were significantly higher than that of the control group. Fish were challenged by an intracoelomic injection with 9×106 colony-forming units/ml S. iniae. Mortality rate was recorded for 3 weeks after bacterial challenge. The challenge experiment showed that survival increased significantly (P<0.05) in fish fed the nucleotide-supplemented diets lower than of control treatment. The results suggest that dietary nucleotides administration at 0.15 and 0.2 percent exerted positive effects on serum complements C3 and C4 and resistance against S. iniae in rainbow trout.

This experiment was conducted to examine the effects of dietary nucleotides on growth, and intestinal morphology of rainbow trout with mean initial weight of approximately 11.35 ± 0.01 g. Five diets with 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 or 2 g of nucleotides (NT) Kg-1 diet were fed to rainbow trout for 8 weeks. Forty fish were kept in each of the triplicate tanks designed for every treatment group. Fish fed diets with 2 g and 1.5 g NT Kg-1 for 8 weeks had highest final weight and SGR and lowest in fish fed the NT-free control diet. After 8 weeks of feeding trial, there was a significant (P<0.05) decrease in FCR between the control and the groups fed diets with 1 g, 1.5 g and 2 g NT Kg-1. The highest length of intestine epithelium cells was observed in fish fed diets with 0.2 g NT Kg-1. The results suggest that dietary nucleotides exerted positive effects on growth indices and intestine morphology in rainbow trout.