فهرست مطالب سلیم شریفیان

Fish are a significant dietary source of various minerals essential for human health. This study examined the mineral profile (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, iodine, selenium, and chromium) and harmful trace elements (mercury, lead, cadmium, and arsenic) in different parts of the bigeye ilisha (Ilisha megaloptera), including the backbone, head, abdominal fin and viscera, caudal fin, and fillet, from the northern coast of the Oman Sea. Results revealed significant variations in element concentrations among different parts, with higher mineral levels often found in waste parts compared to the fillet. Most minerals were present in amounts exceeding human dietary requirements, suggesting that processing waste parts of bigeye ilisha could be beneficial as food or dietary supplements. Additionally, the levels of harmful elements—mercury, lead, cadmium, and arsenic—were below permissible limits for human consumption. These findings support the potential for developing value-added products from bigeye ilisha.

In the present study, the amount of proximate composition (protein, lipid, moisture, and ash) and the profile (quantity and quality) of fatty acids and amino acids in different parts of bigeye ilisha (Ilisha megaloptera) including (backbone, head, abdominal fin and viscera, caudal fin and fillet) were measured. The results of proximate composition showed that the amount of these compounds in different parts differed significantly and in many cases, the amount of macronutrients in waste parts was higher than fillet. The results of the analysis of fatty acids showed that different parts of the bigeye ilisha contain high levels of lipids rich in omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFAs) and long chain monounsaturated fatty acids (LC MUFAs). Among PUFAs, EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) had the highest percentages compared to other polyunsaturated fatty acids. The highest amount of EPA and DHA was found in the abdominal fin and viscera, respectively, equal to 1.986 g/100g (13.61% of total fatty acids) and 5.124 g/100g (35.11%). The ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids (n-3/n-6) was different in different parts of the body, and the highest ratio was 17.433 in the abdominal fin and viscera. The highest percentage of the total essential amino acids was also present in the abdominal fin and viscera (43.14%). The lowest percentage of essential amino acids with the amount of 39.66% was found in the caudal fin. The amount of all essential amino acids in all cuts of bigeye ilisha was significantly higher than the amount recommended by FAO/WHO. The results of the present study showed that different parts of bigeye ilisha can be an ideal source of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and essential amino acids.

Marine seaweeds are a valuable source of bioactive ingeredients with the possibility of different effects in cosmeceutical industries such as skin health products. One of the main characteristics of the skin is moisture which plays an important role in maintaining metabolism, enzymatic activity, mechanical properties, appearance and protective barrier. The objective of the present study was to formulate the water extract of brown algae Sargassum tenerrimum with antioxidant and antibacterial properties as a moisturizing cream to evaluate physicochemical stability and microbial growth.

Algae were collected from the Persian Gulf intertidal zone and was washed with seawater, then transferd to Seafood Processing Laboratory in Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources for extraction process, after that formulation of 1% moisturizing cream was made at Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and LeprosyTehran University of Medical Scinces. Statistical analysis of antibacterial properties of water extract was performed by SPSS software version 22 and one way ANONA was used to analyse the data. The comparison between the means were investigated by Duncan’s test used for measuring significant differences at 5 percent level. Finally, the charts were created by using Excel software. The results of the study were reported as mean ± standard deviation.

According to the results, the prepared 1% cream was completely stable and homogeneous in room temperature and oven for 6 months and successfully passed microbial tests.

In view of the above mentioned, the manufactured cream efficacy was well done and can be introduce as a skin moisturizing agent.

Considering that the tuna fishes are used as raw material for canning therefore it is necessary to identify the suitable method of catching and keeping them in order to maintain thequality of the raw material. Usually, changes in fish after catching until consumption or processing may be due to reasons such as chemical and enzymatic reactions, oxidative spoilage and bacterial growth, which cause the production and increase of some chemical compounds such as total volatile nitrogen, peroxide number, thiobarbituric acid, change in pH results in a decrease in the quality and shelf life of the fish (Rezaei and Hosseini, 2008), so the proper method of fishing and the correct method of storage and transportation after catching can play an important role in controlling these changes and creating the desired quality in fish and its products include canned fish. The principle components of this fishes muscles are water, fat, protein, minerals and vitamin compounds. Biochemical methods based on production of trimethylamine (TMA), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) and lipid oxidation have also commonly used to evaluate fish quality (Jinadasa et al., 2015). Thunnus tonggol and Thunnus albacares belongs to the family Scombridae and they are pelagic large size marine fish (Jinadasa et al., 2015).. Thunnus tonggol and Thunnus albacares fisheries are of crucial importance to Iran due to their economic importance of fresh, frozen and canning trade. The aim of this study is therefore to determine the nutritional value and quality of the Thunnus tonggol and Thunnus albacares that landed in Chabahr coast using somechemical indices, to established the limit of acceptability and determine if the type of catching and storage as effects on the rate of deterioration.

The samples studied in the present research are Thunnus tonggol and Thunnus albacares fishes with average length and weight of 69.50±2.62 cm and 4123±69.45 gr and 75.00±11.115 cm and 7399±103.44 gr respectively, which were caught by local fishermen using fishing boats using two methods of fishing with hooks and gillnets, and until they reached the shore of Briss in Chabahar, they were in ice in some boats and in others they were kept frozen. After landing the fishes on the beach for qualitative evaluation, the studied samples were divided into 8 groups based on the type of fishing method (hook and gillnet) and the method of storage after catching (keeping in ice and freezing) on the float. The standard method of AOAC (2005) was used to measure the proximate compositions include moisture, crude protein, crude fat, and crude ash of the samples. The determination of the pH value was performed according to Chen et al. (2019). The determination of the TMA and TVB-N value was performed according to Li et al. (2019). Peroxide value was measured according to the iodometric method provided by Egan et al. (1979) through fish oil extraction using methanol-chloroform and anisidine index was performed according to the AOCS (1998) method with a standard number of 90-18 Cd based on the reaction between the anisidine reagent diluted in Glacial acetic acid with aldehydes in the fat sample.

In the present study, the results of the proximate composition in the muscles of Thunnus tonggol and Thunnus albacares fish species showed that the moisture content was above 70-75% in all groups of fish, except for the Thunnus tonggol fish caught with the hook method and kept in freezing condition. Usually, the largest percentage of biochemical compounds in the fish body is made up of water, which is less than 80% in medium-fat fish such as tuna (Amiri et al., 2015). Tuna fish have high protein (22.26-22.2 gr per 100 gr of muscle) and low fat content (0.2-2.70 gr per 100 gr of muscle) and high moisture content in fish with low fat content (Rani et al., 2016), that this was also observed in the present study. The amount of moisture and protein in Thunnus tonggol fish was slightly higher than Thunnus albacares fish. The difference in the proximate composition of fish may be due to feeding or fishing ground and season (Ali et al., 2020). In terms of fat content, Thunnus tonggol fish had more fat than Thunnus albacares fish, but the percentage of fat in both species was less than 5%. Usually, the amount of fat in tuna fish is less than 5% and they are classified as lean fish (Bahurmiz, 2019). The amount of ash was not much different in both types of Thunnus tonggol and Thunnus albacares fish, this issue shows the same nutritional value of Thunnus tonggol and Thunnus albacares fish in terms of minerals, because ash is a indices for measuring the mineral content of different foods, including fish. The amount of moisture, fat and protein in Thunnus tonggol fish caught with gillnet and kept in frozen state has decreased significantly compared to other fish groups (p<0.05), but there was no difference in the amount of ash between different groups of Thunnus tonggol fish (p>0.05). The reduction of protein in food products stored at freezing temperature can be caused by protein denaturation as a result of the increase of ionic bonds in the intracellular tissue, followed by the migration of water to the extracellular tissue.The reduction of fat during the storage period of fish may be due to the activity of enzymes involved in the hydrolytic spoilage of fat and its conversion into free fatty acids (Kusuma et al., 2017). In Thunnus albacares fish, except for the moisture, which was significantly reduced in the group of fish caught with gillnet and kept in frozen state compared to other groups (p<0.05), the amount of other proximate compounds did not differ significantly between different groups of fish (p>0.05) and the highest amount of these compounds was related to the group of Thunnus albacares fishes caught with hooks and kept in frozen condition. The measurement of chemical quality indicators showed that the pH level in Thunnus tonggol fish caught with gillnet and kept in ice increased significantly (p<0.05) and in Thunnus albacares fish caught with hooks and kept in freezing condition, decreased significantly (p<0.05). The decrease in pH indicates the phenomenon of glycolysis and as a result the production of lactic acid and its subsequent increase to a value higher than 7 also indicates the loss of quality due to the production of volatile compounds and the start of autolytic activity (Done et al., 2018). The peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid and TMA in the groups caught by the hook method and kept in the frozen state was significantly lower than the other groups, but the anisidine index did not show significant difference in all the fish samples (p>0.05). The amount of TVB-N in Thunnus tonggol fish had no significant difference and in Thunnus albacares fish it was 13.21 ± 1.53 mg/100g in the method of catching with gillnet and kept in ice, it was significantly higher than other groups (p<0.05). The amount of these compounds was lower than the acceptale limit (Jinadasa et al., 2015), which indicates the proper quality of the fish

Overall, the results of this study showed that fishes caught with hooks and kept in frozen condition have better nutritional value and quality than the other groups.

In the group of animal proteins, the use of aquatic animals has always been considered as one of the most important protein sources, because nutritionally, they have significant amounts of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids, low cholesterol, some types of vitamins and minerals, and proteins with high nutritional value. In the present study, the pattern and per capita of fish consumption in the urban households of Chabahar Port in 2019 was investigated.

In this study, according to the population of Chabahar city, 383 questionnaires were prepared and completed in person by the respondents. A standard formula was used to estimate the average amount of fish consumption. 52.22% of the interviewed people were women and 47.78% were women. The highest age category of the interviewed people belonged to the age group of 36-45 years. In terms of the number of people in the household and the type of job, families with 3 or 4 children and government jobs had the highest frequency, respectively.

The priority of meat consumption among Chabahari households was chicken, red meat and fish respectively. More than 34% of households consumed fish more than 6 times a month. Wild fish (including barracuda, narrow-barred Spanish mackerel and black pomfret) was the main priority for purchasing fish in more than 94% of Chabahar households. The results also showed that "freshness" and "usefulness" of fish were respectively the main priority and criteria for choosing fish among the respondents.  

 In the present study, the per capita of fish consumption in urban households of Chabahar was equal to 27.13 kg/person/year, which indicates the good status of fish consumption as a valuable protein source in Chabahar city.

In the present study, changes in the quality indices and shelf life of fresh fillets of narrow-barred Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus commerson) and Javelin grunter (Pomadasys kaakan) were investigated over a 12-day storage period in the refrigerator using sensory, chemical (pH, TVB-N, PV, TBARS), and microbiological (mesophilic and psychrotrophic bacterial counts) indices. The sensory scores of both fish fillets reached less than 4 (the acceptable limit for consumer acceptance) on the sixth and eighth days of storage, respectively. The mesophilic and psychrotrophic bacterial counts in the fillets of both fish increased with an increase in storage days, although the rate of increase was different between the two groups, and psychrotrophic bacteria increased to a greater extent with an increase in storage days. The pH of the fresh mackerel and grunter fillets decreased from 6.52 and 6.24, respectively, at the beginning of the storage period to 7.49 and 7.25, respectively, on the final day of storage. The TVB-N level in both fish increased with an increase in storage days and reached 28.36 mg N/100g in mackerel and 36.25 mg N/100g in grunter on the twelfth day of storage. The lipid oxidation indices, namely PV and TBARS, in the fillets of both fish were significantly higher at the end of the storage period than at the beginning. The results of sensory, microbiological, and chemical indices showed that the maximum shelf life of narrow-barred Spanish mackerel and Javelin grunter fillets is 6 and 8 days, respectively.

Marine plants are good source of natural antioxidant compounds. Mangroves are a group of salt-tolerant marine plants of intertidal areas with numerous medicinal properties. In the present study, phytochemical analysis (steroids, alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids and tannins) and antioxidant properties (total phenolic content, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, reduction power and metal chelating activity) of methanolic extract of leaves, stem bark, and roots of mangrove species Avicennia marina was investigated. The mangrove samples were collected from the shores of Gwater Bay in the southeast of Sistan and Baluchestan province. Phytochemical analysis showed that all the tested compounds were present in the extract of mangrove leaves, except alkaloids. While in the stem bark extract, only phenolic compounds, flavonoids and tannins were observed and alkaloids and steroids were not detected. Alkaloids, phenols and flavonoids were discovered in the root extract. The assessment of the antioxidant properties showed that among different parts of mangroves, the highest amount of phenol (6.28 mg gallic acid/ g extract), free radical scavenging (59.18 %) and iron ion reduction power (absorbance at 700 nm: 0.37) was found in the leaves extract. Contrary to these two indicators, the highest amount of iron chelating activity (absorbance at 562 nm: 0.84) was found in mangrove root extract. The results of this research showed that different parts of the mangrove plant, especially its leaves, can be considered as a potential source of natural antioxidants.

After catching fish, various changes occur in the fish body and as a result of these changes the quality of the fish gradually decreases. This reduction in quality in fish is due to the growth and invasion of bacteria, autolysis process, lipid oxidation, physical and mechanical damage, that affects the freshness of the fish. Since freshness is one of the most important parameters in the fish market for the consumer, so the present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the freshness and quality of fish sold to the Chabahar fish market by using a combination of sensory, chemical and microbiological methods.

In order to evaluate the freshness and quality, 30 fish belonging to 10 species including yellowfin sea bream (Acanthopagrus latus), frigate tuna (Auxis thazard), largemouth queenfish (Scomberoides commersonnianus), Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta), shrimp scad (Alepes djedbada), tigertooth croaker (Otolithes ruber), pickhandle barracuda (Sphyraena jello), golden snapper (Lutjanus johnii), javelin grunter (Pomadasys kaakan) and goldstripe sardinella (Sardinella gibbosa) were purchased from Chabahar fish market and immediately transferred to the laboratory after icing. The quality of the studied fish was evaluated using sensory, biochemical (TVN, TMA, TBA and pH) and microbial (mesophilic and psychrophilic) methods.

According to the results, in terms of sensory evaluation, no statistically significant difference was observed between different fishes (p>0.05), but the highest scores of sensory factors were related to tigertooth croaker (Otolithes ruber) and pickhandle barracuda (Sphyraena jello) and the lowest It was related to goldstripe sardinella (Sardinella gibbosa). The results of biochemical evaluation showed that, except for pH, the highest amount of these indicators is related to Auxis thazard and Sardinella gibbosa, and there was a significant difference in the amount of TVN, TMA and TBA with other fish species (p<0.05). The bacterial counts in all samples was less than the permissible limit, but in Auxis thazard and Sardinella gibbosa, the number of mesophilic bacterial load was significantly higher than other fish (p<0.05), as well as the Also, the lowest and highest psychrophilic bacterial load was related to Otolithes ruber and Auxis thazard, which were significantly different from each other (p<0.05).

Overall, the results of this study showed that the fish sold in the Chabahar fish market are of suitable and acceptable quality, and fatty fish such as sardines are more susceptible to spoilage than low fat fish because in this species TMA with a rate of 7.48 ± 1.00 mg/100 g reached the permissible level of spoilage.

Fucoidan is one of the most important polysaccharides produced by brown seaweeds. In the present study, fucoidan was extracted from brown seaweed Sargassum tenerrimum and its properties include the extraction yield, carbohydrates, protein, sulfate, uronic acid content, antioxidant properties (DPPH free-radical scavenging and ferric reducing power) and its ability to inhibit polyphenol oxidase enzyme from vannamei shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) were assayed at concentrations of 0.5, 1 and 2mg/mL. The amount of the extraction yield, carbohydrate, protein, sulfates and uronic acid of the extracted fucoidan were 7.23, 36.51, 5.64, 11.57 and 9.22%, respectively. The rate of DPPH scavenging in fucoidan varied from 35.94 to 63.94% depending on the concentration (P<0.05). The rate of iron reduction varied from 0.23 in fucoidan at a concentration of 0.5mg/mL to 0.74 in treatment of 2mg/mL fucoidan. The highest inhibition of vannamei shrimp polyphenol oxidase enzyme was obtained in fucoidan with a concentration of 2mg/mL and equal to 64.72%. The results of this study showed that brown seaweed Sargassum tenerrimum is a rich source of fucoidan with significant antioxidant properties and polysaccharides extracted from this alga can be a natural and healthy inhibitor of polyphenol oxidase.

In the present study, effect of different solvents (methanol 100%, methanol 60%, methanol 20% and water 100%) were evaluated on the extract yield and antioxidant properties of three red seaweed species including Gracilaria arcuata, Gracilaria textorri and Leveillea jungermannioides) from Chabahar coasts. Antioxidant activities of different extract were measured by DPPH free radical scavenging activity, reduction power and iron chelating activity methods. There was a significant difference between the extract yield of different seaweed and the highest amount of the extract (6.02g/100g seaweed) was obtained from L. jungermannioides with methanol 100% as solvent. The most antioxidant activities, measured by different assay were observed in methanol 60% extract of G. arcuata which was significantly higher than other species. The amount of the extract and antioxidant properties were significantly different between different treatments depending on the solvent ratio and the type of seaweed species. The results of the present study showed G. arcuata can be considered as potential sources of natural antioxidants.

In the present study, the effect of using different levels of dietary -phlorotannins (1, 3 and 5%) extracted from Sargassum brown seaweed on growth function, nutrition, digestive enzyme activity and body chemical composition of white leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannemei) was studied during a culture period of 35 days. During 5 weeks, the length and weight of all treatments increased significantly (P<0.05), however, the rate of increase was different in different groups and the highest rate was achieved in phlorotannins treatment of 5% (P<0.05). The best records of final weight, percentage of body weight index, growth rate, specific growth rate and feed conversion ratio, resulted in diet containing 5% phlorotannins (P>0.05). The relative activity of major digestive enzymes namely amylase, protease and lipase as well as protein and lipid content was higher in treatment containing 5% phlorotannins compared to other treatments (P<0.05). The results showed that the use of phlorotannins as a natural bioactive compound at the level of 5% in the diet can improve the growth, nutrition, activity of digestive enzymes and chemical composition of white leg shrimp during the culture period.

Fish is one of the most important sources of protein for human nutrition and health. Therefore, the monitoring of heavy metals accumulation in commercial fish is always important. In the present study, the accumulation of heavy metals (copper and lead) in muscle tissue and their potential hazards for consumers in three species of high-consumption fish in the south of the country(BandarAbas), namely black-spot snapper (Lutjanus ehrenbergi), javelin grunter (Pomdasys Kaakan) and Indian halibut (Psettodes erumei) was examined. The average concentrations (µg/g dry weight) of copper snapper, grunter and halibut were 0.078±0.017, 0.136±0.025, and 0.127±0.013, respectively, while the accumulation of lead in them was 0.079±0.018, 0.090±023, and 0.107±0.031, respectively. The highest daily intake (µg/ kg body weight/ day) of copper was equal to 0.023 and due to consumption of grunter, while the highest daily intake of lead was obtained due to consumption of halibut and equal to 0.018. The daily and weekly intake of both metals and all three fish species was less than the EPA reference dose and tolerable intake (TDI) values provided by the FAO / WHO Joint Commission. The risk level of target hazard quotient (THQ) calculated for both metals was significantly lower than 1. The results showed that the urban communities of Hormozgan province with the calculated consumption are not exposed to any risk due to the accumulation of heavy metals studied in this study.

Consideration of marine organisms as potential sources of bioactive compounds and drug agents has increased in recent years. Skin is considered to be the largest and fastest growing organ in the human body and it plays the most important role in protecting of diseases and environmental factors. Due to the large surface area of the skin, it is sensitive to various diseases, including acne, dermatitis, and so on. Therefore, the present study was performed to evaluate the effect of brown algae phlorotannin extract and emulsion containing the extract against 6 pathogenic bacteria. Phlorotannin content was measured using phluoroglucinol reagent. Then, the antibacterial activity of the extract and its emulsion against 6 bacterial strains including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis were evaluated. The phlorotannin content was 13.94±0.29. The results showed MIC and MBC levels were lower in S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and P. acnes than in E. coli, B. subtilis and S. epidermidis, indicating the better performance of phlorotannin extract against them. Also, the emulsion containing the extract had a diameter of inhibition zone against P. acnes, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis. The results show that the formulation containing phlorotannin extract has potentials in the treatment of bacterial skin infections.

At the present study, phlorotannin content, antioxidant properties (DPPH free-radical scavenging and ferric reducing power) and inhibitory of polyphenoloxidase enzyme from Vannamei shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in different extracts (first and ethyl-acetate) extracted from brown seaweeds Nizimuddinia zanardinii, Sargassum ilicifolium, Sargassum cristaefolium and Stoechospermum marginatum with methanol 100% and 70% were investigated. Among different seaweeds species, the highest amount of phlorotannin (13.21 mg PHG/g), DPPH scavenging (72.64%) and reducing power (0.96) were measured in the ethyl-acetate extract of N. zanardinii in methanol 100% treatment. Phlorotannin compounds including Eckol, Dieckol, Bieckol were identified by using of TLC in the ethyl acetate extract of N. zanardinii. The results showed that phlorotannin content and antioxidant activity varies in different species depending on seaweed specie, type of extract and type of extraction solvent. The amount of Vannamei shrimp polyphenoloxidase inhibition was different between various extract and seaweeds; and the highest amount of inhibition (71.11%) was measured in the ethyl-acetate extract of N. zanardinii. The results of present study showed that seaweed extracts with high amount of phlorotannins content could be considered as natural and safe polyphenoloxidase enzyme inhibitor.

In the present study, quality and shelf-life of anchovy (Encrasicholina punctifer) during 12 days of iced storage (+1 to -1 ˚C) were investigated by using of sensory, chemical and microbial indices. For sensory assessment, internal organs, gill, peritoneum, skin, eyes, color along spine, abdominal cavity and flesh of samples were assessed. For chemical assessment, indices of pH, total volatile base of nitrogen (TVB-N), free fatty acids (FFA), peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) were measured. Microbial analysis was done by counting the colonies of bacteria during the storage period. Sensory analysis showed that the shelf-life of the anchovy was between 7 to 9 days. Total counts of bacteria exceeded the acceptable limit (106 colonies per gram of meat) on the 8th day of storage. A high correlation (0.96) observed between sensory and microbial results. The pH of fish increased from 6.27 to 7.56 at the end of storage. Total volatile base of nitrogen (TVB-N) of fresh anchovy at the first day of storage was 8/67 mg N/100 g meat and reached to 36.65 at Day 12 of survey.  The changes of free fatty acids were in the range of 3.63-8.60 % of oleic acid (p<0.05). Peroxide value (milli-equivalents active oxygen per kg lipid) significantly increased from 11.37 at the beginning to 30.96 at the last day of storage (p<0.05). The amount of thiobarbituric acid (milligrams of malondialdehyde per kg of meat) increased from 0.35 at Day 0 to 5.16 at Day 12. The shelf-life of anchovy days during iced storage estimated between 7-9 based on the sensory, microbial and chemical results.

The present study, investigated the effect of delayed ice storage on the quality and shelf-life of Jinga shrimp (Metapenaeus affinis) during a period of 18 days. Freshly captured shrimps were divided into three groups. The first group was kept in ice immediately, while the second and third groups were mixed and covered with ice one hour, and two hours after capture respectively. The shelf-life of each group was determined using microbial (total number of mesophilic and psychrophilic bacteria), chemical (pH, Total Volatile Bases Nitrogen ‘TVB-N’ and Thiobarbituric Acid ‘TBA’) and sensory indices. The results of microbial counts showed that the least bacterial growth occurred in the first group, preserved in ice immediately after the catch (P < 0.05). Among the chemical parameters the highest increase in pH, TVB-N and TBA was observed in the third group, preserved in ice with two hours delay. The outcome of the sensory evaluation revealed that the shelf-life of the first group of shrimps constantly stored in ice was 12 days while those of the second and third groups kept in ice with one and two hours delay after capture decreased to 10 and 8 days respectively. In most days of this study, there was a high correlation between sensory, microbial and chemical indices. The results of sensorial, microbial and chemical tests of the treatments indicate that every hour of time-lag in ice-storage of freshly captured Jinga shrimp will reduce its shelf-life by about two days compared to the samples iced immediately after catch.

these days, the importance of algae is growing as a major source of food, medicine and industry. The present study was conducted to determine the amount of anti-bacterial and antioxidant activity of the aqueous extract of S. tenerrimum on the Persian Gulf coast. In this study, measure some parameters like total antioxidant activity, total phenol, ability of iron ions trapping, DPPH free radical inhibitory activity and superoxide activity, showed that S. tenerrimum extract have high antioxidant properties (p<0/05). Also, the resistance of many pathogenic bacteria against artificial drugs and the side effects and cost of chemical drugs has attracted the scientist’s attention towards natural and herbal medicines. Therefore, antibacterial properties against seven different pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria were evaluated. Y. Ruckeri was the only bacteria resistant to this extract (p>0/05). According to the results of this study, the extract S. tenerrimum can be used as an antibacterial and antioxidant for food and medicine industry as well as cosmetics.

In the present study, the rise assessment of heavy metals includes copper(Cu), iron(Fe), cadmium(Cd), sternum(Sn), arsenic(As) and mercury(Hg) for the consumers of Indian white shrimp caught from different coasts of Chabahar was evaluated.  In 2017, 180 shrimp specimens were caught from the coasts of Konarak, Beris and Gwadar (Chabahar Province). In the laboratory, the samples had dried, digested and subsequently the metals concentration was measured using spectrophotometer. The estimated daily intake of metals to the body of the consumers and the target hazard quotient were done based on the method, developed by the World Health Organization. Among different metals, iron had the highest concentration with 2.72 μg/g, while the lowest accumulation of metals was recorded for mercury with 0.01 μg/g. The ranking order of metals accumulation in the muscle of shrimp were as Fe, Cu, Sn, As, Pb, Cd, Hg. The highest amount of daily intake (μg metal/kg person/ day) was observed for arsenic (0.20) while the lowest was for Tin(sn) (0.0006). Target hazard quotient (THQ) and total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) for all metals were lower than 1. The results showed there is not any health risk for the consumers of Indian white shrimp due to accumulation of copper, iron, cadmium, stannum, arsenic and mercury in the shrimp.

In the present study، Structure of the adult ovary and oogenetic mode were examined in the freshwater crab Sodhiana iranica. Female crabs were collected From Eelood spring located in Hormozgan province، southern Iran. In the laboratory، ovary of crabs were removed and prepared for Histological examination. An H-shaped ovary consisting of a pair of long ovarian sacs connected by a narrow bridge tube is located in the cephalothorax on the dorsal side of the stomach. A short oviduct with a seminal receptacle is connected with the posterior end of each ovarian sac، and a genital pore opens on the sternum of the sixth thoracic segment. The ovarian wall consists of a layer of ovarian epithelium that infolds to form a number of oogenetic pouches of various sizes. Each oogenetic pouch contains an egg or a relative large oocyte in its lumen. Germaria containing oogonia، very early previtellogenic oocytes، and somatic interstitial cells are located in the ovarian epithelium near the necks of the oogenetic pouches in the anterior regions of the ovarian sacs and are randomly scattered throughout the ovarian epithelium in the posterior regions of the ovarian sacs. In cross section، the germaria appear to be concentrated into a central germarial cluster in the ovarian sac. Mature eggs are ovulated from the oogenetic pouches into the ovarian lumen، transferred from the ovarian lumen into the oviducts، fertilized there by sperm stored in the seminal receptacles، and then oviposited through the genital pores. The female reproductive system is surrounded wholly and tightly by a thin، cellular، membranous sheath، which has often been mistaken as the ovarian epithelium in some decapod crustaceans.

Microalgae as a source of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, pigments, pharmaceutical and food metabolites, has received more focus by biological researchers at last decades. The amount and composition of fatty acids produced by microalgae depended on biomass production and environmental factors such as changes in salinity, light and nutrient availability. In this study, the green microalgae Dunaliella bardawil isolated from Chabahar Bay was cultured under different salinities (35, 70 and 105 g/L) using Conway medium. All treatments with air pump at 25±2 ° C and 12L: 12D (h) photoperiod and aerated. Effect of different salinity on the growth rate, lipid production and fatty acid composition of algal biomass were examined. ANOVA results showed that the highest growth rate and lipid content in the salinity of 70 g/L was obtained which are 933 and 206 milligrams per liter, respectively. Maximum and minimum lipid content of D. bardawil measured, 24.5 and 19 percent, at 105 and 35 ppt, respectively. Due to reduced cell density in 105 grams of salt per liter of fat produced per unit volume decreased to 65mg/L. The results show that D. bardawil purification from Chabahar Bay with degree unsaturation between 95-73 has great potential for biodiesel production.

Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) frequency، intensity and geographical extension have been increasing worldwide. The Southern coast of Iran is not different from the other coastal areas. The present study was done to investigate distribution، intensity، and density of phytoplankton species with the potential to form harmful algal bloom along the southeast coast of Iran. The water sampling was carried out every two weeks from late April to late September 2009 in eight different locations. Totally، 54 phytoplankton species identified and their cell density determined in each location. The results showed that among all identified phytoplankton species، 22 species have the potential to form harmful bloom in the southeast coast of Iran; among which Cochlodinium polykrikoides was a bloom former species before southeast monsoon in most locations. Its maximum density was 1. 9×107 cell /L in late May 2009. Gymnodinium sp. with maximum density 6×106 in late September was also a bloom former species after monsoon but more distributed in eastern sites of Chabahar.

This study was done to investigate the relationship between microstructure destruction and water holding capacity (Water holding capacity، WHC) of Hammor (Epinephelus coioides) fillets، after caught and during refrigerated storage (4°C). 30 fresh Hammor samples were provided from Hormozgan Pier Fishing in 2012 and manually filleted. The fillets were stored in a refrigerator for 14 days and pH، WHC، and muscle fibers indexes were evaluated on days 0، 4، 7، 10 and 14 of storage. WHC of fillets decreased during days of storage and the distance between muscle fibers increased (P<0. 05). Liquid loss and water loss increased from % 13. 7 and 12. 7 at the initial storage to % 23. 9 and 21. 3 at the end day of storage، respectively. Changes in the distance between fibers were in the range of % 4. 70- 59. 25. The results showed that the increase of liquid leakage and decrease of WHC was probably due to destruction of muscle fibers at the end days of storage.

In the present study, accumulation of manganese, cadmium, zinc, iron and copper in the commercially fish species (silver pomfret and tiger tooth croaker) caught from Bandarabbas coasts at 2010 was measured and the risk of daily intake of them in Hormozagan urban population was estimated. The average concentrations (μ/g dry weight) of manganese, cadmium, zinc, iron, and copper in the muscle tissue of silver pomfret were 1.248, 0.217, 14.444, 2.397 and 3.300, respectively, while the concentration of them in tiger tooth croaker were 1.009, 0.403, 12.564, 4.467 and 2.366, respectively. According to fish consumption rate, urban populations of the province were divided into four groups low, medium, high and very high. The target hazard quotient (THQ) in each group calculated separately. The THQ of all groups were much lower than 1 in the two fish. The results showed that urban populations of the province have not any risk due to accumulation of the studied heavy metals.

Quality of tiger-toothed croaker stored in flake ice was studied for 19 days by sensory, chemical (total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N)), (thiobarbituric values (TBA)), pH and microbial (total viable count, TVC) methods. Sensory scheme was modified according to the panelists perception and a specific schema was created for this fish. Sensory analyses showed that: "gills color and odor", "convexity of eyes", "peritoneum" and "elasticity of flesh" are the best sensory parameters. Results of sensory and microbial analyses had high correlation. Total viable count of flesh was 2.86 log cfu g-1 at first day and reached the limiting level of TVC (106) after 15 days of storage (P<0.05). TVB-N levels were 15.31mg/100 g tissue at the first day of storage and reached 36.52mg/100 g at the end of storage day (P<0.05). Measuring amounts of TVB-N showed that total volatile basic nitrogen is a good quality index for tigertoothed croaker during ice storage. The initial level of TBA was 0.83mg of malondialdehyde per kg flesh (mg MDA/kg) and increased to 3.75mg MDA/kg at the end of storage. TBA levels were less than limiting level (5mg MDA/kg) over the period of storage. According to the results, shelf-life of tiger-toothed croaker was determined 15 days during ice storage.