سعیده شادمهری

Aging is characterized by gradual decrease in volume and mass of muscle skeletal, resulting in impaired physical and physiological function. Exercise is the most effective way to the improvement of muscle function and is one of the stimulants of changing homeostasis in skeletal muscle. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of resistance training on Rheb and mTOR proteins of Extensor digitorum longus muscle in elderly rats.

In this experimental study, 16 elderly male Sprague Dawley rats (20 months old and mean weight 300-450 gr) were placed in two groups: control (n=8 rats) and resistance training (n=8 rats). Resistance training consisted of 8 weeks and 3 weekly sessions of climbing a one-meter vertical ladder with 26 steps and two cm of space between each step with slope 85 degrees. Each session included three shifts with five repetitions, with one minute rest between each repetition and two minutes rest between each set. In the first week, the amount of weights attached to the rats was 50 percent of their body weight, which gradually increased by 10 percent each week and reached 100 percent of their body weight in the eighth week. The rats were anesthetized 48 hours after the last training session. The content of Rheb and mTOR proteins in the extensor digitorum longus muscle was measured by Western blotting.

The results showed that eight weeks of resistance training caused significant increase in the mean proteins content of Rheb (P=0.001) and mTOR (P=0.013) in the EDL muscle of elderly rats compared to the control group (1.00).

According to the results of the present study, resistance training may help improve the factors involved in the synthesis of protein in skeletal muscle during aging.

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is one of the important pathways in the regulation of muscle volume, and aging is one of the important factors in this disorder. Therefore, the aim of this research is the effect of eight weeks of resistance training on the content of RAS and RAF-1 proteins in the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle of old rats.

In this fundamental experimental research, 12 male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 20 months with an average weight of 400±30 gr were randomly divided into 2 groups:1-control (6 rats) and 2- resistance training (6 rats). The resistance training program was 3 sessions per week for 8 weeks. Rats climbed a one meter vertical ladder with an 85-degree incline, 26 rungs and two cm of space between each rung. The content of proteins was measured through Western Blot laboratory method. Data analysis was done through independent t-test in SPSS version 27 and GraphPad Prism version 10.2.2. The significance level was set at P≤ 0.05.

Eight weeks of resistance training led to a significant increase in RAS and RAF-1 protein levels in the EDL muscle of aged rats (P=0.0001). Cohen's test showed a strong effect size for the amount of RAS (4.44) and RAF-1 (4.88) proteins.

It seems that the increase of RAS and RAF-1 proteins following resistance training can lead to the initiation of the MAPK pathway as a pathway in the regulation of muscle volume and mass.

Diabetes can cause serious cardiovascular complications by disrupting the autophagy pathway. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the intracellular levels of autophagy proteins in the left ventricular tissue of rats with type 1 diabetes.

In this experimental study, 18 2-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats with an average weight of 300±20 grams were selected. Twelve rats had type 1 diabetes after intraperitoneal injection of STZ (with a dose of 50 mg/kg of body weight) solution. Rats were randomly divided into two groups: diabetic training and diabetic control (each group, six heads). A healthy control group (six heads) was also considered. The training group underwent HIIT four days a week for six weeks. GraphPad Prism version 9.5 software and one-way ANOVA, and Tukey's post hoc tests were used to analyze the data. The significance level was considered P≤ 0.05.

ULK1 and FIP200 levels showed a significant increase in the left ventricle after 6 weeks of HIIT training compared to the healthy control group and the diabetic control group (P= 0.0001).

Considering the increase in ULK1 and FIP200 proteins, it can be concluded that HIIT training can activate the autophagy pathway; Therefore, in prescribing this type of exercise for diabetic subjects, the intensity and duration of the exercise should be considered.

Decreased muscle mass is an important factor in the reduction of body function in old age. Complex cellular pathways such as autophagy are strongly related to health and there is a complex relationship between autophagy and aging; therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of resistance training on the levels of autophagy proteins Beclin1 and Ambra1 in the Extensor Digitorum Longus (EDL) muscle of elderly rats.

The current research was of an experimental-fundamental type, in which 12, 20-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats with an average weight of 400 ± 30 g were randomly divided into two groups: 1) control (6 heads) and 2) resistance training (6 heads). The resistance training program included climbing the rodent ladder for eight weeks, three sessions per week. The subjects climbed a vertical ladder with an 85-degree incline, one meter long, 26 rungs and two cm of space between each rung. After 48 hours after the last training session, EDL muscle tissue was removed. Data were analysed using an independent t-test in the GraphPad Prism version 9.5 software. The significance level was set at P < 0.05.

Eight weeks of resistance training led to decreased Beclin1 (P=0.0001) and Ambra1 (P=0.0212) protein levels in the EDL muscle of old rats.

Reducing the intracellular content of these factors through resistance training can prevent autophagy in the muscle cells of elderly subjects, resulting in less atrophy

Some adipokines are involved in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval training on Chemrine and Adipsin gene expression of liver tissue in animal of steatosis. In this experimental study, 32 rats (weighing 200-250 gr) were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups including healthy control, fatty liver, HIIT and fatty liver + HIIT group. Rats were infected with fatty liver by oral tetracycline at a dose of 140 mg/kg (soluble in 2 ml of water) for 7 days. HIIT protocol contained 5 intervals 2 min running session at 85–90% of VO2max followed by 1 min running at 30–40% of VO2max between each session, five sessions per week for 5 weeks. The Chemrine and Adipsin gene expression in the liver tissue samples was measured by Real Time PCR. Data were analyzed by One-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests at the P <0.05. The results showed that the Chemrine and Adipsin gene expression of liver tissue was significantly higher in fatty liver group than the healthy control group (P=0.001). Chemrine and Adipsin gene expression in liver tissue was significantly lower in HIIT and fatty liver + HIIT group’s than the fatty liver group (P=0.001). It seems that the HIIT training program can help improve the levels of adipokines in fatty liver disease, so this training method is recommended for its benefits in fatty liver disease.

Unc-51 Like Autophagy Activating Kinase-1 (ULK1) and FAK Family Kinase-Interacting Protein of 200 kDa (FIP200) play an essential role in controlling autophagy and muscle volume. The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of endurance training on the intracellular content of ULK1 and FIP200 proteins in the left ventricular of rats with type 1 diabetes.

In this experimental study, 18 rats 2-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats with a mean weight of 300±20g were selected. 12 rats became diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of Streptozotocin solutions. These rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: diabetic training and diabetic control (6 heads per group); A healthy control group (6 heads)was also considered. The training group practiced endurance training 4 days a week for 6 weeks. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 23 and one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests.

The content of ULK1 (increase) and FIP200 (decrease) after endurance training showed a significant change among the research groups in the left ventricular (P=0.0001). Tukey's post hoc test showed that this change is significant between the pair of diabetic training groups to diabetic control, diabetic training to healthy groups, and also diabetic control to healthy groups (P≤0.05).

Endurance training showed that it can have a dual nature to control autophagy in diabetic subjects by increasing ULK1 and decreasing FIP200. There is a need for more investigations in the field of exercise physiology on the proteins responsible for autophagy, especially in type 1 diabetes subjects.

Overweight and obesity is a serious and growing health problem, that is associated with the risk of disability and increased morbidity (1). In obese people, hypertriglyceridemia and insulin resistance lead to impaired fasting glucose, hypertension, inflammation, and accumulation of visceral adipose tissue (2). These factors contribute to adverse cardiovascular outcomes due in part to cardiac autonomic dysfunction (3-5). Thus, hypertension increases sympathetic balance and arterial stiffness, decreases heart rate variability, endothelial dysfunction, and ultimately increases the risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and cardiovascular death (6). recently, whole-body vibration has been considered a potential alternative or adjunct to exercise (10). Evidence suggests that whole-body vibration is associated with decreased fat accumulation and fat reduction in rats (13). These results suggest the use of WBVT in the treatment of obesity. In fact, WBVT improves body composition, muscle strength and cardiovascular function in a variety of populations, including obese people (14). In general, physical activity may reduce cardiovascular risk factors and thus reduce mortality by improving the lipid profile and thus obesity (18). Therefore, there is a strong rationale for the importance of exercise in improvement programs of lifestyle to prevent or treat overweight and obesity. Whole body vibration training has been suggested as a useful protocol to increase metabolism (19). However, the effect of whole-body vibration training on cardiovascular risk factors in obese and overweight people is not well understood. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the effect of whole-body vibration training (WBVT) on blood pressure, heart rate and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight girls.

In this semi-experimental study, 40 overweight girls were selected and randomly divided into experimental (whole-body vibration training) and control groups. Whole body vibration training was performed in 30 sessions every day. Biochemical variables were measured before and after training. Data were analyzed with covariance analysis (ANCOVA) at the P<0.05.

The results showed that WBVT significantly reduced fasting blood glucose (P=0.001), total cholesterol (P=0.006), low-density lipoprotein (P=0.000), heart rate (P=0.028), BMI (P=0.002), high-density lipoprotein (P=0.047) and waist-to-hip ratio (P=0.000) in overweight girls but had no significant effect on triglyceride (P=0.852) and blood pressure (P=0.189).

The results of the present study showed that whole body vibration training significantly reduced fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, heart rate, BMI, high-density lipoprotein and waist-to-hip ratio in overweight girls but had no significant effect on triglycerides and Blood pressure. The findings of this study were consistent with the results of Previous research (16, 20, 21). WBVT increases glycemic control by improving insulin action and regulation of glucose. It seems that lowering blood glucose following whole body vibration training is associated with increasing muscle mass. In fact, these training increase the volume of lean muscle mass, and this increase in volume by increasing glucose storage in muscle and facilitating glucose metabolism (20). The mechanism of significant changes in blood pressure and heart rate following whole-body vibration training is still unclear. In some previous findings it has been reported that significant changes in systolic blood pressure have been achieved and a significant improvement in diastolic pressure is achieved when these training are combined with other forms of training (24). Increased local blood flow immediately after vibration training as well as neurophysiological changes following tonic reflection of vibration may increase elasticity and facilitate increased flexibility (30). The mechanism that reduces body fat percentage and fat profile by Whole body vibration is still unknown. However, there are potential contributing factors; whole-body vibration training increase the concentration of serum free fatty acids during the recovery period (33), in addition, activate the central sympathetic nervous system (34); The key role of this system is to stimulate lipolysis in white adipose tissue. There is relationship between the activity of the central sympathetic nervous system and fat oxidation, and hypofunction of this system is a risk factor for weight gain in humans (35). Also, the catabolic effect of vibration on adipose tissue can be explained by converting kinetic energy to thermal energy under friction forces (36). The present study had limitations such as lack of control over physical activity of research groups outside the study time, lack of control of genetic and congenital characteristics that affect obesity, lack of complete control of mental health conditions and lack of precise control of fatigue and sleep quality of the subjects was mentioned during the study. According to the results, it seems that WBVT can help reduce cardiovascular risk factors in overweight people.

The prevalence of diabetes is higher among the sedentary and obese population than others. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of silymarin and pilates training on anthropometric indices, blood sugar and some liver enzymes in diabetic Women with Obesity.

In this semi-experimental study, sixty diabetic women with obesity (55-65 years with body mass index over 30) were selected by convenience sampling and randomly divided into four groups: placebo, silymarin supplementation, Pilates training, silymarin supplementation + Pilates training. The supplement groups received pills containing 140 mg of silymarin extract three times daily after each meal. The experimental group participated in Pilates training program for 12 weeks, three sessions per week, one hour each session. Data were analyzed using 2-factor analysis of covariance (supplement-exercise) at the P <0.05.

The results showed that silymarin supplementation significantly improved FBS, HbA1C and WHR. Pilates training significantly improved BMI, body fat mass, FBS, HbA1C and WHR. also, Silymarin consumption and Pilates exercise significantly improved HbA1c and ALT enzyme activity (p=0.001).

According to the results, it seems that silymarin consumption and Pilates training are effective in improving blood sugar and some liver enzymes in obese diabetic women. Therefore, it is recommended that these patients benefit from Pilates training with silymarin.

Blood biochemical parameters are usually monitored in conjunction with breast carcinoma treatment to check for chemicals released from body tissues during metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate the evaluation of the effect of Pilates training on the serum biochemical parameters of women with breast cancer.

In this semi-experimental study, 24 women with breast cancer (45-55 years, who had completed chemotherapy) who were referred to health centers therapy and private clinics of Shiraz were selected and divided into two groups: Pilates training and control. The Pilates training group performed exercises for 10 weeks, 3 sessions per week and 60 minutes each session. The control group performed only their daily activities during this period. Blood sampling and anthropometric measurements were performed before and after the training period. Data were analyzed by independent and dependent t-tests at the P <0.05.

The results showed that 10 weeks of Pilates training had no significant effect on the weight, body mass index, and a waist-to-hip ratio of women with breast cancer (p>0.05). Pilates training had no significant effect on changes in blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, and phosphorus in women with breast cancer (p>0.05). the levels of creatinine (t=3.833 and p=0.001) and calcium (t=3.350 and p=0.004) in the Pilates training group were significantly lower than the control group.

According to the results, it seems that Pilates training can help improve some blood biochemical parameters in women with breast cancer.

Eotaxin is a pre-inflammatory adipokinin secreted from adipose tissue that plays an important role in function regulating of adipose tissue. This study was done to determine the effect of high-intensity interval training on the gene expression of eotaxin in visceral adipose tissue and insulin resistance following metabolic syndrome in rats.

In this experimental study, 40 male Wistar rats (weight 180±20 gr) were selected and after 12 weeks of high-fat diet and the creation of the metabolic syndrome model were randomly divided into four groups including  control, metabolic syndrome, High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and metabolic syndrome with HIIT. Rats in the high-fat diet were subjected to a special diet (30 to 40% fat) for 12 weeks to develop a model of metabolic syndrome. HIIT consisted of 5 to 10 interval 1-minute intensive running on treadmill at 80 to 95% of maximum speed and in slow alternations at 55% of maximum speed for 8 weeks. Insulin resistance using HOMA-IR mode is considered as a basic factor for determining metabolic syndrome.

The gene expression of eotaxin and insulin resistance in the metabolic syndrome group were significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05). Gene expression of eotaxin and insulin resistance was significantly lower in HIIT and metabolic syndrome with HIIT groups than the metabolic syndrome group (P<0.05). Also, the gene expression of eotaxin and insulin resistance was significantly lower in HIIT group than the metabolic syndrome with HIIT group.

It seems that HIIT may be an important factor in down-regulating eotaxin and insulin resistance in metabolic syndrome.

Breast cancer is the most common tumor in women and is the second leading cause of death from cancer after lung cancer. This type of cancer accounts for 25% of all cancers and 12% of cancer-related deaths and is associated with invasion, metastasis and high recurrence rates, especially metastatic capacity of the brain and lungs (1). Over the past 3 decades, patient survival has increased due to advances in treatment and diagnosis. However, patients' quality of life is still negatively affected by the side effects of chemotherapy. Targeted and hormonal therapies do not have long-term effects in most cases, and some patients resist treatment with a significant reduction in therapeutic effect. Epidemiological and etiological evidence show that aberrant fat is a significant factor and a negative prognostic factor for breast cancer (2). Adipose tissue plays an essential role as an energy storage medium and can act as endocrine cells to produce various active substances (3). In addition, studies have confirmed that adipocytes adjacent to invasive cancer cells, referred to as cancer-related fat cells, are involved in the development of breast cancer (4). Breast tissue is composed of 90% adipose tissue with permanent interactions between epithelial cells and fat cells (5). Adipocytes and their precursor mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may maintain tumor phenotypes by acting as energy reservoirs for neighboring cancer cells or by secreting signaling molecules and vesicles containing proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids (6). For a long time, adipose tissue was considered an energy source. Today, it is well established that adipose tissue plays a major role in metabolism as a member of the endocrine glands responsible for secreting biologically active molecules called adipokines. Adipokines have hormonal function and as growth factors that modulate insulin resistance, regulate fat and glucose metabolism, and participate in pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses (7). Adipokines are classified as hormones, growth factors, angiogenic factors, and cytokines. Among them, leptin, adiponectin, resistin and chemerin have the most studies (10). Exercise has many benefits for healthy and unhealthy populations. Repetition of exercise not only directly plays an important role in the prevention of breast cancer (incidence rate), controlling the progression of breast cancer and improving the patient's physical abilities and balance, but also indirectly reduces fatigue and nausea and increases Self-esteem and quality of life in patients with breast cancer (11). Epidemiological studies have shown that exercise can regulate factors that increase the risk of breast cancer, thus reducing the incidence and mortality of breast cancer (12,13). Breast cancer is still a major medical, social and economic problem due to its increasing prevalence and adverse treatment outcomes. Numerous scientific reports show the benefits of physical activity on various pathophysiological aspects of breast cancer. Changes in adipokines secreted by adipose tissue in response to exercise can increase insights into proposing an appropriate exercise strategy to improve the function of hormone secreted by adipose tissue in breast cancer. In this review, we will discuss the importance of breast adipose tissue and then discuss the different roles of breast adipose tissue in the development and progression of breast cancer. Then we deal with adipokines secreted from adipose tissue and the response of these adipokines to sports activities. According to the above, the present study intends to investigate the effects of exercise on changes of adipokines secreted by adipose tissue in women with breast cancer.

Search for studies on the changes of adipokines in response to exercise in breast cancer in articles published in the reputable databases Springer, Hindawi, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, SID and ISC using the keyword Exercise Training, adipokines (Leptin, adiponectin, resistin and chemerin) were performed. 16 studies of adipokines responses to exercise in women with breast cancer were reviewed.

In many studies, the regulation of adipokines secreted by adipose tissue, including increase in adiponectin and decrease in leptin and resistin levels, was observed in women with breast cancer. Also, Exercise interventions that reduce fat mass modulate the concentration of adipokines.

Most research on the relationship between fat and adipokines has been on the progression of breast cancer (68-70). Also, Positive correlations have been reported for waist-hip ratio, waist circumference, or other indicators of obesity and breast cancer risk in women (71). Exercise is a safe and effective adjunctive treatment for breast cancer. Exercise can affect body fat and composition if energy intake equals or exceeds energy absorption. Because adipokines are secreted from adipose tissue, any exercise intervention that reduces fat may be desirable (56). However, it is important to note that energy expenditure during exercise, independent of fat reduction, can also improve the regulation of adipokines, and this strategy can ultimately improve the prognosis of breast cancer (13). Considering the levels of adipokines studied, it was found that the changes in all these biomarkers are, at least indirectly, related to body size. Therefore, the effect of exercise can be entirely or partially dependent on weight loss (50). One of the chronic adaptations resulting from exercise is the regulation of the production and secretion of adipokines, which leads to beneficial molecular adaptation in adipose tissue and immune cells. Therefore, exercise is responsible for changes in adipose tissue function that are able to reverse the metabolic disorder observed in the breast cancer population. Studies have shown that the greatest effect on adipokines is achieved with long-term exercise, 12 weeks or more (45-50, 54, 56). Regardless of the greater understanding of the mechanisms by which exercise beneficially modulates adipokine concentrations in breast cancer, physicians should continue to support exercise as an adjunct to breast cancer because exercise alters the net balance of most obesity-related hormones Therefore, beneficial modification of the tumor microenvironment ultimately improves the quality of life and clinical outcomes of patients. As mentioned, after reviewing research on exercise and its effects on adipokines in breast cancer, it was found that increased energy intake, regardless of fat reduction, may play an important role in improving hormonal factors in the tumor microenvironment. Otherwise increases breast tumorigenesis. Therefore, future research should focus on determining the role of energy consumption and its potential mechanisms in reducing adipokine concentrations in obese breast cancer populations. Interactions between biomarkers should also be considered in future etiological studies, while exercise interventions should examine the effects of exercise independently of weight loss, various exercise prescriptions, and effects on central obesity. In general, based on the limited evidence to date, more research is needed to elucidate the response of adipokines to exercise interventions and their possible role in breast cancer. In summary, most studies have reported the regulation of adipokines secreted by adipose tissue, including an increase in adiponectin and a decrease in leptin and resistin levels in women with breast cancer. Also, the reduction of fat mass due to exercise interventions was associated with modulating the concentration of adipokines. Therefore, it is suggested to emphasize the need for exercise in breast cancer.

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of two modes of small sided games on the cortisol and testosterone levels in soccer players. In this semi-experimental study, 24 soccer players aged 15 to 18 years were selected and randomly divided into three groups included; control, 2 vs. 2 and 4 vs. 4 (n=8). Subjects of 2 vs.2 group performed eight two-minute activities with a one-minute rest on a 20-25m field without a goalkeeper. Subjects of 4 vs.4 group performed four four-minute activities on a 28-35m field without a goalkeeper with two-minute rest after every four minutes. Plasma levels of interleukin-15 and blood neutrophil counts were measured. Data were analyzed by t-test, One-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test at the P <0.05. Cortisol and testosterone levels were significantly increased in post-training 2 vs 2 and 4 vs 4 in the small sided games compared to pre-exercise (p=0.001). testosterone levels were significantly higher in 2 vs 2 group than the 4 vs 4 group (p=0.031). Also, there was no significant difference between the two experimental groups in the ratio of testosterone to cortisol (P=0.999).It seems that playing in smaller sided and fewer players leads to an increase in the catabolic hormone environment during the recovery period.

One of the consequences of intense exercise is muscle injury, pain and muscle sorenes. Symptoms of muscle injury include the appearance of intramuscular proteins in the blood and long-term decline in muscle function, decrease in strength and power, flexibility and dynamic muscle speed (1). Muscle damage is associated with the release of creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase enzymes and can be measured by the release of these enzymes into the blood. Creatine kinase (CK) is a key enzyme involved in muscle cell metabolism that accelerates the conversion of creatine to phosphate or inverse. increase in this substance in the blood may be sign of muscle damage and inflammation (3). Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme that is found in large quantities in the cytoplasm of all body tissues at different concentrations and in the conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid or inverse in the anaerobic glycolysis pathway accelerates this reaction (3). studies have reported muscle damage by measuring CK and LDH levels during the interval between sets (4), high-intensity training (5), muscle contractions (6, 7), speed training (8) and aerobic training (9). On the other hand, exercise increases the concentration of lactate in the blood. It has been shown that nutritional interventions and the use of antioxidant supplements can be one of the best ways to protect against muscle damage caused by exercise (1). Creatine, an unnecessary dietary compound, can either come from exogenous sources such as fish or meat, or it can be produced endogenously by the body primarily in the liver. Creatine was produced by two-step process from the three amino acids arginine, glycine and methionine (15). In addition to creatine, the amino acid β-alanine is a newer supplement for those interested in professional sports. Beta-Alanine is a precursor of carnosine (β-alanine -histidine); Which can increase the concentration of carnosine in muscles (13,17). Studies have reported the benefits of beta-alanine supplementation in variety of laboratory protocols (19). Researchers are looking for ways to improve performance, prevent unwanted changes in muscle injury indexes, or at least minimize them. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the effect of three weeks of β-alanine and creatine supplementation on the response of creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and lactate to an exhausting swimming session in elite swimmers.

In this semi-experimental study, 21 elite boy swimmers 15 to 20 years were selected as sample and divided into three groups: 1) supplementation of beta-allanine (daily dose of 2 tablets 1500 mg))2), supplementation of creatine (4 and 2 servings of creatine monohydrate 5 g) (3) placebo (the amount of 2 capsules containing wheat flour). During supplementation, the subjects performed their daily workouts for three days a week (1.5 hours of swimming at distance of 1200 meters) (22). The exhausting exercise protocol was performed in three stages: warming, progressive and lactate tolerance training. Blood samples were collected before, immediately, 15 and 30 minutes after training. Data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test at the P<0.05. 

Three weeks the supplementation of β-alanine (P=0.007) and creatine (P=0.001) significant increase LDH levels in response to exhausting swimming session. No significant difference was observed in the CPK changes in the supplemented groups of beta-alanine, creatine and placebo. The use of creatine supplementation significantly decreases LDH in elite swimmers (P=0.02). Significant increase in lactate levels was observed after three weeks of supplementation of creatine in response to exhausting swimming session (P=0.001).

The findings of this study were consistent with the results of Previous research (23,25,26). According to previous studies, beta-alanine supplementation is responsible for the buffer system, carnosine, antioxidant role, enzymatic regulator and calcium control in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (13,17,19). Mechanism and pattern of changes (increase) of serum total creatine kinase enzyme following aerobic training is mainly due to leakage due to energy loss and instability or damage due to peroxidation of cell membrane phospholipids (30). decreased muscle strength and dysfunction due to decreased sarcoplasmic calcium is due to continued muscle contraction and intracellular calcium accumulation and its inability to return to sarcoplasmic cells (27). increasing muscle carnosine with positive effect on muscle cell calcium increases the function of muscle contraction protein and consequently, increases the efficiency of contractile motor units (13,17,19). Therefore, due to metabolic adaptations and increased buffering capacity which is caused by the consumption of beta alanine, no significant changes in creatine kinase enzyme were observed after beta-alanine consumption. Beta-alanine is one of the supplements that athletes use to increase performance and reduce fatigue (13). Beta-alanine supplementation affects aerobic and anaerobic capacity, increases exercise intensity, improves performance, increases carnosine and histidine, changes in hydrogen ion levels in blood and reduces fatigue (13). It seems that taking beta-alanine supplementation increases ability of athletes to exercise more intensely. In general, several factors such as the period and amount of supplementation before the activity, the size and speed of absorption of supplements during the activity, the diet of the subjects before and during the study and the training status of the participants and a combination of the above factors can affect the response of the muscle injury indicators. According to the results, it seems creatine have a greater effect on cell membrane consolidation, and the use of beta-allanine supplements, increases the individual's ability to perform a more intense exercise.

The pathway for a Rapamycin target in mammals (mTORC1) is one of the important pathways for protein synthesis in the heart, and diabetes can lead to disorder of this pathway. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of four weeks high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the content of AKT1, mTOR, P70S6K1, 4EBP1 proteins in the left ventricular muscle tissue of the heart obese rats with type 2 diabetic.

In this experimental study, 16 Sprague-Dawley male rats (with mean weight of 300 ± 20 gr) were selected and after induction of diabetes by STZ and nicotinamide was randomly assigned into two groups: diabetic training and diabetic control. The experimental group performed HIIT training for four weeks’ accordance with the training program for four weeks, while the control group did not have any training program. Independent t-test was used to analyze the data.

There was no significant difference change the total form content of the AKT1 proteins (p=0.56), mTOR (p=0.50), P70S6K1 (p=0.99) and 4E-BP1 (p=0.32) in the training group compared to the control group; Also, the HIIT training did not significantly changed the phosphorylated form content of AKT1ser473 (p=0.25), mTORser2448 (p=0.74), P70S6K1Thr389 (p=0.37) and 4E-BP1Thr37/46 (p=0.38) proteins in the training group compared to the control group.

HIIT training has not significantly changed the total and phosphorylated form content of the AKT1, mTOR, P70S6K1, 4EBP1 proteins in the left ventricle of heart tissue obese rats with type 2 diabetic.

The liver is exposed to large amounts of toll-like receptor ligands due to increased bacterial growth and increased intestinal permeability in patients with fatty liver disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval training and Lactobacillus Rhamnosus probiotic consumption on TLR4 and MYD88 expression in gut tissue in an animal model of non-alcoholic fatty liver.

In this experimental study, 40 rats (weighing 200-250 gr) were selected and randomly divided into 5 groups including healthy control, fatty liver, fatty liver + HIIT, fatty liver + probiotic, and fatty liver + HIIT + probiotic groups. In order to induce fatty liver, oral tetracycline 140 mg/kg/day in 2 ml of water in form of a solution was given to the rats by gavage for 7 days. HIIT exercise program performed on treadmill five sessions per week for 5 weeks. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests.
P <0.05 was considered significant.

The results showed that TLR4 gene expression was significantly lower in HIIT, probiotic, and also HIIT + probiotic groups than in the fatty liver group (p=0.001). Also, the expression of the MYD88 gene in intestinal tissue was significantly lower in HIIT, probiotic and HIIT+probiotic groups than that in the fatty liver group (p=0.001).

Expression of TLR4 and MYD88 genes in adipose tissue induced by fatty liver, can be reduced by HIIT and probiotic intake. Therefore, these interventions can be considered as a non-pharmacological strategy in the treatment of fatty liver.

The complex pathway of a rapamycin target in mammals (mTORC1) is one of the important pathways in protein synthesis in the heart, which in type 1diabetes can led to impairment and is a factor for hypertrophy. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) on the mTORC1 pathway in heart muscle tissue of type 1 diabetic rats.

In this experimental study, 16 SpragueDawley male rats (with mean weight of 300±20 gr) were selected and after induction of diabetes by STZ and nicotinamide were randomly assigned into two groups: diabetic training (8 head) and diabetic control (8 head). The experimental group performed 4 days a week the exercise training for 4 weeks, while the control group did not have any training program. Independent T-test was used to analyze the data.

There was a significant increase in the content of AKT1 (p < 0.027), mTOR (p < 0.003) and P70S6K1 (p < 0.024) proteins in the training group compared to control group, while significant change was not observed in the content of 4EBP1 (p < 0.75) in the training group compared to control group.

HIIT for 4 weeks can activate the pathway AKT1/mTOR/P70S6K1 on the mTORC1 pathway. Therefore, HIIT by this pathway could lead to physiologic hypertrophy in the heart of type 1 diabetic subjects.

The pathway of mTORC1 is one of the most important pathway in protein synthesis, and type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance can lead to inhibit this pathway. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 4 weeks high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the content of downstream and upstream mTORC1 pathways in gastrocnemius muscle in type 2 diabetic rats.

In this experimental study, 16 Sprague-Dawley male rats (with mean weight of 250 ± 20 gr) were selected and after induction of diabetes by streptozotocin and nicotinamide, the rats were randomly assigned into two groups, including diabetic HIIT training and diabetic control. The experimental group performed 4 days a week the exercise training for 4 weeks, while the control group did not have any training program. Independent T-test was used to analyze the data.

A significant change was not observed in the total content of AKT1 proteins (p<0.31), P70S6K1 (p<0.69) and 4EBP1 (p<0.84) in the HIIT training group compared to the control group, but the total protein content of mTOR (p<0.02) and the form of phosphorylation of AKT1 (p<0.03), mTOR (p<0.03), P70S6K1 (p<0.02) and 4EBP1 (p<0.009) proteins showed significant increase in training group compared to the control group.

The HIIT training can probably activate the pathway of AKT1/mTOR/P70S6K1 and AKT1/mTOR/4EBP1 in the mTORC1 pathway; therefore, the HIIT training can lead to protein synthesis or muscle hypertrophy through this pathway in the gastrocnemius muscle of the trained rats

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of endurance training and L-carnitine consumption on TNF-a and IL-1β gene expression of heart tissue in Wistar male rats following anabolic steroid consumption (Boldenone).

In this experimental study, 30 male Wistar rats aged 12 weeks (weight 195±7.94g) were randomly divided into five groups including control, no-treatment, boldenone (5mg/kg), L-carnitine and aerobic training- L-carnitine. The endurance moderate intensity training program (55-50% of maximal oxygen consumption) was performed for 6 weeks and 5 times a week. Injection was conducted once a week, on an appointed day, and in the quadriceps and hamstring it was conducted in depth. After anesthesia, autopsy was performed and the heart was isolated. The TNF-α and IL-1β gene expression in the samples was measured by Real Time PCR. Data were analyzed using t-test, One-way ANOVA and post hoc Scheffe at the significant level of P<0.05.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the mean TNF-α and IL-1β gene expression of heart tissue in male Wistar rats in different groups (P=0.001). The changes in TNF-α and IL-1β gene expression of heart tissue in L-carnitine and Training-L-carnitine groups were significantly lower than those of the no-treatment and boldenon groups (P=0.001).

It seems that supplementation of L-carnitine with regular aerobic training reduces heart tissue damage induced by anabolic androgenic steroids.

Apoptosis plays important roles in the pathophysiology of Type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on gene expression of apoptotic markers in the skeletal muscle of diabetic rats.

To implementation of this experimental research, 60 male Wistar rats weighing 220 ± 20 gr randomly were divided into 5 groups including baseline control, eight-week control, diabetes, training and diabetes-training. In this study, the rats were diabetic using given a single dose of 50 mg/ kg per body weight and peritoneal injection streptozotocin. High-intensity interval training performed with intensity of 80-85% VO2max, 5 days a week and for 8 weeks. The expression of Caspas3 and Bcl2 genes were measured by Real Time PCR. Data were analyzed by One-way ANOVA and Bonferron's post hoc test at the P<0.05.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the mean expression of Caspas3 and Bcl2 of skeletal muscle in diabetic rats in different groups (P=0.000). The expression of Bcl2 skeletal muscle in the training (P=0.000) and training-diabetes (P=0.048) group was significantly higher than the diabetes group (P=0.000). Also, expression of caspase-3 skeletal muscle in training and training-diabetes was significantly lower than the diabetes group (P=0.000).

It seems to diabetes be associated with increase in skeletal muscle apoptosis, and high-intensity interval training can help regulate the level of apoptosis in skeletal muscle during diabetes.

Syd and Murf1 are important molecular markers for muscle atrophy that increase significantly in skeletal muscle in various conditions, such as diabetes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on syd and murf1 genes expression in skeletal muscle of diabetic rats.

To the implementation of this experimental research, 60 male Wistar rats weighing 220 ± 20 gr randomly were divided into 5 groups including baseline control, eight-week control, diabetes, training, and diabetes-training. In this study, the rats were diabetic using given a single dose of 50 mg/ kg per body weight and peritoneal injection streptozotocin. High-intensity interval training performed on the treadmill with intensity of 80-85% VO2max, 5 days a week and for 8 weeks. The expression of syd and murf1 genes were measured by Real-Time PCR. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni's post hoc test at the p<0.05.

The changes in the expression of Murf1 and Syd genes of the skeletal muscle in the diabetes group were significantly higher than the control group (P=0.001). The high-intensity interval training significantly reduced the expression of Murf1 and Syd genes (P=0.001).

HIIT may help reduce atrophy in diabetic patients by reducing the expression of syd and murf1 genes in skeletal muscle.

Various types of exercise cause damages at cellular levels in muscles. Muscle damages caused by exercise increase levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) in blood. The aim of this study was to assess effects of resistance training and ta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyric acid (HMB) supplementation on responses of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and lipid profiles to strenuous activity in adult male rats.

In total, 32 healthy rat were randomly divided into four major groups of training, supplement, training-supplement and control groups. The experimental group carried out eccentric resistance for two weeks, five days a week. Supplementary groups received supplemental HMB daily for up to 450 mg/kg body weight per day using gavage. In general, one session of strenuous eccentric resistance activity (stepping down from ladder with a gradient of 80% by closing 120% 1RM at the back of the rat tails) was carried out 24 h before and after the intervention (supplementary and training). Data analysis was carried out using ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test at P ≤ 0.05.

Results showed that HMB supplementation and eccentric resistance training alone included no effects on hs-CRP, cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C and HDL-C in adult male rats after strenuous activity (P < 0.05). However, combination of HMB supplementation and eccentric resistance training included a significant effect on these variables after a strenuous activity in adult male rats (P= 0.001).

Based on the results, combination of supplemental HMB and eccentric resistance training may help improve inflammatory statuses and lipid profiles.

Today, important proteins and pathways have been identified that lead to the regulation of the white adipose tissue and converting it to brown adipose tissue, the proteins PPARγ and PRDM16 are key proteins in this setting. Diabetes is one of the major causes of obesity and complications that can interfere in the function of these two proteins. This study aimed to investigate the effect of 4 weeks High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on the content of PPARγ and PRDM16 proteins in subcutaneous adipose tissue of diabetic obese male rats.

In this experimental study, 16 Sprague-Dawley male rats (mean weight of 300±20 gr) were selected and after induction of diabetes by injection of STZ and nicotinamide was randomly assigned into two groups: diabetic training and diabetic control. The experimental group performed HIIT training for 4 weeks, accordance with the training program for 4 weeks, while the control group did not have any training program. Independent T-test was used to analyze the data.

Significant change was not observed in the content of PPARγ (P=0.16) and PRDM16 (P=0.83) proteins in HIIT training group compared to the control group.

According to the results of this study, HIIT training has not led to significant change the content of PPARγ and PRDM16 proteins. It seems to the intensity of HIIT training be a major contributor to the result that should be taken into consideration.

Skill related physical fitness is considered to be an indirect marker of health and wellbeing and reflecting the interplay and integration of systems and body function. The aim of this study was to evaluation the effect of selected exercise training on skill-related physical fitness factors in elementary school girl Students. In this semi-experimental study, 28 girl’s students from the fifth and sixth grade of elementary school in shiraz city selected and divided into training and control groups. The training group performed exercise training for six weeks, three sessions per week and 45 minutes per session. The control group had only their daily activities during this period. Before the beginning of the study, and at the end of the study, skill related physical fitness factors measured. For statistical analysis of data used ANCOVA and dependent t-test (p≤0.05). Six weeks selected exercise training was significant effect on increase of agility (p=0.005) and speed (p=0.01), however, has no significant effect on reaction (p=0.61) and power (p=0.33). It seems to that six weeks selected exercise trainings lead to improvement in some skill related physical fitness in student girls.

mTORC1 marker pathway is one of the crucial pathways for the regulation of transcription level and an essential route involved in protein synthesis in skeletal muscles. This study aimed to investigate the effect of endurance training on mTORC1 marker pathway in soleus muscle of type 2 diabetic rats. In this experimental study, 16 Sprague-Dawley male rats (Mean±SD weight: 270±20g) were obtained. After induction of diabetes (by streptozotocin administration), the rats were randomly assigned into two groups: endurance training and control. The exercise training was administered to the experimental group performed 4 days a week for 8 weeks, while the control group did not receive any training program. The study proteins were measured using western blot method. The Independent t-test analyzed the obtained data. A significant change was not observed in the total content of Akt1 proteins, P70S6K1, 4E-BP1, and P70S6K1 phosphorylation content in the experimental group compared to the control group, but the total protein content of mTOR, the phosphorylation form of Akt1 proteins, and 4E-BP1 was significantly higher in the experimental group compared to the control group. Eight weeks of endurance training can activate the Akt1/mTOR/4E-BP1 pathway in the mTORC1. Therefore, with regard to muscle atrophy in type 2 diabetic patients, endurance training can activate the mTORC1 marker pathway to regulate the transcription genes and subsequently, the expression of proteins.

Recently increased an expansion of interest in non-pharmacological interventions for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The aim of this study to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training and Ritalin on hippocampus Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in hyperactive rats. To implementation of this experimental research, 33 Wistar rats (weigh, 180-220g) were randomly divided into 5 groups: 1) Healthy control, 2) Hyperactivity, 3) Hyperactivity-Aerobic training, 4) Hyperactivity-Ritalin, and 5) Hyperactivity -Aerobic training -Ritalin and returned to the open field test. To induce ADHD in the rats, injected 10 mg/kg of L-NAME for 8 weeks and 6 days per week based on weight of the rats. The drug group received 1 mg oral Ritalin per kg weight of rats daily for 8 weeks. The rats performed aerobic training 30 minutes at day and 7 days of week for 8 weeks. The level of the hippocampus BDNF was measured using ELISA kit. Data were analyzed by ANCOVA, one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test at p≤0.05. The results showed that aerobic training led to significant increase in the levels of hippocampal BDNF in hyperactive rats (p<0/05). Ritalin increased the level of hippocampal BDNF in hyperactive rats (p=0.001). Also, Aerobic training with Ritalin significantly increased the level of hippocampal BDNF in hyperactive rats (p=0.001). Aerobic training with Ritalin led to increase in the level of hippocampal BDNF in hyperactive rats.