سمانه اسدی

Divan –e- Hafez (poem collection) is one of the most precious literary and cultural treasures of Iranians. The main audience of this work are adults; But can teenagers relate to some of Hafez's poems and have an understanding of them? The most suitable way to get an answer (albeit relative) to this question is to ask the teenagers themselves; Therefore, in order to know the level of familiarity and understanding of teenagers with Divan –e- Hafez and to know their point of view about his personality and poems, a research was organized in the form of a post-doctoral research, of which this article is one of the achievements. This study is performed with the aim of measuring the teenagers’ knowledge and understanding of Hafez's divan and to knowing their views about the poet and his poems. In this regard, a questionnaire was constructed based on the objectives of the research, its validity and reliability were reviewed and approved, and was distributed among 401 adolescents from different regions of Iran. Findings show that these teenagers understand verses with the theme of friendship better than other selected poems of Divan Hafez, and the most popular poems of Hafez in their opinion are the poems written with the theme of love and friendship. They are interested in the character of Hafez and his divan and would like to know more about him, his thoughts, and his poems. 95% of the participants considered Hafez's selected poems as suitable works for their peers, and 72.81% of them counted the usefulness of these poems for teenagers as high and very high. The most important reasons given by the teenagers for their interest in Hafez's poems are: the variety of subjects, sweet language, pleasantness and calmness of the poems, simple meaning of many verses, ... .

Hafez's Divan is one of the precious literary treasures that different groups of people use according to their literary knowledge and intellectual tendencies; but can Hafez's poems be useful for teenagers? The authors of the upcoming article have organized a research to answer this question, and this article is a part of its achievements. The premise of the research is that some of Hafez's poems are linguistically understandable for teenagers and many of them can communicate at least with the basic levels of some poems. This research was carried out in two ways: one is the study of reliable sources related to the topic and its descriptive and analytical review, and the other is the compilation and distribution of a special questionnaire for teenagers. According to the results of the research, there are similarities between the characteristics of adolescence and many of Hafez's verses, which confirms their suitability for teenagers. Some of the capacities of Hafez's Divan to provide to teenagers are: The common characteristics between the adolescence period and Hafez's Divan confirmed that this work is not unsuitable for teenagers. Dealing with topics and concepts like knowing oneself and finding the meaning of life, idealism, moral and social issues, love and friendship (also characteristics of adolescence), the multiplicity and diversity of characters (human and non-human) and their processing method, as well as the narrative and dramatic atmosphere of some song, is among the capacities of Hafez to present to teenagers. These capacities can adequately answer many spiritual needs of teenagers; a safe space for internal dialogue; Thinking about realities, possibilities and imagining; a safe and intimate friendship, with common feelings and concerns; independence of action while benefiting from the guidance of reliable and knowledgeable people; and the need to identify and know God and achieve the meaning of life.

Cuscuta, (Ces as Persian name) is a parasitic plant with different biological effects and applications. The metabolic profile and effects of the Ces depend on the host on which it grows. Its main components are phenols and flavonoids. Considering the antioxidant effects of these compounds, the purpose of this research was to investigate the antioxidant activities and total phenolic and flavonoid contents of Cuscuta as well as Mellissa officinalis and Alhaji murarum as hosts.

  Aqueous, hydroalcoholic extracts of the Cuscuta grown on two hosts were prepared separately. Hydroalcoholic extracts of host plants were also prepared. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were evaluated using Folin- Ciocalteu reagent and aluminum chloride colorimetric assays, respectively. In order to investigate the antioxidant activity, the ability of extracts to scavenge DPPH free radical (DPPH 2, 2-(diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and their capacity to reduce iron 3+ion were measured by FRAP method.

The results showed that all the examined extracts have significant phenolic and flavonoid contents. The highest antioxidant activity was observed in hydroalcoholic extracts, which was proportional to the amount of phenolic and flavonoid contents in the extracts. In addition, the extracts of host plants were richer than the parasite extracts. The extract of Mellissa officinalis showed better effects than Alhaji murarum in all of four investigated factors.

According to the findings of the present study, the hydroalcoholic extracts of the Cuscuta plants are rich in phenolic and flavonoid compounds, which may be the cause of the antioxidant activity. Of course, the compounds and effects of Cuscuta depend on the host. In future studies, the plant can be grown in different hosts.

Healthy food and nutrition have always been a serious concern of human beings. In this regard, food safety is extremely important. As an example, nitrates in foods may affect their safety. The purpose of this study was to investigate the nitrate contents of highly consumed food products (potatoes, tomatoes and onions) on sale in wholesale fruit and vegetable markets (Heravi, Mellat and Lavizan) in District 4 of Tehran, Iran.

Samples of the foods were collected in winter and spring, and their nitrate content was measured spectrophotometrically. The SPSS-20 software was used for data analysis.

The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the vegetables nitrate contents in winter and spring. The nitrate content of onions in the spring in the Heravi market and that of potatoes in the winter in the Lavizan market were higher than the respective standard, while that of tomatoes was less than the standard in both seasons.

The nitrate content in the samples was in most cases below the respective standard, indicating that the vegetables on sale in the wholesale markets in Tehran were acceptable as regards nitrate content (at least in spring and winter).

Drought stress (water scarcity) is one of the most limiting environmental factors in plant growth and production. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) as a nitric oxide doner compound (NO) plays an important role in reducing the oxidative stress caused by abiotic stresses. In order to investigate the effect of SNP foliar application on some biochemical characteristics, growth and yield of Echinacea purpurea Moench L. under drought conditions, an experiment was conducted in a split plot design in a completely randomized block design with three replications at the Research Institute of Agriculture, Institute of Forest and Rangelands, Karaj, Iran, in 2015-2016. The experimental treatments included SNP factor at four levels (0, 100, 200 and 400 µM) and drought stress factor at three levels [30% field capacity (severe), 60% field capacity (moderate), 90% field capacity (control)]. At full flowering stage, plant height, number of lateral branches, leaf and flower number, dry weight of shoots and percentage and yield of shoot essential oil were measured. Also, leaves sampling was performed to measure relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll content, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) enzymes, malondialdehyde (MDA), total phenol and proline contents. Results showed that the hieghest amount of morphological triats and shoot dry weight were related to 200 µM SNP concentration under non drought stress (control) condition. The highest amount of RWC was obtained (97.9%) in 90% moisture treatment (control) and 200 µM of SNP. Also, higher concentrations of SNP (200 and 400 µM) under moderate stress (60% of crop capacity), could increase the plant drought stress tolerance by increasing the SOD and POD enzymes activity as well as reducing MDA content. The highest amount of proline (16.7 µmol/g fr wt) and total phenol (127.7 mg GAE/g dry matter) were also related to 400 µM SNP treatment. In general, SNP foliar application especially at 200 µM concentration under drought stress conditions could modify drought stress damage, and increase active ingredient of the plant.

The Night that Cricket Won’t Sing, written by Jamshid Khanian, is one of the most outstanding works in the field of teen novel that has attracted the attention of many critics and readers. Since language is the author's main tool for creating literary texts, in this research, language of the novel is studied at three lexical, syntactic, and rhetorical levels to identify its fundamental characteristics. Among the most important linguistic features of this novel are: high frequency of verbs implying movement, sudden transformation of the structure of past verbs, dominance of the tense features of standard language on its spoken form, high frequency of short sentences, changing of sentence clauses, repetition of some sentences, melodious language, contrast (the most prominent figure of the work), description, imagery (the most numerous and most revealing figure), symbolization and adaptation. Focusing on these features and their details show that many of them have positive effects on the overall structure of the novel and have influenced the development of various elements of the story (subject, theme, personality, space, etc.). These features imply the author's attention to the importance of language in improving the quality of the work in order to transfer ideas better. and can be one of the factors of various critics’ attraction to the repetitious story of war and the selection of this novel in several festivals.

Mahdi Rajabi is a relatively young author (born in 1980) who works in the field of children and adolescent literature. He has published 8 books, some of which have been critically acclaimed. One of these works is Canned Giant novel. The resemblance to the Blind Owl, one of the most distinguished contemporary tales in Iran and the world, is one of the features of this novel. In the first place, the reader of the novel notices the similarities between Canned Giant and the Blind Owl and as s/he keeps reading, s/he notices the influence of the Blind Owl. The following research studies the different aspects of such influence. Intertextuality and the views of its well-known theorists are applied to the work for analysis. The most obvious similarities between Rajabi's novel and the Blind Owl are the characters and how they are presented in the plot process. The narrative, motifs, and some descriptions also deepen the link between these works, a link that the Genette calls implicit intertextuality.

Recent challenges related to patient safety and medical errors in healthcare, has led to a focus on increasing quality across healthcare organizations. Psychosocial work factors and fatigue have been identified as significant factors related to nurses’ performance. The relationship between psychosocial work factors and fatigue has been rarely studied. The aim of this study was investigating the relationship between psychosocial work factors and fatigue among nurses.
Material and In this cross-sectional study, 270 randomly nurses from university hospitals participated. The Persian version of Job Content Questionnaire (P-JCQ) and Swedish Occupational Fatigue Inventory have used the tools for data collection. The correlation coefficient was employed to examine the relationship between job stressors scales and fatigue. Structural equation modeling was applied to fit the model
The mean (SD) of decision latitude 66.32 (7.36), psychological job demand 35.47 (3.68), social support 22.31 (2.64), physical job demand 15.22 (2.18), job insecurity 8.72 (4.06) were found. Decision latitude and social support dimensions had a low level, which indicates higher stress. Moreover, psychological job demand, as well as physical job demand, had a high level which indicates high stress. According to results demonstrate that psychological job demand and physical job demand have a strong association with all dimensions of fatigue ( P high level of job stress was found in the study population. Physical demand was identified as the most effective factor in fatigue. Designing comprehensive intervention that accounts for psychosocial aspects of work environment especially the physical demand for decreasing stress and fatigue, can improve health care quality and also prevent medical errors.

Amplitude and duration of seismic signals depend upon recording distance, propagation path of the wave through different media, and geology at the recording site. In addition, amplitude of recorded signals varies according to the P- and S-wave radiation patterns. Influence of these factors on seismic signals has been considered for magnitude computation in many seismic regions (e. g., Michaelson, 1990 and Eaton, 1992). Estimation of earthquake magnitude is a routine task in all seismological observatories. Several magnitude scales are available, based on amplitude measurement of different seismic phases, and/or on total signal duration. Among them, the duration magnitude (MD) is adopted in many regional networks because it provides a rapid and reliable estimate of the earthquake size through a fairly simple procedure based on the measure of the duration of recorded seismograms. Bisztricany (1958) first demonstrated the existence of a relationship between magnitude and duration, and several authors (e.g., Sole’vev, 1965; Tsumura, 1967; Bakun, 1984; Vidal and Munguía, 2005; Hara, 2007; Colomblli et. al., 2014 and among many others) later discussed the use of duration of the recorded seismograms to measure the event size., Lomax and Michelini (2009) proposed a duration magnitude procedure for the rapid determination of the moment magnitude, based on the P-wave recordings at teleseismic distances, which can be applied for tsunami early warning.
In this study, the relationship for estimation of earthquake magnitude was derived using the duration of the coda-waves of recorded signals in the Zagros area. Determination of duration magnitude (MD) is a fast and reliable while in other methods it is difficult to read the correct amplitude. In this method as another advantage is no need to correct signals for instrumental effect. In this study more than 3890 records with magnitude in the range of 2 to 5 with epicentral distances less than 200 km were used. The mentioned data is recorded in IIEES seismic network in the period between 2006 and 2013. Location of earthquakes was in the range of 23.59 to 37 latitude and 43.37 to 61.63 longitude. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the magnitudes of the duration using the following equation:M_D=a.log_10⁡〖τ.R_c 〗
In which R is the hypocentral distance, 𝞽 is the signal duration, Sc stands for the station correction, and coefficients of a, b, and c must be determined by analysis of regression. Duration was considered as the time elapsed since the first P-wave arrival to the moment when the noise level is reduced to the coda wave amplitude. By comparing the signal amplitude of the noise before the event, the signal end was determined, our conditions were A_(sign-A_noise )/A_noise.

Anxiety plays an important and sensitive role in nurses. Mindfulness-based therapy is the third generation of anxiety disorders treatments that attracted many practitioners attention. The aim of present research was to examine the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on cognitive failure and emotional processing in the anxious nurses.
This study was pre-test and post-test with control group. For this purpose, 40 nurses were randomly selected from nurses with anxiety in Ardabil and they assigned to intervention (mindfulness-based cognitive therapy) and the control groups. The intervention was 8 sessions (1.5 h per weeks) of a mindfulness-based cognitive therapy courses. Our instruments were the State-Trait anxiety, mindfulness, cognitive failure, emotional processing and anxious thoughts scales.
The results showed that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in the intervention group significantly improved cognitive failure, emotional processing and anxiety in the nurses (p Based on our research findings, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy is an important effective factor in cognitive failure, emotional processing improvement and reduces anxiety in nurses. Also, this method can be used as one of the effective and useful method for nurses.

Anxiety disorders are among the widely-spread disorders that today, is in all parts of people’s lives. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy is a third-generation cognitive behavior therapy in treatment of anxiety disorders. Accordingly, the necessity of using teaching methods which are more effective is important. We aimed to determine the efficacy of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on emotional processing in anxious nurses.
This was a quasi-experimental study, in which pretest-posttest control group was used. Forty subjects completed the study; the study sample was randomly selected from nurses of Ardabil anxiety groups (mindfulness-based cognitive therapy) and were assigned to a waiting list. Anxiety questionnaire for data collection-trait mindfulness questionnaires and scales were used for emotional processing. Data analysis of variance was done with SPSS v. 16 software.
Results showed that the mean scores of anxiety and emotional processing in the experimental group significantly decreased compared to the control group of (P The results showed that training of knowledge-based cognitive therapy on anxiety and emotional processing was effective in nurses. Therefore, based on knowledge of cognitive therapy, training to improve nurse's anxiety and emotional processing should be taken into consideration.

Intertextuality is a literary approach which allows critics to study the existing connections in works of literature. In this paper the story, It Was Raining in the Big Garden, written by Ahmad Reza Ahmadi, a well-known writer of the children and young adult literature is analyzed based on Genette’s theory of intertextuality. It is argued that there are many links between this story and his other works, especially in the last parts of the story. However, only persistent readers of his stories can figure them out. Therefore, the intertextuality in this story is an example of intertextuality that Genette calls “implicit”.

The present study aims to investigate the impact of group reality therapy on psychological empowerment and procrastination among women who suffer from anxiety. This empirical study made use of a pre-test, a post test and a control group. The study sample consisted of 40 subjects suffering from anxiety who were randomly selected from housewives with anxiety in Ardabil. They were then randomly assigned into an experimental group (for group reality therapy) and a control group. The instruments used in this study included a psychological empowerment inventory (1995), a procrastination scale (2001) and an anxiety inventory (1988). The findings finally revealed that group reality therapy in the treatment group, in comparison with the control group, was more effective in improving psychological empowerment and procrastination. Based on the research findings, group reality therapy is an important factor in psychological empowerment and procrastination in women.

This article is an analysis of two recently published children stories of Ahmad Reza Ahmadi, on the basis of the idea of Implied Reader used by Aidan Chambers. This idea examines four elements of style, point of view, partiality and empty spaces that seem to be important in children stories. While the simple and lucid language, convincing and influential characterization, familiar elements, and lovely images of the stories affect children and the ordinary readers, the atmosphere, symmetry, meaningful repetition of some elements and the narrative structure, activate the mind and imagination of the professional, either children or adults

This paper uses the theory of «the implied reader in the book» by Aiden Chambers to analyze two of Ahmadi''s latest works، «The butterfly had fallen asleep on my pillow» and «The girl، the fish، and the loneliness». To know the implied reader and his/her characteristics، Chambers suggests studying the four factors of style، point of view، partialityand and empty spaces. These factors play an important role in children''s books and help the author communicate with the reader. The results show the implied readers in his books are thoughtful and capable children with pure imaginations and innovative souls who are able to enjoy the beauties of the story and discover the hidden concepts in it. Also the depth and complexity in Ahmadi''s books provoke the adults and the young adults to read and enjoy his works. Keywords: Aidan Chambers، Ahmadreza Ahmadi، Children Story، Implied Reader، The butterfly had fallen asleep on my pillow، The girl، the fish، and the loneliness.

An experiment with randomized complete block design with 3 replications was carried out in the Rice Research Institute of Iran, Rasht, during 2008 to study the effect of supplement foliar application of nitrogen (5% N) and potassium (3% K2O) at different growth stages (maximum tillering stage, booting stage, and both of them) on grain quality and nitrogen efficiency of hybrid rice, c.v. Bahar-1. Results showed that foliar application of nitrogen and potassium significantly increased the grain yield (10256.3 Kg ha-1), by 56% compared with control treatment. The highest amount of grain protein (11.6%) was related to foliar application of nitrogen in both maximum tillering and booting stages when compared with control. Also, the results showed that foliar fertilization at different growth stages had not significant effects on nitrogen utilization efficiency and nitrogen harvest index. Among cooking quality and milling factors, gelatinization temperature, chalky and broken rice percentage were not affected by foliar fertilization,significantly, while percentage of grain amylose, gel consistency and percent of hale rice significantly affected. Overall, it could be concluding that hybrid rice, cv. Bahar-1, has mediocre cooking quality, and foliar fertilization improved its milling performance.

Fiction is a popular genre due to its various characters, settings, plots and subjects. One of the controversial subjects in this genre is the approach of authors to children and adolescent’s environment in recent decades and its effect on the fiction. In this research the content of 411 children and adolescent’s stories, written by 20 eminent writers of the area and first published in the 70's, have been qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed, in order to examine the urban settings and its features and the degree to which the writers are influenced by the reality of Iranian society. The results of this study have proved that the city, as the principle environment of 200 stories and one of the described settings of 31 stories, and with 56 percent overall, is the first environment in the children and adolescent’s environment of the 1370's. In the formation of the urban settings, three elements are influential: first the writer's tendency to create realistic stories, second their tendency to describe the lives of the lower social class, and finally the difference between the time of writing and the time the stories took place.