سمیه تکلوی

This research aimed to determine the effectiveness of emotion regulation training in reducing emotional insufficiency and symptoms of attention deficit disorder in students with emotional problems. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the research included all students (fifth and sixth grades) with emotional problems who had been referred to counseling and psychotherapy centers in Ardabil City in 2022 to receive psychological services. The research sample consisted of 30 people, who were selected by purposeful sampling method and randomly divided into two groups of 15 people (experimental and control). The experimental group received 8 sessions of 60 minutes of emotion regulation training. To collect data, an alexithymia questionnaire for children (AQC) (Rieffe et al., 2006) and a strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ) (Goodman, 2001) were used. Data analysis was done with multivariate covariance analysis and SPSS20 statistical software. The findings of the research showed that by controlling the effect of the pre-test, there is a significant difference between the post-test mean of emotional failure and symptoms of attention deficit disorder (P<0.05). According to the obtained results, it seems that emotion regulation training can be used as an effective intervention to reduce emotional failure and symptoms of attention deficit disorder in students with emotional problems.

Due to many psychological problems and issues and the need for psychotheraeutic interventions in cancer patients, this study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on the appearance schema and shame/guilt emotion in married women with breast cancer.

This was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design and a control group. The study population consisted of all married women aged 20-45 with breast cancer in Ardabil city, who underwent modified mastectomy and visited a physicians' office for follow-up in 1402. A total number of 39 people were selected by simple random sampling and divided into two groups, experimental (n=19) and control (n=20) . The experimental group participated in 8 sessions of educational intervention on acceptance and commitment therapy by Hayes & Strosahl (2010). Data collection tools included the shame and guilt proneness scale of Cohen et al. (2011) and the Cash et al. (2003) appearance schema inventory. Data analysis was performed using the multivariate analysis of variance test using the SPSS-22 statistics software.

According to the results, in the experimental and control groups, there were significant differences among the shame emotion (F=64.13, p<0.01), guilt proneness (F=67.22, p<0.01) and appearance schema (F=77.14, p<0.01). This means that the acceptance and commitment therapy reduced the appearance schema and shame/guilt emotion in the experimental group.

Considering that the acceptance and commitment therapy had a positive effect on appearance schema and shame/guilt emotion in married women with breast cancer. Therefore, this treatment may be used to reduce the psychological problems in these patients.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy on self-blame. Guilt, and impulsive behaviors of adolescents with adverse childhood experiences. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-tested and post-tested design control group. The statistical population included all the Islamic Azad University of Ardabil branch in the academic year of 2022-2023, and 48 people were selected by the available sampling method and randomly replaced in two experimental (n=23) and control (n=25) groups. The experimental group underwent eight 75-minute session-based therapy. Data collection tools included the Adverse Childhood Experiences questionnaire (ACE-Q) (Bellis et al, 2014), The Barat impulsivity questionnaire(BIS-11) (Patton et al, 1995), The Gilbert self-blame scale (SBS) (Gilbert et al, 2004), and Self-conscious emotions scale of Shame and guilt (GASP) (Cohen et al, 2011). Data analysis was done by multivariate analysis of variance (MANCOVA). The findings showed that by controlling the pre-test effect, there was a significant difference at the 0.01 level between the post-test mean of self-blame, guilt, and impulsive behaviors in the two experimental and control groups. These results state that compassion-focused therapy is a suitable psychotherapy method to reduce self-blame, guilt, and impulsive behaviors of adolescents with adverse childhood experiences.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of brainstorming teaching method on students’ academic engagement, academic vitality, and perception of the learning environment. This study was a quasi-experimental type with a pretest-posttest design with one experimental group and one control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of male students from secondary schools in Germi city in the academic year 2022-2023, with a total of 750 students, of which 30 students were selected using Convenience Sampling and after meeting the inclusion criteria, they were assigned to two groups of 15: experimental and control groups. The tools used in this study were the Academic Vitality Questionnaire by Dehghani Zadeh and Hossein Chari (2012), the Academic Engagement Scale by Reeve (2013), and Perception of the Learning Environment Scale by Sweeney et al. (1994). The brainstorming teaching method program was implemented in 6 sessions of 90 minutes only for the experimental group. The results of multivariate analysis of covariance showed that brainstorming teaching method had a positive effect on improving students’ academic engagement, academic vitality, and perception of the learning environment (P<0.01). Based on the results, it is recommended to use brainstorming teaching method instead of traditional methods in schools.

The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of William Moulton Marston’s DISC model intervention. Regarding the educational adaptation of adolescents who are Covid-19 patients. The statistical population consisted of adolescents aged 13 to 18 who resided in Naghadeh and had a family member with Covid-19 in 2021. The research was conducted using a quasi-experimental design, with control groups, pre-test, and post-test. The statistical sample size consisted of 40 individuals from the statistical population, 20 in the experimental group and 20 in the control group. These individuals were randomly assigned to the control and experimental groups using the available sampling procedure. The control group did not receive any treatment, while the experimental group underwent ten 90-minute sessions in accordance with William Moulton Marston’s DISC model. Data was collected using the Adjustment Inventory for School Students (AISS) in this study. The MANCOVA analysis was employed to analyze the collected data. After the DISC intervention, the experimental group’s mean level of educational adjustment decreased markedly in comparison to the control group (P<0.01). According to the results of this study, the DISC model intervention improves the educational adjustment of adolescents who are Covid-19 patients.

The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of education based on multiple intelligences and phonological awareness and the combination of these two methods on improving the reading skills of dyslexic students. The research method is an experimental type with a multi-group pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the research included students with dyslexia in Ardabil city in the academic year of 2016-2017 (N=112). The sampling method was readily available, and using this method, 64 people were selected and divided into three experimental groups of 16 people and a control group. The first experimental group had ten sessions of phonological awareness training, the second experiment had eleven sessions of training based on multiple intelligences, and the third group had twenty sessions combining the two methods and the control group had their normal daily schedule. To collect data, Raven's progressive matrices test and dyslexia test were used. Analysis of variance test was used to analyze the research data, and SPSS statistical software was used for this purpose. The results showed that the training based on phonological awareness and multiple intelligences and the combination of the two methods has significantly improved the reading skills of the experimental groups (P<0.05). Also, the results showed that the combined training of phonological awareness and multiple intelligences had a greater effect on the average reading skill scores of dyslexics (P<0.05). based on the results obtained, it is recommended to psychologists to use training based on cognitive awareness and multiple intelligences in order to help improve the reading skills of children with dyslexia.

 Stress is a psychological pressure that affects an individual's physical health, including skin health. Skin disorders can also exacerbate stress, creating a vicious cycle in which stress and skin diseases reinforce each other. The aim of this study was to determine the level of stress in patients with fungal skin infections and compare it with healthy individuals.

 This descriptive-analytical study was conducted with the participation of 152 patients with fungal skin infections referred to Ardabil medical centers and 148 of their companions as a healthy group in 2023. The sampling method was available sample. A total of 300 individuals were selected through convenience sampling. The Perceived Stress Scale by Cohen was used to assess stress levels. After completing the questionnaires by both groups, perceived positive and negative stress levels were evaluated. Data were analyzed using the independent t-test and SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 26.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Ill., USA).

 A total of 152 volunteers with fungal infections, including 108 women and 44 men, aged 18 to 48, and 148 healthy volunteers, including 76 women and 72 men, participated in the study. The mean (SD) age of the patient group was 31.5 (5.0) and the healthy group was 31.2 (6.6) years. In the patient group, the mean (SD) of perceived negative stress was 23.6 (0.3) higher than in the healthy group 22.8 (0.2) (P=0.01). There was no difference in the level of perceived positive stress between the healthy 17.0 (3.8) and the patient 16.7 (5.4) groups.

 The level of negative perceived stress was higher in patients with fungal skin infections compared to healthy individuals. Psychological interventions aimed at training patients in perceived stress management appear to be necessary.

It is essential to improve the psychological well-being of nurses who experienced complicated grief caused by Covid-19. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of acceptance and commitment based treatment on pathological worry and death anxiety in nurses with the experience of complicated grief caused by COVID-19.

The present study was a semi-experimental study with a pre-post design and a control group. The study population included all the nurses who had experienced complicated grief caused by Covid-19 in the city of Qom. Using purposive sampling, 40 nurses scored higher than 45 on Pennsylvania State's pathological worry questionnaire (PSWQ) and 7≤ on Templer's death anxiety questionnaire (DAQ) were selected and were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups (each group including 20 people). The experimental group then underwent 8 therapy sessions (120 minutes each) based on acceptance and commitment. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance with repeated measures and Bonferroni post hoc test, using SPSS-25.

Analysis of variance with repeated measurements showed that the therapeutic approach based on acceptance and commitment had a significant impact on the pathological worry and death anxiety of nurses at different stages of evaluation (p<0.001). Furthermore, the results of the Bonferroni post hoc test showed that change pathological worry and death anxiety scores that occurred during the post-test phase was also maintained during the follow-up phase (p>0.05).

Considering the effectiveness of the treatment based on acceptance and commitment, this therapeutic approach can be used to improve the problems of nurses experiencing complicated grief caused by COVID-19 in hospitals and counseling centers, by counselors, clinical psychologists and Psychiatrists

Borderline personality disorder is the most common disorder in clinical settings. Due to the complex nature of the disorder and the need for new therapies.

this study was performed to compare the effectiveness of three treatments on reducing symptoms in people with borderline personality disorder. In a quasi-experimental study, in the form of pre-test-post-test design with a control group with two-month follow-up, 60 people based on clinical interview and multiaxial test of three million (MCMI-III) (individuals with a score of <84 <BR) by sampling method Targeted, selected and randomly assigned to four groups (45 in the experimental group and 15 in the control group) and on the Borderline Personality Scale (STB), as a diagnostic tool and difficult questionnaires Gratz& ruemer (2004), Barat impulsivity (BIS), Omid Schneider responded as a research tool before and after the intervention program. The interventions were performed in groups for four months with 90 minute sessions per week.

The results of multivariate analysis of covariance MANCOVA and Ben Foroni post hoc test showed that there is a significant difference in the symptoms associated with the disorder in the pre-test, post-test and follow-up stages (P <0.05).

The mean difference in the emotion distortion variable in favor of the CAT method in the impulsivity variable was different in favor of the DBT approach and in the chronic emptiness feeling variable, the results indicated that there was no significant difference.

Based on previous studies, various factors including the mindfulness-based stress reduction training can affect emotional problems. This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the mindfulness-based stress reduction training on emotional problems of students. This was a quasi-experimental study with pretest and posttest design with control group. The statistical population of this study consisted of all high school students of the first grade of Urmia city, 30 of which were selected by random cluster sampling and assigned to two experimental groups (15 student) and control (15 student). The data were collected using the Goodman Problems Questionnaire (1997). The subjects in the experimental group received 8 sessions of mindfulness-based stress reduction training but the control group did not receive any intervention. For analyzing the data, univariate analysis of covariance was used by SPSS software. Results showed that mindfulness-based stress reduction training reduced student's emotional problems and this effectiveness has continued in the follow-up stage(P <0.01). Therefore, the mindfulness-based stress reduction training is an effective way to reduce emotional problems.

Due to the adverse effects of emotional disturbances on physical, social and mental health, people suffer from the psychological or emotional trauma associated with death. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment-based therapy and logo therapy in reducing death anxiety in students with emotional disturbance.

This was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test-post-test and follow-up with a control group design. The study population included all the students of Islamic Azad University, Ardabil branch, during the academic year 2019-2019. The research sample was selected in the following two phases. A) Identification phase: A total of 300 students, who were selected according to the convenience sampling method, completed the emotional disturbance questionnaire. B) Sample selection phase: Finally, 45 students out of the first phase were selected as the study sample. They reached 1 standard deviation above the cutoff point in their emotional disturbance scale scores. They were assigned to two experimental groups and one control group (15 people each) based on a random number generator (http://stattrek.com/statistics/random-number-generator.aspx). For the first experimental group, the acceptance and commitment-based therapy and for the second experimental group, logo therapy was performed in 8 sessions of 75 minutes each over 4 weeks. Data were collected using Templer's (1970) death anxiety scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16 software and analysis of variance using repeated measures.

The results showed that logo therapy and acceptance and commitment-based therapy interventions had an impact on death anxiety among emotionally disturbed students (p<0.05). Additionally, the results of the post-tests showed that there was a significant difference between the two treatment methods on the death anxiety variable (p<0.05).

According to the results both logo therapy and acceptance and commitment-based therapy significantly improved death anxiety in the students with emotional disturbance. However, the effect of logo therapy was statistically more significant than that of acceptance and commitment-based therapy. Therefore, the use of these interventions is recommended for students with emotional disturbances.

The covid-19 outbreak has caused a high prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder and psychological distress. However, studies suggest that these conditions may also lead to post-traumatic growth. Therefore, this study aimed at determining the role of defense mechanisms and attachment styles in predicting post-traumatic growth in people involved in coronavirus-induced mourning.

In this descriptive study, the statistical population included survivors (27 to 55 years old) (from February 2019 to September 2021) in the city of Tehran. Of this population, 130 people were selected as the research sample by the convenience sampling method. Questionnaires on defense styles, attachment styles, and post-traumatic growth were used to collect data. Data was analyzed using multiple linear regression.

The results of multiple regression analysis indicated that the developed defense mechanisms (Beta=0.489) and safe attachment style (Beta=0.256) predict post-traumatic growth in people involved in coronavirus-induced mourning in a meaningful way (p<0.001). However, the style of insecure attachments and the undeveloped and psychologically annoying defense mechanism lacked the adequate strength to predict post-traumatic growth (p<0.05).

Safe attachment style and developed defense mechanism can lead to growth after injury. Psychiatrists and psychologists who engage in mourning therapy are recommended to pay more attention to the defense mechanisms and attachment styles of those involved in mourning.

It is necessary to improve the psychological condition of nurses who have experienced sorrow due to the covid-19 pandemic. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of the effectiveness of existential therapy on worry and anxiety of nurses who experienced sorrow.

The current research was semi-experimental. The statistical population of this research was made up of all the nurses who experienced sorrow caused by the covid 19 pandemic in Qom city during in the range of January to March 2023. Using the purposive sampling method, 40 nurses who had obtained higher scores in the Penn State's Pathological Worry (PSWQ) and Templer's Death Anxiety (DAQ) were selected and they were replaced by a simple random method in two intervention and control groups (20 people each). Then the intervention group experienced 10 sessions (90 minutes and once a week) of existential therapy. Also, after the completion of the sessions, a post-test was taken, and a month after the completion of the sessions, a follow-up test was conducted. The data were used using descriptive and inferential statistical methods, including variance analysis with repeated measurements and Bonferroni's post hoc test.

The findings showed that the existential treatment had a significant effect on the pathological worry and death anxiety of nurses who experienced sorrow caused by the covid-19 pandemic (p<0.001). The change in the score of pathological worry and death anxiety that occurred in the post-test phase was also maintained in the stability phase (p<0.05).

Due to the effectiveness of existential therapy on the pathological worry and death anxiety of nurses in this study, this therapeutic approach can be used to improve the problems of nurses who have experienced sorrow caused by the covid-19 pandemic.

The presence of suicidal thoughts is a strong predictor of future successful suicide, which is related to psychological factors. Therefore, providing timely therapeutic/educational interventions may be effective in controlling psychological factors and thereby reducing suicide. The aim of this research was to investigate effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy training on levels of self-criticism and co-rumination in students with suicidal thoughts.

This semi-experimental study was conducted using a pretest-posttest with non-equivalent control group design. In this study, the research population consisted of all the students in Ardabil branch, Islamic Azad University during the educational year of 1401-1402. After screening, 40 of them were selected using convenience sampling and by simple randomization method they were divided into two equal experimental and control groups (20 experimental and 20 control). The implementation of the experimental group was carried out in 8 sessions, each session lasting 75 minutes as a compassion-focused therapy training. However, the control group received no training and remained on the waiting list. Data were collected using the levels of self-criticism scale and the co-rumination questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential (multivariate analysis of covariance) statistics in SPSS-24.

Results indicated that compassion-focused therapy training significantly reduced the levels of self-criticism and co-rumination in students with suicidal thoughts (P<0.05).

Based on the results, it can be concluded that the compassion-focused therapy training can be used as an effective intervention in reducing the levels of self-criticism and co-rumination in students with suicidal thoughts.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on impulsivity and co-rumination in students with suicidal thoughts. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population included all the students of Ardabil Islamic Azad University in the academic year of 2022-2023, of which 39 people were selected by the purposeful sampling method and randomly replaced in two experimental groups (19 people) and control groups (20 people). The experimental group underwent eight 75-minute sessions and one session per week of acceptance and commitment therapy. Data collection tools included the beck suicide scale ideation (BSSI) (Beck and Steer, 1991), the co-rumination questionnaire (CRQ) (Rose, 2002), and the Barrett impulsivity questionnaire-11 (BIS-11) (Patton et al., 1995). Data analysis was done with multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). Based on the findings, by controlling the effect of the pre-test, there is a significant difference at the level of 0.01 between the mean of the post-test of impulsivity and co-rumination (and their components) in the two experimental and control groups. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that acceptance and commitment therapy is a suitable psychotherapy method to reduce impulsivity and co-rumination in students with suicidal thoughts.

This research was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of brainstorming and TRIZ training on students' academic engagement and academic buoyancy. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with two experimental groups. The statistical population of the research included 750 male students of the second year secondary schools in Garmy city in the academic year of 2022-2023, of which 30 were selected by available sampling and after obtaining the inclusion criteria, they were divided into two groups 15 Test subjects 1 and 2 were placed. The instrument used in this research was the Reeve 's academic engagement scale, academic buoyancy scale of Dehghanizadeh and Hossein Chari. Brainstorming training program during 6 sessions of 90 minutes for the experimental group 1 and the TRIZ program during 6 sessions of 90 minutes for the experimental group 2 were implemented by the teachers. Data analysis was done using univariate analysis of covariance in SPSS program. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the post-test scores of academic engagement of the groups (P<0.05), but a significant difference between the scores of the academic buoyancy post-test of the groups (F=6.658, P=0.016). The academic buoyancy scores of TRIZ training group have increased more compared to the brainstorming training group, as a result, TRIZ training has been more effective in improving academic buoyancy compared to brainstorming training. In general, according to the findings of the research, the TRIZ method is superior to the brainstorming method in increasing the academic buoyancy of students, and if teachers are trying to improve the academic vitality of students, they can achieve this goal faster and better by implementing the TRIZ teaching method.

The purpose of this research was the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on death anxiety and Psychological hardiness in students with emotional distress. The quasi-experimental research design was pretest-posttest and follow-up with the control group. The statistical population of this research included all the students of Islamic Azad University, Ardabil branch in 2022. The sample size includes 30 people (15 subject in the experimental group and 15 subject in the control group) from the statistical population were selected by available targeted method and they were placed in two control and experimental groups. For the experimental group, acceptance and commitment was implemented, while the control group did not receive training. The research tools included the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (Laubiond and Laubiond, 1995), the Death Anxiety Scale (Templer, 1970) and the Psychological Handiness Questionnaire (Long and Goulet, 2003). The data was analyzed using the analysis of variance test with repeated measurements. The results showed that the treatment based on acceptance and commitment had a significant effect on improving death anxiety and psychological hardiness in the post-test and follow-up stages (P<0.001). The findings of this research provide useful information about acceptance and commitment-based therapy, and counselors and psychologists can use this intervention to improve death anxiety and psychological hardiness in emotionally distress students.

Lack of agreement in common life may sometimes results in divorce. The most important reasons of divorce were infidelity in marriage and extramarital affairs in recent years. Schadenfreude is a kind of emotion that is much seen in the married when one of the two spouses figures out the other spouse's extramarital involvement. Therefore, this study aims to compare the effect of schema therapy and meaning therapy on the level of schadenfreude in men with extramarital relations.

Materials: 

This study is of testing type with multi group pretest-posttest. The population includes all married men who consulted a psychologist in Tehran consulting office in 1399 that after the primary interview they were identify as disloyal men in their common lives. Among this 30 qualified volunteer people were randomly place in three 15-member groups including meaning therapy and emotional schema therapy and control group. Assessment tool was schadenfreude questionnaire (Smith et al 1996).

The results of data analysis indicated that schema therapy and meaning therapy play significant roles on schadenfreude reduction. On the other hand, the results of post-hoc show that in spite of a significant difference between control and test groups, no difference was report between therapeutic interventions in terms of having effect on schadenfreude.

Regarding to the results of finding's analysis, it is resulted that schema therapy and meaning therapy intervention sessions are effective in reducing schadenfreude in married men involved in extramarital relations.

Nowadays, citizenship ethics is one of the necessities of life, and its realization in the individual and social life improves interpersonal relations. The present study aimed to design and to determine the effectiveness of citizenship ethics education in the improvement of altruism and prosocial behaviors in high school girl students. The study design was semi-experimental between groups. The study population was high school girl students in Ardebil city in the academic year 2021-2022. Using multistage cluster sampling method, 60 subjects were selected and were divided into experimental (n = 30) and control (n = 30) groups. The experimental group received citizenship ethics training for 15 sessions; however, the control group received no intervention. They were assessed by Social Problem Solving Questionnaire (Di Zorilla) and Social Behavior Questionnaire (California). Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of covariance. Results showed that citizenship ethics training was effective in improving responsibility, commitment, and altruism (p.05). Hence, it can be concluded that citizenship ethics is a prerequisite for adapting to social change and sets the stage for prosocial behaviors so that individuals with citizenship ethics can improve social relationships and ensure psychological health.

The research aimed to determine the effectiveness of logotherapy on corona anxiety and psychological hardiness in students with emotional disturbance. The research method was quasi-experimental, with a pretest-posttest and follow-up with the control group. The statistical population included all students of Islamic Azad University, Ardabil branch in 2021. The sample size included 30 students, which replaced two control and experimental groups using purposeful sampling (The criterion was the highest score from emotional disturbance scale, corona anxiety scale and the lowest score in psychological hardiness scale). The experimental group received Logotherapy for 8 weeks and each session was 75 minutes, after the termination, the follow-up phase was carried out two months later. The research tools included the DASS-21 Scale Lovibond & Lovibond, CDAS Scale Alipour& et al., and the LGHS Scale Lang and Goulet.To analyze the data, analysis of repeated measure ANOVA and Bonferroni tests used. The results showed that logotherapy has a significant effect on reducing the corona anxiety and increasing psychological hardiness. Therefore, psychologists can use this intervention to improve research variables.

The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of education based on multiple intelligences and phonological awareness and the combination of these two methods on improving the working memory of dyslexic students. The research method is an experimental type with a multi-group pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the research included students with dyslexia in Ardabil city in the academic year of 2017 (N=112). The sampling method was readily available, and using this method, 64 people were selected and divided into three experimental groups of 16 people and a control group. The first experimental group had ten sessions of phonological awareness training, the second experiment had eleven sessions of training based on multiple intelligences, and the third group had twenty sessions combining the two methods and the control group had their normal daily schedule. Raven's progressive matrices test and Cornoldi's working memory test were used to collect data. Analysis of variance test was used to analyze the research data and SPSS statistical software was used for this purpose.Resuls: The findings showed that training based on phonological awareness and multiple intelligences and the combination of the two methods significantly improved the working memory of the tested groups (P<0.05). Also, the results showed that the combined training of phonological awareness and multiple intelligences had a greater effect on the average working memory scores of dyslexic children. Based on the obtained results, the combination of two methods of phonological awareness and multiple intelligence improves the working memory of dyslexic children. So, psychologists are advised to use education based on phonological awareness and multiple intelligences in order to help improve the working memory of children with dyslexia.

The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of time perspective therapy on physical self-concept and psychological helplessness in postmenopausal women. This study was semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population was all postmenopausal women who were referred to the health-treatment centers of Meshgin Shahr in the second half of 2022, of which 36 people were selected as a sample using the available sampling method and were randomly divided into two groups of test (n 18) and control (n17). The experimental group participated in 90-minute sessions of Zimbardo's time perspective therapy (2012) for 6 weeks. Marsh's (1996) Physical Self-Description Questionnaire (PSDQ) and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS) (Laubiond and Laubiond, 1995) were used to collect data. The collected data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance test. The findings showed that by controlling the effect of the pre-test, there is a significant difference between the post-test mean of physical self-concept and psychological helplessness in the two groups of time perspective therapy and control at the level of 0.01. It can be concluded that time perspective therapy can effectively increase physical self-esteem and reduce psychological helplessness in postmenopausal women.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of  Mindfulness-based Cognitive therapy and Cognitive emotion regulation training on psychological well-being of mothers with aggressive students.  The research method was an experimental study with pre/post-test design and a control group. The population included all female students in primary school in 2018 in Namin,Iran(N=540), With their mothers. From this population of students, 79 students who scored high on the aggression scale, were selected as aggressive students and a sample of 60  mothers of  these students were selected by Considering inclusion criteria and were assigned by multistage clustering randomly sampling in three groups of  20. The experimental groups mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and cognitive emotion regulation training were executed at 8 sessions, whereas the control group had no intervention. For data collection, were used of Shahim's Aggression Scale and psychological well-being inventory. Data were analyzed by multivariate covariance analysis.  The findings showed that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy was more effective than cognitive emotion regulation training on psychological well-being. According to these results, the training of this program on mothers can play a significant role in improving the mental health of this group of people and reducing the behavioral problems of students.

One of the most common mental problems among tinnitus patients is anxiety. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of combined metacognitive therapy with transcranial electrical stimulation on reducing anxiety in chronic tinnitus sufferers.

The research design was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group, and the statistical population included all patients with tinnitus who referred to Rizvan Afshar Hearing Evaluation Center in Arak city in 1401. The size of the statistical sample was 30 people (15 people in the experimental group and 15 people in the control group) from the mentioned statistical population, who were selected by available sampling method and randomly placed in two control and experimental groups. During 8 sessions, the experimental group was first subjected to transcranial electrical stimulation for 20 minutes and immediately underwent metacognitive therapeutic intervention for 60 minutes, and the control group received only their usual treatment (transcranial electrical stimulation). In this research, Beck's anxiety questionnaire was used to collect data. In order to statistically analyze the obtained data, univariate analysis of covariance test was used.

The mean of scores of anxiety before and after the intervention in the experimental group were 11.13 and 7.20, respectively, and in the control group, 11.40 and 8.53, respectively. The results of covariance analysis showed that the mean anxiety in the experimental group has decreased significantly (P<0.01) after the combined intervention of metacognitive therapy with transcranial electrical stimulation in comparison with the control group.

The results of this research indicate that the combined intervention of metacognitive therapy with transcranial electrical stimulation has significantly improved anxiety, so the use of this intervention is recommended for chronic tinnitus sufferers

Trichotillomania (hair–pulling disorder) is a psychological disorder whose treatment is one of the most challenging clinical and mental health issues. Despite various physical and social problems, especially psychological problems such as high anxiety and low self–esteem in people with trichotillomania, it is less commonly diagnosed and treated. Prevalence studies showed that about 1% of the total population and more than 10% of the student population suffer from trichotillomania, which was higher among female students. Therefore, due to the shortage of experimental and theoretical research in this field, as well as the occurrence of psychological problems in students and their lack of development in adulthood, the present study compared the effect of aversion therapy and hypnotherapy on reducing symptoms and increasing the self–esteem of students with trichotillomania (hair–pulling disorder).

The present research method was quasi–experimental with a pretest–posttest design with a control group. The statistical population included all students who had been referred to counselling centers and the psychological clinic of the Education Department of Bilesvar County to solve their trichotillomania disorder in 2018–2019. Of whom, 45 eligible volunteers were randomly selected and divided into two experimental groups (aversion therapy and hypnotherapy) and one control group (Each group of 15 individuals). The inclusion criteria were as follows: a psychiatrist's diagnosis of trichotillomania disorder based on the DSM–5 criteria, the age range of 10 to 18 years, attendance at all meetings, and not receiving psychological treatments at least one month before the intervention. The exclusion criteria were not attending meetings or receiving any other intervention and unwillingness to continue treatment. One experimental group received aversion therapy in 6 sessions, and the other received hypnotherapy in 8 sessions. The Coopersmith Self–Esteem Questionnaire (Coopersmith, 1967) and the Massachusetts General Hospital Hair–Pulling Scale (Keuthen et al., 1995) were used for data collection. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive (mean, standard deviation, frequency, and percentage) and inferential statistics (1–way analysis of variance, Chi–square test, Tukey's test, and multivariate and univariate analysis of covariance) in SPSS version 16. The significance level of statistical tests was set at 0.05.

The results showed that by controlling the effects of the pretest, the impact of the groups was significant, and the mean scores of the hair–pulling variable in the two experimental groups (hypnotherapy and aversion therapy) were significantly lower in the posttest compared to the control group (p=0.013). Also, the mean scores of the self–esteem variable in the two experimental groups (hypnotherapy and aversion therapy) increased significantly in the posttest compared to the control group (p=0.021). In the paired comparison of the studied groups, there was a significant difference in the mean scores of the variables of hair pulling and self–esteem between the experimental groups with the control group (p<0.001). Also, a significant difference was observed between the experimental groups' average scores of the mentioned variables (p<0.001).

Based on research findings, aversion therapy and hypnotherapy are effective in reducing trichotillomania symptoms and increasing the self–esteem of students with trichotillomania. However, hypnotherapy is more effective in reducing trichotillomania symptoms (focused and automatic) and increasing self–esteem than aversion therapy.