سعیده رشیدی

Diabetes is a metabolic disease with high blood sugar levels. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are able to express various growth factors and integrin-linked kinase (ILK) plays an important role in regulating various processes of cells. In this study, we investigated the effects of silybinin on the expression of vascular-endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and ILK under normal and high glucose conditions in OECs.

In this study, OECs were extracted from the olfactory mucosa of neonatal rats and cultured. Low (1,5M) and high (50,75 µM) concentrations of silybinin were added to the cell culture media under normal and high glucose conditions. At the end of the study, we measured the expression of VEGF and ILK proteins using western blot technique. Data were analyzed by ANOVA test.

Under high glucose conditions, low concentrations of silybinin maintained expression and at high concentrations silybinin caused a dose-dependent decrease in ILK significantly. However, under high glucose conditions, low concentrations of silybinin significantly decreased expression of VEGF but high concentrations of silybinin caused a significant dose- dependent increase in VEGF expression.

High glucose condition increased ILK and VEGF expression in the OECs, and treatment with lower concentrations of silybinin maintained ILK expression and decreased VEGF expression. Therefore, it seems that lower concentrations of silybinin can be effective in protecting cells from cytotoxicity due to diabetes hyperglycemia by stabilizing ILK and reducing VEGF levels.

The existence of a secure channel for sharing secret key, is the main problem in the symmetric cryptography. This problem is solved by the asymmetric cryptography (Public key cryptography). Computation has the main rule in the public key cryptography. Here, we investigate the visual cryptography schemes. Human vision decodes the secret image in the visual cryptography scheme and no computations required for this aim. The visual cryptography scheme has an unconditional security. In this system, the secret image is shared between n participants and k participants can recover the secret image by stacking image layers. Various constructive models of the visual cryptography schemes have been constructed up to now. We investigate one type of the visual cryptography scheme that is based on BIBDs (Balanced Incomplete Block Design). In this paper, we introduce and construct new visual cryptography schemes based on homogeneous Steiner trades. The concept of homogeneous Steiner trades is closely related to BIBDs.

In order to investigate the effect of salicylic acid and selenium foliar application on physiological characteristics and yield and yield components of safflower under drought stress conditions, an experiment was conducted as split plots based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The main factor included irrigation in three levels, complete irrigation during growing season (control), cutting irrigation at 50 percent flowering stage and cutting irrigation at 50 percent head forming stage. Sub factor was considered foliar application of safflower plants including nonspraying (control), foliar application by salicylic acid, selenium and salicylic acid with selenium. Drought stress reduced biologic yield, yield components and grain yield, but it increased protein percentage, the superoxide dismutase activity and proline concentration. Also, the highest negative effect of drought tension was observed in flowering stage, so that stress at flowering stage reduced 49 percent grain yield and 33 percent biomass of safflower. Foliar application improved yield, yield components and superoxide dismutase activity compared to non-spraying (control). However, between foliar application treatments in grain yield and superoxide dismutase activity, no significant difference was observed, but foliar application of salicylic acid with 7198 kg ha-1 showed the highest biomass. The foliar application in stress and non-stress conditions increased grain oil percentage, so that in complete irrigation and flowering stage stress , the highest grain oil percentage was belonged to salicylic acid foliar application with 24 percent and salicylic acid foliar application with selenium 28 percent. The foliar application treatments increased proline concentration in stress conditions compared to control and at flowering stress stage, salicylic acid and selenium foliar application with 11 micro Mol per gram fresh plant weigh showed the highest proline concentration. Keywords: Grain yield, Oil percentage, Proline and Safflower. .

Today, the tourism industry, especially its urban branch, has a special place in the economies of countries and has an active and effective role in promoting the socio-economic and cultural structure of countries, especially in developing countries.The purpose of this study was to investigate the importance and position of the role of urban tourism in economic development of Shahidezh in terms of "analytical-comparative" method. For potentiometric and tourism analysis of Shahidezh city and its role in economic development, Swat model and ANP model have been used in Super Decisions software to determine the most suitable strategy for increasing the tourism potential in Shahidjeh city. The results of the analysis of internal and external factors affecting tourism showed that the adjustment and reduction of 0.331 point indicators with a score of 0.331 to increase tourism potential is of great importance compared to other dimensions of SWOT technique. On the other hand, the formation of the internal and external factors evaluation matrix and the calculation of the factor's total score, the total score of the strategies and the increase of tourism potential were calculated for four competitive / invasive strategies (SO), diversity (ST), review (WO) and defensive (WT) Strategy (SO) with average total score (0.32) was selected as the most appropriate strategy for increasing tourism capacity and potential for economic development of Shahinandeh.

Deterioration of seed is one of the vigor reducing factors limiting seed germination. Determination of factors affecting seed deterioration is important. In order to determine the effect of plant hormones on germination characteristics and antioxidant enzymes activities of deteriorated corn seeds an experiment was carried out at seed and biotechnology laboratories of College of Agriculture, Tehran University in 2019. The study was designed with a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications. The experiment treatments included varieties at 2 levels (704 single cross hybrid and 260 single cross hybrid), accelerated aging at 4 levels (0, 5, 10, and 15 day), and hormones at 2 levels (gibberellin and cytokinin). Seed deterioration reduced germination indexes and peroxidase and catalase enzymes activity. Treatment of deteriorated seeds with cytokinin and gibberellin increased antioxidant enzymes activities. Cytokinin was more effective than gibberellin in increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes in deteriorated seeds. Results indicated that low seed vigor decreased the activity of enzymes and plant hormones as an agronomy solution compensated for the loss in low vigor seeds. Also, cultivar 704, with a higher vigor indicated amore enzyme activity than cultivar260.

The rural community can be considered as a type of social organization formed on the basis of the relationship between people and local institutions associated with them. Agriculture today plays an essential role in the economic development of countries. The mainstay of the economic and social system of most countries is the largest source of employment. Anecare develops a very important opportunity to reduce malnutrition. The majority of the rural population is dependent on this sector. From the point of view of sustainable development, agricultural-oriented development is also a practical solution to rural problems, which has led to an increase in rural households' incomes, provision of raw materials for industries, export value, food supply and rural welfare improvements. In the national economy of Iran, this sector also plays a crucial role, producing and providing 23% of employment, 14% of gross national product, 31% of non-oil exports and 94% of the country's food needs; therefore, it is one of the most important economic sectors.

The research is a kind of applied one whose method is descriptive-analytic. The data collection is based on field information (questionnaire). The questionnaire was compiled from three main dimensions (knowledge and skills of farmers, rural development and agricultural development) and 36 variables extracted from theoretical basis of the research. Therefore, in order to analyze the information, the descriptive statistics and factor analysis (in the main components analysis method) have been used in the SPSS software to answer the research question. In order to assess the validity of the questionnaires, the opinions of experts in the field of agricultural, irrigation and irrigation promotion in Darab Agricultural Jihad Department were implemented and necessary corrections were made. The reliability of the questionnaire was performed using Cronbach's alpha. Moreover, the Cochran formula was used to obtain the logical volume of the sample population. Regarding the size of the statistical society in Darab city, which had 6780 rural households, 323 households were selected as the sample population to answer the questionnaires. A stratified sampling method was used to carry out a precise study and investigate the effects of agriculture and rural development on each other, so the amount of land was divided into four groups determining the necessary samples based on the number of beneficiaries in each group (based on the data available in Darab Agricultural Jihad). Finally, the samples were randomly assigned to each group with an appropriate assignment.

Descriptive findings indicate that 93% of the respondents was male and 7% was female, the mean age of respondents was 51.10 with a standard deviation of 11.47. The mean of the household was 2.7 with a standard deviation of 0.24. Regarding the status of literacy, the highest prevalence rate was 51%. The highest amount of agricultural land belongs to 5-10 hectares and the lowest percentage is more than 15 hectares. Since more than 50% of farmers have an income 20 million rials, it is argued that the farmers have a good income.
Development is one of the concepts that has a close relationship with the lives of individuals and seeks to raise the standard of living through optimal and optimal conditions. Nowadays, as a large part of the population in rural areas, rural development is an inevitable part of national development. Basically, a majority of villagers are working as a farmer. Since agriculture plays an important role in the rural economy and living conditions, it can also be considered as the basis for rural development. In fact, agriculture is the centerpiece of rural development. As agricultural development and rural development, in turn, have a major impact, the development of each one will lead to another development. In general, the issues related to agriculture and rural life are interrelated. Due to the proximity of the role and importance of agriculture in rural development activities, the concepts of agricultural development and rural development are used synonymously in many of the writings.

Today, one of the important goals of rural development is to enhance the capacities and productivity of the agricultural sector through structural policies in order to exploit the competitive advantages of agricultural products. In structural policies, there is a great emphasis on rebuilding agriculture from intensive cropping, agricultural renewal, increased exploitation, environmental sustainability, and comprehensive support for domestic production, taking into account the relative local and regional benefits. Agricultural section is one of the most powerful economic sectors of the country, which provides approximately one-third of employment, more than four fifth of the country's food needs, half of non-oil exports, nine tenths of the needs of industries to agricultural products, and one-fifth of the country's gross domestic product.

Deterioration of seed is one of the vigor reducer factors and germination limiting. An evaluation effective factors on seed deterioration is important. In order to determine the effect plant hormones on germination characteristics and antioxidant enzymes activity corn deteriorated seed the experiment was carried out at seed and biotechnology laboratories of College of Agriculture, Tehran University in 2015.This exam was designed with a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications. The experiment treatment include varieties factor at 2 levels (704 single cross hybrid and 260 single cross hybrid), accelerated aging factor at 4 levels (0,5,10,15 day) and hormone factor at 2 levels (gibberellin hormone and cytokinin hormone). Seed deterioration  reduces germination indexes and reduces peroxidase and catalase enzymes activity.Treatments deterioraterd seeds with cytokinin and gibberellin increased antioxidant enzymes activity. The cytokinin hormone was more effective than gibberellin hormone in increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes in deteriorated seeds. The results indicated seed aging decrease the activity of enzymes and plant hormones to tittle agronomy achievement reduced damage recovery using  low vigor seeds. 704 cultivar, with a higher vigor indicated amore enzyme activity than 260 cultivar.

Natural hazards have always happened suddenly, and human societies have suffered a lot from them. One of the ways to cope with those hazards is to increase the resilience of communities against them. The purpose of this study is to investigate the extent to which rural and urban communities are discriminated against natural hazards. The present research is descriptive-analytic in terms of method and applied in term of purpose. The statistical population of the study consists of all the heads of urban households (147,717) and rural familes (21,763) in Zahedan. Among them, a sample of 322 was elicited by using Cochran's formula, and the participants completed questionnaires. In this research, descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. The results of the research show that the level of economic, socio-cultural and infrastructure resilience in urban societies is higher than that in rural societies. In other words, the resilience of urban communities in these three indicators is desirable, but it is undesirable in rural communities. It is only in the social capital index that the resilience of rural communities is higher than that in urban societies. Also, in this very index, rural communities rank higher than the average, while urban ones are lower than desirable.

In order to study of seed priming hormone in the field an experiment was conducted factorial based on completely randomized block design with three replications at the research farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Polytechnic University of Shahroud in 2016. Experimental factor were including hormone priming (control, Gibberellin hormone, Cytokinin hormone), Accelerated aging (0, 10, 15 day) and cultivar (260 and 704). First the seeds in order to create different vigors under accelerated aging test were placed(Temperature 40°C and humidity 90%) and then by150 micromol hormones cytokinin and gibberellin in 25 C treatment and in the farm were cultivated. Characteristics measured in farm including leaf area index, relative water content, chlorophyll index, biological yield, grain yield, rows per ear, grains per ear, 1000-grain weight and harvest index. Results comparison indicate accelerated aging reduces the measured characteristics and seed priming with cytokinin and gibberellins had a significant effect on the characteristics studied.So that the grain yield with treatment gibberellins and cytokinin hormones respectively was (4968.05 kg.ha) and (4082.03 kg.ha).The result showed that seed deterioration was reduced in studied characteristics and seed priming befor planting on the farm by hormones effective on quatitive and qualitative characteristics.

Vardhast Village in Semirom is suitable because of climatic and geographical conditions for the cultivation of horticultural products, especially apples. Apples cultivation in this area, in addition to increasing farm incomes, has caused changes and changes in the physical condition of villages in the region, including the change in rural housing in this village. In this research, firstly, the factors affecting the production of apple in the region, then the method of how to change the space of residential units, the study of various types of building materials in rural homes are discussed. The method of analysis is descriptive-analytic and quantitative in terms of (qualitative) method. Research findings show that the most important factors influencing the production of apple in this region are climatic conditions, suitable soil, more money, and tree cultivation increases income and changes in the type of building materials used and changes in the interior and exterior space of the dwellings and It imitates the style of urban architecture and leaves the village out of its traditional way.

The present research was conducted to determine the effect of Cytokinin and Gibberellin hormones on the improvement of germination traits of maize cultivars with different vigor. The experiment was conducted in the seed laboratory of the Agronomy and Plant Breeding Department of the Faculty of Agronomy and Animal Science of University of Tehran in 2015. The maize cultivars used included Hybrid Single Cross 704 cultivar and Hybrid Single Cross 260 Cultivar. Standard germination test was completely randomized performed to determine the voguers of two cultivars of corn. 704 cultivar showed higher germination indices than 260 cultivar. The seeds were then investigated in the form of factorial in a completely randomly design in a completely randomized design with four replications in order to create different vigorous under the pre-mature aging test at 5, 10 and 15 days and after the pre mature aging test of the effect of different concentrations of Cytokinin and Gibberellin hormone on decayed seeds of corn cultivars. In all experiments, the traits of germination percentage and rate, root length, shoot length, root fresh weight, stem fresh weight, root dry weight and shoot dry weight were measured. The obtained results showed that aging or seed deterioration, causes reduction in germination percentage and rate, root length, root fresh weight, stem fresh weight, root dry weight and shoot dry weight. Under pre mature aging treatments, the difference was significant between cultivars. In 704 cultivar, traits measured under pre mature aging treatments showed a lower reduction than 260 cultivar. The treatment of decayed seeds with Gibberellin and Cytokinin hormones improved the measured traits. The effect of higher concentrations of hormone in long-term aging treatments was very significant. Increasing the concentration of hormones from 50 micromoles to 150 micromoles improved the measured traits.

Deterioration of seed is one of the most important limiting or even hindering factors in its germination. An evaluation and understanding of the factors responsible for/ and enhancing seed deterioration is of paramount importance. The main aim of this study was to determine the effects of seed deterioration on its germination and as well on the activities of antioxidant enzymes in canola culitvars. The experiments were carried out at seed and biotechnology laboratories of College of Agriculture, University of Tehran during 2004-2005. A completely randomized design of three replications was employed. The canola cultivars Licord (winter variety) and Option 500 (spring variety) were the ones studied. The seeds were aged through accelerate-aging and then germination characteristics measured. Such characteristics as germination percentage (%), germination index as well as germination speed were assessed in all the experiments. Moreover, the levels of antioxidant enzymes, catalase and peroxidase, on these cultivars both under the aging and non-aging treatments and at three imbibition stages were measured. The results revealed that seed aging or deterioration reduced the percentage of germination, germination index and speed of germination in either one of the cultivars. For Licord cultivar, under the accelerate-aging test, all the aforementioned traits were higher than those of Option cultivar. Seed aging reduced the activity of enzymes. Extending seed hydration intervals increased catalase and peroxidase activities. However, the aged seeds had lower levels of enzymes as compared to non-aged ones. Licord, with a higher vigor benefited from a more enzyme activity than Option 500.