فهرست مطالب سلمان احمدی

Drought is one of the consequences of climate change that slowly and over a relatively long period of time affects climate, environment, agriculture, vegetation, water resources and even economic and social sectors. The serious outcome of drought is the reduction of vegetation cover. In this research, using MODIS sensor satellite images of 2001-2020 (20-year period) and CHIRPS monthly rainfall data in Hamedan province, to analyze the effect of drought on phenology parameters (maximum NDVI value, range, base values) NDVI vegetation index has been discussed. For this purpose, the phenology parameters of the NDVI vegetation index were first extracted through the TIMESAT software, next the changes of these parameters were analyzed in relation to the elevation data and the land cover map of the region, and the correlation and RMSE error between the phenology parameters and the elevation data of the region were estimated. Moreover, through CHIRPS raster rainfall data, the annual SPI index was calculated. The results obtained from the analysis of these parameters in different elevations and uses have shown that in 2008, the maximum value of NDVI and the range of NDVI vegetation index have decreased 2008 compared to other years. On the other hand, in 2019, these parameters had higher values compared to other years. In addition, among other phenological parameters, the parameter of base values with a correlation of 0.925 has the highest correlation with the elevation data of the region, and its RMSE is 0.021. Furthermore, through monthly rainfall data for the years 2001 to 2020, it has been shown that in 2008, the average annual rainfall was lower than in other years, and the value of the annual SPI index was -1.79. Therefore, in 2008, a moderate drought occurred in the region, and on the other hand, according to the average rainfall in the years 2007, 2018 to 2020 and the value of the SPI index, during these years, a very severe drought occurred in the region.

Object grasping by robot fingers with purely rolling constraints is one of the most interesting issues under consideration by many researchers. In earlier studies, the main goal was the manipulation of object under purely rolling constraints to reach the final stable configuration. In this paper, in addition to deriving kinematic and dynamic equations of the system dual fingers robot and grasping semi-circular object located on a moving hand on the plane with rigid hemi-spherical fingertips under pure rolling constrained, we investigate object manipulation on desired path maintaining dynamics stability. Modified multiple impedance control is used for object manipulation and robot fingers by considering the required reforms in this control law. In this method multiple impedance control is performed by applying the desired behavior of the entire system, including moving base, fingers and object, and dynamics stability condition is satisfied. In this way power adjustment and that these forces arrive in the right place largely effective in minimizing slip is the fingers on the surface object. The results of simulations show the eligible object manipulation and dynamics stability by robot fingers and moving base under pure rolling grasp.

The temperature of the Earth's surface is a very important parameter in environmental studies, climate change, soil moisture content, Evapotranspiration and urban thermal islands at different scales. Currently, there is no perfect method for accurately measuring the temperature of the surface of the earth, but since high spectral resolution sensors prevent the vapor spectral absorption in the infrared bands, this Increases computational accuracy in determining vegetation index. The purpose of this paper is to calculate the surface temperature using satellite images of OLI and TIRS sensors of Landsat 8. In this research, the separate window algorithm has been used to calculate ground temperature. The algorithm uses spectral radiance and emissivity to calculate the surface temperature. To estimate the spectral radiance in Landsat 8, the bands of 10 and 11 have been used. Emissivity is also obtained by using the NDVI threshold technique by using the OLI bands 2, 3, 4 and 5. Also, In this paper the temperature is calculated by The algorithm has been calibrated and corrected by a two-dimensional projective mathematical model, which tried to bring the calculated temperature closer to the actual ground temperature. In the present paper, the RMSE value is equal to 0.3678°C and the correlation between Meteorological data and temperature estimated by the model is equal to 0.9791. Also, the performance of the model that used to estimate the Earth's surface temperature is equal to 0.9751.

Land subsidence occurs more slowly and gradually in comparison with other natural hazards, such as floods and earthquakes; therefore, it has received much less attention from human communities. However, the subsidence over time causes irreparable damage to the structure of underground aquifers, vital infrastructure such as roads, power lines, and urban structures. In this study, in order to monitor land subsidence in Chahardoli and Qorveh plains located in Hamadan and Kurdistan Provinces, the method of Permanent Scatterer (PS) was used using 59 images of Sentinel satellite in ascending passage and 58 images in descending passage. According to the average displacement of PSs in the region between Hassan Abad Emam and Ahutapeh villages of Asadabad city located in Chahardoli plain of Hamadan Province, displacement in the form of subsidence for Ahutapeh and Hassan Abad Emam villages respectively about -170 and -166 mm was happened in the time period of 2017-2018. Moreover, the research found that the subsidence in the northern part of Chahardoli plain in Hamadan Province is much more than the subsidence in the southern part of Chahardoli plain in Kurdistan Province. In order to find the cause of subsidence, the approach of examining the information of piezometric wells in the region and their changes over time was used. In this regard, it can be concluded that the land subsidence in Qorveh plain and Chahardoli plain of Hamadan and Kurdistan provinces can be attributed to the uncontrolled extraction of groundwater resources.

The synthetic dyes pollution has turned out to be one of the most important environmental problems. Approximately 10000 different dyes and pigments are used industrially and over 0.7 million tons of synthetic dyes are produced annually, worldwide. Synthetic dyes are extensively in the textile dyeing, leather tanning, paper, food and medicine industries. The majority of these dyes are either toxic to flora and fauna or mutagenic and carcinogenic. The disposal of these wastes into receiving waters cause damage to the environment. Therefore, removing them from environment is imperative various methods for physical and chemical decolorization of dyes in wastewater but these methods are rather costly and sometimes product hazardous by-products. In recent years, biodegradation approach of its cost-effectiveness and safe method. In this method, microorganisms, particularly bacteria are used for removing dyes. The goal of microbial treatment is to decolorize and detoxify the dye-contaminated effluents.

In this study, bacillus albus bacteria were isolated Mazandaran industrial wastewater used as an example of gram-positive bacteria. Decolorization by these bacteria was investigated by a system which contained both medium and dye. The effects of operational parameters of indigo carmine including time, initial dye concentration, temperature, pH, shaking/non shaking, aerobic/anaerobic were tested. Ethics code: IR.UMZ.REC.1397.106

The results demonstrated that over a period of 54 h, at 50° C, 100 mg/l of concentration and pH=10, maximum decolorization of 95 percent was performed.

The present study confirms high effectiveness of bacillus strains in dye removal. The main experiment was focused on decolorization of indigo carmine in aeration conditions.

Environmental pollution with toxic and heavy metals has been a major problem in recent decades. Therefore, the removal of these pollutants from the environment is very important.

In this study, the biosorption of hexavalent chromium (Cr+ 6) was investigated by brown alga Sargassum ilicifolium. The absorbance of Cr+6 solutions at 540 nm was obtained by UV-VIS. Also, the effective parameters in absorption such as initial metal concentration, amount of algae, pH, temperature, and contact time were investigated. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used to study the equilibrium studies.

In these conditions, the maximum adsorption capacity was 203 mg/g of Sargassum ilicifolium. Laboratory data with the pseudo-second-order kinetics were described better. Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), optimum conditions of maximum adsorption capacity were determined at pH 2, adsorbent content of 0.2 g/l, initial metal concentration of 200 mg/L at 25 °C, and the equilibration time of 7 h.

The results showed that the Freundlich isotherm was more suitable for describing the system. Thermodynamic studies have also shown that the process was exothermic and spontaneous and increased with time due to disorder. Due to the functional groups present in the algal cell wall, part of Cr+6 was reduced to Cr+3 and Cr+3 that were remained in solution. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of (FT-IR) showed that amino, carboxyl, sulfonic acid, and hydroxyl groups played a major role in the process of chromium uptake by Sargassum ilicifolium.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between employees' depression and the the eudaimonic well-being of employees, while examining the mediating role of intrinsic motivation, controlled extrinsic motivation, and amotivation.
 
The statistical population of the study was 189 employees of public organizations in Shiraz who were selected by convenience sampling method. The questionnaire contains 25 items with a 5-point Likert scale. In order to analyze the data, partial least squares and Smart PLS-2 software were used. To assess the validity and reliability, the convergent validity and Cronbach's alpha were used.
 
The results showed that depression has a negative and significant effect on the eudaimonic well-being of employees and the intrinsic motivation, but has a positive and significant effect on controlled extrinsic motivation and amotivation. Also, intrinsic motivation and controlled extrinsic motivation have a positive and significant effect on the eudaimonic well-being of employees. The mediating relationship between depression and eudaimonic well-being of employees was also confirmed by three variables of intrinsic motivation, controlled extrinsic motivation and amotivation.
Given that employees in the the public organizations need to have high physical and mental capacity, the existence of depression will reduce this ability and on the other hand it will underestimate the eudaimonic well-being of employees. When the employees are given the necessary motivation, well-being will create a higher level in them.

Because of the increasing resistance of pathogenic bacteria to common antibiotics, the new generation of researchers sought antimicrobial agents with plant origin as alternative medicine. Oregano is from Lamiaceae family and coriander is from Apiaceae family and has antimicrobial properties. This study aimed to investigate and compare the inhibitory effects of alcoholic extracts of coriander and oregano plants on Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella and Salmonella. 1000 ml of alcohol poured round-bottom flask, then the target plant (200-300 g of dried powder of plant) put into envelopes of filter paper and envelopes was placed in a distillation device. After 24-48 hours the obtained alcoholic extract was placed in the oven. DMSO was used to provide different concentrations of ethanol extract. The concentrations of 31/25 and 62/5 mg / ml of alcoholic extract of oregano and concentrations of 62.5 and 125 mg / ml coriander were able to inhibit and kill Staphylococcus aureus and weren`t able to inhibit and kill Salmonella and Klebsiella respectively . Although the clinical application of plant extracts and essences seems valuable due to fewer side effects compared to conventional therapeutic agents, in order to clinical application of plant extracts of oregano and coriander, more research about the mechanism of action of effective components of this plant on the microbial agents is needed.

Glutathione S-transferases are one of the key enzymes in phase II of drug metabolism which play role in detoxification and oxidative stress metabolism in prokaryote and eukaryote cells, by binding reduced glutathione to the xenobiotics. Considering the importance of these enzymes in defying against pollution and in regard to the increasing amount of pollution in the Caspian Sea during recent years, a deeper knowledge about role and function of this enzyme as a key part of detoxification against the pollutants seems crucial. The goal of this study is identification and gene sequencing of glutathione S-transferase Mu in Rutilus frisii kutum. After RNA extraction from male fishes’ liver tissue, cDNA synthesis was the next step followed by PCR. Then the desired gene was inserted into vector pTZ57R/T followed by chemical transformation into E. coli DH5α competent cells. After plasmid extraction and gene sequencing, the partial GSTM sequence with 625 nucleotides was obtained. The nucleotide BLAST result shows more than 89% of identity with GSTM in other members of Cyprinidae that N-terminal region has a greater portion of this identity compared with C-terminal. The most abundant residue found in the GSTM sequence was lysine which has an important role in glutathione S-transferase structures. The GSTM nucleotide sequence was registered at the NCBI database with accession number KY211992.

In the course of studying and reforming, the law of the method of implementing financial condemnation was discussed in parliament in 2014 and it was ratified by the Assembly of Recognizing the Benefit of the state after going through legal process. This thesis studied the mentioned law and contrasted it with juridical foundations and concluded that its benefits related to more attention to juridical foundations; cases such as differentiating debtors with regard to their previous record, reducing imprisonment, the method of offering binet, suggesting the ways of providing the backgrounds for employment, and so on. This study found some shortcomings of this law that relate to ignoring the predictions of jurisprudence for ending the struggle between debtors and creditors. These shortcomings include not forcing the debtor to work and make money, not considering a portion of charity to help poor debtors. Moreover, there were some ambiguities in the sentences of the law that were studied in this thesis. However, it was a very useful effort and attempt in reforming the previous law.

Object grasping by robot fingers with purely rolling constraints is one of the most interested issues under consideration by many researchers. In earlier studies, the main goal is the manipulation of object under purely rolling constraints to reach the final stable configuration. In this paper, we addition to derive kinematic and dynamic equations of the system dual fingers robot and grasp semicircular object on the horizontal plane with rigid hemi spherical fingertips under pure rolling constrained, we investigate object manipulation on desired path with keeping dynamics stability. In this way, we use modified multiple impedance control for object manipulation and robot fingers by considering the required reforms in this control law. In method multiple impedance control is made by applying to the desired behavior of the entire system, including fingers and object, dynamics stability condition is satisfied. In this way power adjustment and that these forces arrive in the right place largely effective in minimizing slip is the fingers on the surface object. The results of simulations shows the eligible object manipulation and dynamics stability by fingers robot under pure rolling grasp.

In the current research, the effectiveness of silver's Nano- particles anti- microbial activity on the pathogenic and resistant positive- gram and negative-gram bacteria in the hospital infections have been studied. In this study, the primary density of bacteria was constant and only Nano- particles and items of studied bacteria were variable.

At first, this study uses the available chemical reagents and conditions only apply controlling optimum conditions, nanoparticles with a size of about 20-35 nm were synthesized by chemical precipitation method. Using Macro dilution method the different densities of silver Nano- particles and Zinc Nano- particles (medium+ Nano- particle) were prepared as: 0.01 percent, 0.1 percent, 0.5 percent, 1 percent and 1.5 percent. Then density of 1.5 cell/ml was prepared for Staphylococcus aureus Pseudomonas aeruginosa the containers which included treatment medium (bacterium + Nano- particle) and control medium have been placed in incubator shaker with 250 cycle in minute and 37˚C for 24h. after passing this time, light density 600 nm ware length was used for measuring bacteria density, then OD in treatment and + control and – control were determined. Nano- particles dilutions were used in bacteria medium for calibrating spectrophotometer as a blank solution.. These results are statistically significant. (P-value <0.01).

Statistical analysis about Zn Ag Nano- particles showed that in 0.5 percent density Nano- particles were bactericide and they could eliminate 100% of Staphylococcus aureusPseudomonasaeruginosa and in 0.01 percent density for all two bacteria, these Nano- particles were bacteriostatic.

in the laboratorial tests of Nano-Materials, contact with them, bacteria will be killed. The obtained results for Nano- particle's anti- bacteria property showed that there is a direct relationship between Nano- particles density and the amount of bacteriums elimination.

Because of the low Reynolds numbers in microchannels، using of micromixers to improve the flow mixing is essential. Therefore، in this study mixing in nine different micromixer geometries، such as: simple T-shaped micromixer، micromixer with rectangular or parallelogram ribs on the walls of the mixing channel، T-shaped micromixer with two additional parallel or perpendicular inlet channels، micromixer with circular or triangular barriers in the middle of the mixing channel، rhombus micromixer with thick or thin edges، has been investigated. Sinusoidal oscillatory velocity with a phase difference of 180 degrees relative to each other has been applied to channels inlet. The governing equations have been solved numerically using the finite volume method. For all geometries time variation of mixing degree at microchannel outlet and the variation of mixing degree along the channel length have been computed. Results show that for micromixers، which divide the flow to several layers such as rhombus micromixers، mixing degree is high and the micromixers with ribs on the walls have lower mixing degrees. Also، there is an optimum frequency at constant average velocity in which the mixing degree has its highest value.

The heavy metal pollution has become one of the most important environmental problems. Heavy metals are the most important environmental pollutants، especially for human health and aquatic systems are a serious threat. Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology of yeast Saccharomyces carlsbergensis PTCC 5051، and received as a lyophilized culture YEDPA environment and then the proliferation of malt extract broth is used. The effects of pH، temperature، kinetics and isotherm of lead on metal uptake were evaluated by the SC. Absorption maximum at about pH 5; the optimum temperature was 25 degrees Celsius. A kinetic study showed that batch biosorption of lead to rapid removal by the biomass of Saccharomyces was the first test was done in less than 30 minutes. Method using FT-IR، surface functional groups of fungi were identified. With active and passive absorption of lead by Saccharomyces has revealed more attracted by the yeast is active. With yeast and control yeast on the autoclave، the pre-treated with sodium azide and 2 and 4 DNP nitro phenol showed that claims of capturing، respectively، 0/68، 0/12، 0/44 and 0/48 mmol g was obtained. Results showed that، even using the passive yeast are suitable for the absorption of lead.

One of the largest number court cases, related to financial liabilities in the courts. “The law of the executing financial sentencing” performance way, the responsibility of insolvency proof is related to the debtor and he sees no difference between the sources of debt. According to this article, ignoring the history of the debt owed is the defectness cases of this law. So with this question that who is responsible for the burden of insolvency proof in debts of non acquainted to the financial? It Tryiedto prove with legal reasons that the insolvent debtor is not responsible. And therefore, according to these reasons, the law departments should consider the history of religion in the burden of proof on the parties included. Another issue that was addressed in this paper is the acceptance of financial responsibility and its affect on rich or poor debtor.The result is that the acceptance of financial responsibility without receiving any financial is not the reason for being rich of the debtor.

Automatic extraction of objects from data and images has been a topic of research for decades. This paper proposes an improved active contour model focusing on building extraction from color aerial images and LiDAR data. An active contour is defined as an energy minimizing spline guided by external constraint forces and influenced by image forces that pull it toward features such as lines or edges. Based on the radiometric and geometric behaviors of buildings, the active contour model is modified in two aspects: the criteria for the selection of initial seeds and the external energy function. The proposed active contour model associated the new height similarity energy factor and regional similarity energy as well as Gradient Vector Flow (GVF) attract the active contour approaching the object contours efficiently. Compared with traditional active contour model, this algorithm can converge to the true building contours quicker and more stable especially in complex urban environment. Investigation of results expressed that, buildings extracted from complex suburban area have 96% of shape accuracy, 95.9% of overall accuracy and 84% k-Factor.

This paper proposes an optimal mathematical model for updating road sides from high resolution satellite images. Based on this model, The Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) approach is first used to establish a pheromone matrix that represents the edge information at each pixel position of the image. Next the line plausibility map is used as the external energy in a snake model to identify and extract roads sides of image. Snake is a parametric curve which is allowed to deform from some arbitrary initial location toward the desired final location by minimizing an energy function based on the internal and external energy. The approach is validated by a series of tests on high resolution satellite images.