سمیه شاهمرادی

According to the World Health Organization, health is more than the absence of disease; it is about balancing physical, mental, and social well–being. Rape is a type of sexual harassment and violence that mainly includes sexual intercourse that takes place through the genitals against a woman's female body. It is one of the sexual conflicts that supports itself in the form of this phenomenon. It causes many challenges in this field, and this act can happen with physical coercion, threats, abuse of responsibility, or with a person who is incompetent or under legal age. Rape means having sexual intercourse with a person by force and without her consent. Rape is not only a physical and sexual injury and attack but causes serious mental and emotional damage too. Considering that the psychological effects after sexual assault are very high, and following sexual assault and entering the privacy of others, anxiety, depression, sleep disorder, memory disorder, and suicide occur. And since sexual assault endangers people's mental health, it leaves many psychological consequences. As a result, the current research was conducted to explain the process, injuries, and factors affecting sexual assault in women with a grounded theory approach.

The current research used a qualitative, grounded theory method. In this research, the statistical population included female victims of sexual assault between the ages of 15 and 20 who were referred to the Social Emergency Department of Isfahan Welfare Organization, Isfahan City, Iran, in 2020. The samples were selected by purposeful sampling, which reached saturation with 16 people. A semi–structured interview was conducted to collect data. In qualitative research, information saturation is more important than the number of people studied, which means that the researcher should continue collecting information until no new information is added to the previously collected information. In other words, the collected data will reach theoretical saturation. Of course, the study considered their differences in the sample selection. The sample should have the maximum variety in culture, education, place of residence, financial status, and family conditions. In total, 16 semi–structured interviews were conducted in this research to collect data. To analyze the conducted interviews and increase the accuracy and correctness of the analyses, each interview was typed separately, word by word, and the notes related to it were immediately written line by line in the first few hours. It should be noted that the duration of each interview was between 60 and 80 minutes, according to the willingness of the participants to answer the study topics. MAXQDA software was used to facilitate the coding and data analysis process.

The results of the interviews showed individual, psychological, and family factors (contextual factors) as causal conditions; interpersonal, personality, and spiritual factors (revealing factors) as background conditions; social, cultural, and environmental factors (sustaining factors) as emotional factors; and lifestyle and sexual factors (aggravating factors) as mediating and interventional conditions in sexual assault. In total, these factors will leave a person with physical, mental, mood, cognitive, and behavioral effects and create the background for the person to suffer from various disorders and lack of health in various dimensions and many problems. Four selective codes, 12 core codes, and 145 open codes were extracted in the current research.

Many factors play a role in the formation of sexual assault, and these factors will leave a person with physical, mental, emotional, cognitive effects, and behavioral effects, and the person will suffer from various disorders and health problems in different dimensions. It creates many issues that can be identified in different environments, cultures, and societies to develop effective measures to reduce marital infidelity.

 Marriage is the most significant bond that occurs between two individuals, and after marriage, sexual intercourse and intimacy are naturally and mutually expected from each couple. In some cases, couples are unable to engage in complete sexual relations, or in other words, vaginal intercourse, a condition defined as an "unconsummated marriage." The aim of this study was to determine the factors associated with unconsummated marriage through a systematic review of existing research.

 The present study employed a systematic review of previous data and included a comprehensive and organized search of existing literature related to the topic in published works in the form of articles and theses in both Persian and English. Relevant keywords were searched in databases such as Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Irandoc, Magiran, and the Scientific Database of Jihad University from 1962 to 2023. In the initial search, 171 English and Persian articles were obtained. Then, using the PRISMA checklist indicators, 27 articles were selected for study and analysis. Relevance to the research objective, having a structured research framework, full-text availability, and publication in reputable journals were among the criteria for including research articles in the review process.

 The findings from the review indicated that the main factors associated with the formation or exacerbation of unconsummated marriage include sexual dysfunctions, misconceptions, unfamiliarity with sexual issues, performance anxiety, and unreasonable social or cultural pressures and expectations related to marriage.

 These results emphasize the urgent need to correct individual, social, and cultural misconceptions and emphasize the importance of proper and timely education on sexual issues, particularly in pre-marital counseling. Additionally, they highlight the necessity for immediate action by relevant authorities to reduce this issue.

Single-session therapy (SST) is the briefest type of short-term therapy and a different perspective on therapy, which has been more than thirty years since its initial research and implementation at the international level. The purpose of this study was to examine the evidence about the effectiveness and satisfaction of clients from SST, which was conducted using a Scoping Review method. For this purpose, the search was conducted through international scientific databases PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and PsycINFO. The keywords used in the search included "Single Session Therapy", "Single Session Counseling", "Single Session Psychotherapy", "One Session Therapy", "One-off Consultation", "Single Session Intervention", and "Walk-in Therapy". In the first stage of the search, 585 article titles were found. The inclusion criteria were studies where the client and the therapist intended to conduct the counseling session only in a single session. At the same time, researchers who had carried out specific methods to treat disorders and research related to medical illnesses were excluded from the search process. After checking the titles, and abstracts and excluding irrelevant, repetitive, or unavailable articles, only articles that determined the effectiveness and satisfaction of clients with the SST method were selected and further evaluated using the RISMA-ScR protocol. As a result, 21 studies were selected for more detailed review. Since single-session therapy is a relatively new topic, no restrictions on the year of publication or the target community were considered for the search of articles, and these findings include all the studies conducted from this database up to August 2023. The results showed that SST is effective for a wide range of issues and problems, and the majority of clients participating in this one session had a positive and satisfactory experience and considered the one session sufficient to improve their issues. The results of this study can be useful for therapists who are not familiar with the Single Session Therapy method and are not aware of its effectiveness, as well as for clients who refrain from therapy due to the length of the process and can increase their interest in counseling.

Self-differentiation is a contextual phenomenon and dependent on environmental and social conditions that is formed and experienced in a dynamic process under the influence of various conditions. This qualitative study aimed to explore the formation process of self-differentiation in families using the grounded theory approach (systematic type). The population included married people aged 30 to 45 living with their own families in the city of Tabriz, and 17 of them were selected by the judgmental sampling until theoretical saturation was reached through semi-structured interviews. The data analysis was done simultaneously with the data collection using the theoretical approach (during three stages: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding). Finally, 461 initial codes were extracted and categorized into 117 subcategories and 18 categories, which were classified into six sections of the paradigmatic model, resulting in the development of a middle-range theory. The findings suggested that progress motivation and challenging conditions lead people to intellectual independence, identity seeking, and social dignity, which are the central phenomena of the formation process of self-differentiation. Additionally, if people are influenced by intermediary conditions, such as gaining different experiences in life, self-determining characteristics, communication with successful models, social and cultural structures, contexts, and events in the family, as well as the cooperative/supportive atmosphere of the family, they will carry out strategies, like responsible, cooperative, and considered behaviors, and will try to control emotions, which these strategies lead to success and progress in life, satisfaction, self-reliance, and the improvement of the quality of relationships.

The problems of the veterans are not limited to themselves, but they also enter into the family life and affect their quality of life. The purpose of this study was to investigate the life status of children of psycho veterans. The results showed that problems caused by father's disabilities affect seven categories including attitude, psychological health, interpersonal relationships, physical health, financial conditions, academic achievement and academic performance. Children of veterans of psychiatry are continually exposed to psychological trauma from the first stages of their development, and the role of father is one of the sources of aggravation or weakening of mental and behavioral disorders in them. Proposed strategies to prevent or weaken these injuries include monitoring and identifying vulnerable people from childhood and adolescence and their ongoing follow-up to provide psychological services and problem solving in the field of interpersonal relationships، academic performance، etc. This qualitative study was conducted by phenomenological method with purposive sampling through semi-structured interview. The statistical population of the present study was children of psychiatric veterans living in Tehran. The interview process continued until data saturation and finally reached saturation with 10 samples. The data were analyzed using Colaizzi's seven-step method.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between perceived parenting styles and the anxiety of being single, with dependency schemas and u​ndeveloped self serving as mediators. The employed research method was applied and descriptive correlation. The statistical population comprised all Tehran University students enrolled for the 2020-2021 academic year; it totaled 50,000 individuals (2970 women and 2030 men). From this population, 334 were selected using the accessible sampling method 242 women and 92 men. Perception of Parents Questionnaire (POPS), Fear of Singleness Scale (FOBSS) and Young Schema Short Form (YSQ-SF) were utilized in the research.The data were analyzed utilizing descriptive and inferential statistics methods. In order to assess the proposed model, skewness and kurtosis and path analysis methods were used to ascertain the data's normality. Utilizing SPSS version 26 and AMOS version 23, the data were analyzed. A significant relationship was observed between the perception of parents’ parenting styles and both undeveloped self and dependency schemas, as well as between the aforementioned schemas and fear of being single, according to the findings. Both the direct and indirect perceptions of the mother’s parenting style and the father's parenting style through dependency schemas and an undeveloped self were negatively associated with dread of being single. The proposed model of the relationship between perceived parenting styles and dread of being single, mediated by dependency schemas and undeveloped self, is consistent with the findings of the study. These results have the potential to greatly influence children’s critical decision-making processes by discouraging the adoption of inappropriate parental techniques.

Worrying about not getting married and ending up in absolute being single has led to the emergence of a psychological problem called the fear of being single. The present study aimed to investigate the moderating role of age and gender in the relationship between emotional intelligence and the fear of being single in college students. The study was conducted using a descriptive-correlational design. The statistical population included all students of the University of Tehran in the academic year 2019-2020. A total of 415 people were selected as the sample using the convenience sampling method. The data collection tools included Spielman’s Fear of Being Single Scale (FOBS) (2013) and Bar-On’s Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i) (1997), which were distributed and completed online. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and Hayes’ adjustment method with SPSS-25 software. The results of statistical analysis showed that age moderates the relationship between emotional intelligence and the fear of being single. However, gender does not play a moderating role in the relationship between emotional intelligence and the fear of being single. According to the results of the present study, the relationship between emotional intelligence and the fear of being single is more than a simple linear relationship, and it is possible to take steps to prevent and treat the fear of being single by developing programs and interventions based on strengthening emotional intelligence.

Identifying factors affecting marital burnout and people's awareness of the underlying causes of marital burnout will save couples from confusion and ambiguity and will show them a healthy way of living and a rational attitude. The present research was conducted to explain the process of formation of marital burnout in women with addicted spouses with a grounded theory approach. The current research was conducted using a qualitative, grounded theory method. In this research, the statistical population included women with an age range of 25-45 years and whose husband was addicted to narcotic drugs (industrial and traditional) in Qorveh City in 2021 and 2022, referring to Niko-Salamt clinic at Qorveh City. The samples were selected by purposeful sampling, the sample volume in this study reached saturation with 17 people, and a semi-structured interview was conducted to collect data. To facilitate the process of coding and analysis, MAXQDA software was used. Factors influencing the process of formation of marital burnout in women with addicted spouses background factors including individual, psychological, and interpersonal factors; revealing factors including family, personality, and communication factors; sustainable factors including social, cultural, and environmental factors; and aggravating factors including emotional, lifestyle and sexual factors were identified and extracted. Several factors play a role in the formation of marital apathy in women with addicted husbands, and by identifying them in different environments, cultures, and societies, effective measures can be taken to reduce marital burnout and even prevent it. He regulated and compiled about addiction and created the field of public awareness.

Self-differentiation is a contextual phenomenon and dependent on social conditions that is formed and experienced in a dynamic process under the influence of various conditions. Considering this issue, the question was raised, what are the basic components in the formation of self-differentiation? For this purpose, the qualitative approach, the systematic design of grounded theory at the level of conceptual ordering has been used. Through theoretical sampling and according to theoretical saturation, 17 people were interviewed. Data analysis was done using the first stage of theoratical coding method. After data analysis, 112 primary codes were identified, then 28 subcategories and 3 categories were formed. The findings show that self-differentiation emerges and flows in the form of independent thoughts, behaviors and attitudes along with identity seeking and social dignity. As a result, in the formation of self-differentiation, the basic components are mainly experienced as intellectual independence, but identity seeking and social dignity are another part of these components that are experienced. The findings of this study, guidance for future researches and provided a deeper understanding of this psychological characteristic in the cultural context, which can also have practical consequences in family therapy with regard to multicultural issues.

Enjoying family life and interpersonal or marital relationships as well as feeling satisfied are among the main desires of every person. Numerous studies show that self-differentiation is one of the most important intrapersonal and interpersonal elements in families, especially in Iranian ones, which is also associated with other psychological phenomena.

This study was performed using the meta-analysis technique by integrating the results of various studies conducted in the field of consequences and preconditions of their differentiation in Iranian families. To this end, 33 eligible and acceptable studies were selected and meta-analyzed. Data collection was performed using a meta-analysis checklist. This study was based on 6205 samples and 33 sizes of effect.

The findings indicated that the effect size of the predictors and consequences of self-differentiation in Iranian families had a large-sized average effect (r=0.46, SE=0.06,1, P<0.001).

Based on the findings, self-differentiation in the position of predictor and criterion variables was related to different psychological characteristics in Iranian families.

The results of this study, in addition to enriching national science and knowledge and guiding future studies, provided a comprehensive understanding of this psychological characteristic in the cultural and social context. Also, it can have special practical consequences in designing and developing treatment protocols based on self-differentiation in families according to the culture of our country.

This research was conducted with the aim of identifying the experiences of Iranian adolescents and therapists from the therapeutic relationship and analyzing the strategies, causal, intervening, contextual conditions and consequences of the therapeutic relationship. The current research method is practical and qualitative type of grounded theory. The population of this research included adolescents aged 15-18 years who had a history of referral to psychotherapy and therapists in Tehran in 2021-2022. Sampling continued in a purposeful manner until the limit of theoretical saturation and finally 18 teenagers and 7 therapists were selected. The participants were subjected to semi-structured interviews. In order to analyze the data, Corbin and Strauss (2014) theme analysis method was used. Data analysis has led to the production of 6 main themes including the challenges of the therapeutic relationship between the therapist and the adolescent, causal factors, background factors, intervening factors, strategies and consequences. Also, 17 core themes including unpleasant experiences transmitted in the therapeutic relationship, therapeutic relationship under the shadow of personal fears and concerns, internal factors, external factors, personality qualifications, appearance indicators, moral and scientific qualifications, factors Macro, family factors, cultural factors, social factors, driving and motivational strategies, passive strategies, educational, emotional, cognitive, behavioral and 89 concepts were the primary concepts. Overall, the results of this research showed that the degree of the therapeutic relationship being desirable or not depends on the way therapists use strategies and personality qualifications, appearance indicators and moral and scientific qualifications.

The present research aimed to explain the formation process of marital infidelity in women with substance-dependent spouses.

The method of this research was qualitative of the grounded theory type. The statistical population of the current research included women with substance-dependent spouses in the city of Qorveh, 18 of whom were selected by snowball sampling method. The data collection tool was an in-depth semi-structured interview. Simultaneously with data collection, coding and analyzing were performed in three stages of open, axial, and selective coding.

The identified and extracted factors affecting the formation of marital infidelity in women with substance-dependent spouses included: a) Underlying factors, including individual, psychological, and interpersonal factors, b) Revealing factors, including family and risk factors, c) Perpetuating factors, including social, cultural, and environmental factors, and d) Aggravating factors, including emotional and sexual factors. In addition, the strategies included intervention in individual, family, social, environmental, cultural, interpersonal, communication, and intervention factors.

Several factors contribute to the formation of marital infidelity in women with substance-dependent spouses, and by identifying them in different environments, cultures, and societies, effective measures can be taken to reduce marital infidelity and even prevent addiction, and public awareness can be created.

 The new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID–19) emerged from Wuhan, China, in December 2019, infecting and killing millions of people. It is now regarded as one of the major concerns all around the world. The closure of schools due to the outbreak of coronavirus encountered children with autism and their families with serious educational problems. Having closed or part–time schools and rehabilitation centers, meeting all the physical and educational needs of children with autism was impossible. In 2014, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated the prevalence of autism to be 1 in 68. This figure has dramatically increased compared to the previous estimations in 2012, which was 1 in 88. Poor eye contact, a lack of emotions or social interactions, deficits in the use of non–verbal behaviors, and lack of age–appropriate communication are considered the manifestations of social deficits in autism. Such behaviors make parents spend more time fulfilling the needs of their children. The present study seeks to address the problems of children with autism and its impact on parents, as well as the marital challenges of these parents during the coronavirus disease, using a qualitative approach with in–depth interviews.

 The present research applied a qualitative approach using a phenomenological method. Using theoretical sampling, 12 women with autistic children were selected from the Welfare Organization of Zanjan Province, Iran, during 2020 and 2021. Then, they were undertaken in–depth and semi–structured interviews. The sampling process continued to achieve theoretical saturation. Simultaneously, data collection and analysis were carried out through content analysis. Since the research method was qualitative and phenomenological, the researchers used Colaizzi's 7–stage analysis method. These interviews lasted 12 days, each taking 45 minutes to 1 hour. Ethical considerations included obtaining informed consent to conduct the interview, voluntary entry and exit, keeping the names and contact numbers of the participating members confidential, confidentiality of the interviews, and obtaining permission to record the interviews.

 By carefully examining the interviews, the main concepts and themes were presented during a long, detailed, conceptual process called "specific behavioral problems." These problems consist of 7 main themes: school closing problems (comprising subthemes of disrupting daily habits, mental turmoil, missing classmates and teachers, and worry about continuing education), educational problems (consist of subthemes of the inability to plan, attention and concentration disorders, the inability to use the training available in class groups, the lack of visual communication with the teacher, the lack of learning conditions at home due to the special conditions of the child and the mere teaching of skills self–help), the quality of spouses' relationship with each other (comprising subthemes of reduction in sexual relations, lack of understanding in educational issues, inability to solve problems, reduction of socializing, limitation of recreation and spending time, having arguments), communication of autistic children with other children (comprising subthemes of non–stop arguments, fights and beatings), support system (consist of subthemes of lack of facilities suitable for the children's conditions, lack of family support), crisis management (comprising subthemes of planning in the direction of doing work, tolerating behavior problems, using the method of encouragement, using the tools of violence, doing things the child likes, ignoring, setting time limits in using virtual space, delegating part of housework, spending time with a personal car and playing music) and the effect on the father (comprising subthemes of economic loss, lack of anger control, academic failure, increased anxiety and insomnia).

 It is concluded that COVID–19 disease and the closure of the centers for the care of autistic children caused many problems for families and parents. However, some families controlled the situation a little with temporary strategies.

Abstract</span></span></span></span></span></span>
Background &

</span>The new </span>coronavirus</span> disease 2019 (COVID–19) emerged from Wuhan, China, in December 2019, infecting and killing millions of people. It is now regarded as one of the major concerns all around the world. The closure of schools due to the outbreak of coronavirus encountered children with autism and their families with serious educational problems. Having closed or part–time schools and rehabilitation centers, meeting all the physical and educational needs of children with autism was impossible. In 2014, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated the prevalence of autism to be 1 in 68. This figure has dramatically increased compared to the previous estimations in 2012, which was 1 in 88. Poor eye contact, a lack of emotions or social interactions, deficits in the use of non–verbal behaviors, and lack of age–appropriate communication are considered the manifestations of social deficits in autism. Such behaviors make parents spend more time fulfilling the needs of their children. The present study seeks to address the problems of children with autism and its impact on parents, as well as the marital challenges of these parents during the coronavirus disease, using a qualitative approach with in–depth interviews.</span> </span></span>

</span>The present research applied a qualitative approach using a phenomenological method. Using theoretical sampling, 12 women with autistic children were selected from the Welfare Organization of Zanjan Province, Iran, during 2020 and 2021. Then, they were undertaken in–depth and semi–structured interviews. The sampling process continued to achieve theoretical saturation. Simultaneously, data collection and analysis were carried out through content analysis. Since the research method was qualitative and phenomenological, the researchers used Colaizzi's 7–stage analysis method. These interviews lasted 12 days, each taking 45 minutes to 1 hour. Ethical considerations included obtaining informed consent to conduct the interview, voluntary entry and exit, keeping the names and contact numbers of the participating members confidential, confidentiality of the interviews, and obtaining permission to record the interviews.</span><span style="font-family:"XB Niloofar""></span></span></span>

</span>By carefully examining the interviews, the main concepts and themes were presented during a long, detailed, conceptual process called "specific behavioral problems." These problems consist of 7 main themes: school closing problems (comprising subthemes of disrupting daily habits, mental turmoil, missing classmates and teachers, and worry about continuing education), educational problems (consist of subthemes of the inability to plan, attention and concentration disorders, the inability to use the training available in class groups, the lack of visual communication with the teacher, the lack of learning conditions at home due to the special conditions of the child and the mere teaching of skills self–help), the quality of spouses' relationship with each other (comprising subthemes of reduction in sexual relations, lack of understanding in educational issues, inability to solve problems, reduction of socializing, limitation of recreation and spending time, having arguments), communication of autistic children with other children (comprising subthemes of non–stop arguments, fights and beatings), support system (consist of subthemes of lack of facilities suitable for the children's conditions, lack of family support), crisis management (comprising subthemes of planning in the direction of doing work, tolerating behavior problems, using the method of encouragement, using the tools of violence, doing things the child likes, ignoring, setting time limits in using virtual space, delegating part of housework, spending time with a personal car and playing music) and the effect on the father (comprising subthemes of economic loss, lack of anger control, academic failure, increased anxiety and insomnia).</span></span>

</span>It is concluded that COVID–19 disease and the closure of the centers for the care of autistic children caused many problems for families and parents. However, some families controlled the situation a little with temporary strategies.</span></span></span></span>

Logical and realistic interpretation of academic experiences is effective on student's motivation and academic performance. The aim of this study is to design and implement the thinking training Program (based on Brookfield's critical self-awareness) and to evaluate its effectiveness on students' academic buoyancy and attributional style.

The research was performed by quasi-experimental pre-test -post -test method with the unequal control group design. The statistical population of the study included all female students studying in the last year of first highschool in Tehran in the academic year 2019-20, from which 30 people were selected as an available sample from one of the available public schools and were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. In order to collect data in this study, Hossein Chari and Dehghanizadeh (2012) academic buoyancy questionnaire and seligman et al. attributional style questionnaire (ASQ) were used and the Participants in both experimental and control groups were tested on pre-test and post-test. The executive program was performed for 11 sessions of 60 minutes group training for the experimental group, but the control group did not receive any training. Univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to analyze the data.

The findings showed that the implementation of thinking training program based on critical self-awareness has promoted academic buoyancy in students. This program also led to a significant superiority of the experimental group over the control group in the positive attributional style and a significant reduction in negative attributional style was also confirmed.

The results of the study confirm the effectiveness of critical thinking based on critical self-awareness in correcting students' attributional style and is able to help students regulate their negative academic excitement and improves academic buoyancy. Therefore, this program can be used as a fruitful model in fostering student's thinking.

Marital sexual violence is considered as one of the unknown examples of violence against women, which is referred to by various interpretations such as marital rape, domestic sexual violence, sexual violence against the wife, and sexual violence in cohabitation. To investigate this type of violence from the perspective of female victims, in this study, the qualitative research approach and descriptive phenomenological method were used and according to the nature of the research, sampling was done purposefully And continued to the point of theoretical saturation. The study sample consisted of 11 women in Tehran in 1399-1400 who experienced marital sexual violence. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview. Data were analyzed by the Colaizzi method. Findings of the study include 1 main theme, Concepts and examples of marital sexual violence 11 sub-themes including dissatisfaction with sexual intercourse, sexual self-centeredness, disregard for the sexual needs of the spouse, sexual illiteracy, sexual humiliation, sexual relationship with violence, imposition of a particular type of sex, high-risk sex, inconsistency in the relationship Sexual, sexual abnormalities and sexual abuse and 30 constructs were conceptualized. The results indicate that the dimensions of marital sexual violence are wide and therefore need to be more aware and pay more attention to this type of violence against women by relevant agencies and organizations.

In Iranian Islamic culture, one of the most important duties of mothers is to take care of their children. Caring for a child with a mental or physical disability is fraught with challenges. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to review the lived experiences of mothers with children with physical and mental disabilities.

This study was performed by a qualitative approach and document analysis using meta-synthesis method to examine 13 articles related to the seven-step method of Sandlowski and Barros. The stages of this research included preparing the research question, reviewing the texts systematically, searching and selecting appropriate texts, extracting textual information, analyzing and combining qualitative findings, quality control, and presenting the findings.

Dimensions and categories included individual dimensions (personal education and knowledge, emotions, spirituality, defense mechanisms, personal life) and social dimensions (social stigmas, social supports).

The findings of the present study revealed that mothers with disabled children experience many painful experiences and psychosocial concerns about caring for their disabled child. These findings highlight the need for specialized support for mothers during the first years of a disabled child's birth and beyond, and encourage readers and professionals to make each of these categories a potential therapeutic goal, and to strengthen mothers' strengths in resilience, and in this way prevent the damage they face.

Marriage has always been one of the most important and Inseparable aspects of human life and has undergone various changes throughout history and is influenced by social, economic and cultural factors of societies. Today, marriage is seen in the lives of some students while studying. Therefore, understanding the lived experience of these people is needed in order to provide appropriate information to discover and examine the strengths and weaknesses and design appropriate and acceptable interventions. The aim of this study was to explain the lived experiences of students from the simultaneous study and marriage. In this qualitative study with phenomenological approach, 14 married students of the University of Tehran were selected to participate in the study by available sampling. To collect data, semi-structured interviews were used and then content analysis method was used to analyze the data. The results showed that the experience of "education at the same time as marriage" had four main categories including: prerequisites, positive dimensions and development, challenges and solutions. The results of the present study showed that the simultaneity of marriage and education has positive aspects that can be helpful and growth. On the other hand, this coincidence also includes challenges that couples' support for each other and the existence of a support network in their lives can reduce its difficulty and help young people to overcome problems and challenges.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between “communicational patterns” and “emotional atmosphere” of the family of origin with the “attitude towards marriage” according to the mediating role of “self-differentiation”. This study was performed by correlation method of path analysis. The statistical population was single students in Tehran and the sample consisted of 325 students(230 girls/90boys). The instruments used were Marriage Attitude Scale(MAS), Family Communicational Pattern(RFCP), Emotional(Hill-Bern), Self-differentiation(DSI-SF). Data were analyzed using path analysis using SPSS-24 and AMOS software. The results showed that among the communication patterns of the family of origin, "dialogue" and “conformity” pattern have a significant relationship with self-differentiation. There was a significant relationship between the “emotional atmosphere” of the family of origin and self-differentiation. There was a significant relationship between self-differentiation and optimistic, realistic and ideal attitude towards marriage. The results showed that self-differentiation mediates the relationship between the "dialogue" patterns and "emotional atmosphere" of the original family with an optimistic attitude about marriage. It can be concluded that by improving the communication patterns and emotional atmosphere of the family of origin and thus increasing the self-differentiation of individuals, one can help to acquire an optimistic, realistic and idealistic attitude towards marriage.

The present study was conducted to study the lived experiences of graduate students in the field of counseling and to examine the influence of their education process on their views on marriage and marital relationships.

The method of this research was qualitative and phenomenological in type. Participants in this study were 16 graduate students, selected through purposeful sampling. Data collection was done through semi-structured interviews.

In the dimension of positive experiences, 4 main themes were obtained that included raising awareness, growing awareness of personal abilities, improving interpersonal communication skills, and experiences around marriage. Finally, the following themes of the main categories are understood: self-awareness, increasing awareness of other peoplechr('39')s personality traits, growing self-confidence, feeling beneficial, improvement of family and social relationships, achieving a systemic view in the family, increasing empathy, control emotions, changes in attitudes toward premarital acquaintance and emphasis on premarital counseling, new attitudes about marriage, importance of awareness about premarital counseling, and changes in gender stereotypes (in male participants). In the dimension of negative experiences, the main themes included experiences related to the phenomenon of marriage and negative effects on relationships. The following themes were extracted: decreased emotional excitement about the partner, increased sensitivity and obsession in relationships, change in attitudes toward men (on the part of female participants), creating a sense misunderstanding in family and social relationships due to differences in the level of knowledge, and existence of some level of irrational expectations from graduates in this field.

According to the findings, the lived experience of participants showed that studying counseling can influence the personal life and perspective about marriage and marital relationships from different aspects.

Marital satisfaction is an important concept with a multidimensional structure that has a significant role in maintaining and strengthening the family foundation. The purpose of this study is to predict marital satisfaction based on assertiveness and emotional expressiveness concerning the mediating role of quality of life in female athletes and non-athletes. The study is a descriptive-correlational one. The statistical population of the study included all athletes and non-athletes married women living in Tehran, of whom 200 of them (100 individuals in each group) were selected using a convenient sampling method. Data collection tools included Enrich Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire (1989), The Quality of Life of the World Health Organization (1996), Gambrill and Ritchie Assertiveness (1975), and the Emotional Expressiveness of King and Emmons (1990). The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS-22 and AMOS software. Path analysis results found that the proposed model has a good fit and the quality of life mediates the relationship of assertiveness and emotional expression with marital satisfaction. The marital satisfaction of female athletes was significantly higher than the marital satisfaction of non-athletes. The findings of the current study show the importance of variables related to marital satisfaction and the effects of sports activities on women’s marital relationships.

Substance–Dependence (SD) is a biopsychosocial disorder. A characteristic impacting instability in individual and family life, that may in some way, cause SD and harm individuals is couple burnout. A factor affecting personal health and wellbeing, as well as family stability, is marital intimacy. Self–Compassion creates psychological wellbeing in individuals; its promotion facilitates personal and family health. Besides, as a structure of positive psychology, it includes reflective self–knowledge and is free from judgment. SD, as the scourge of the century, in addition to high financial costs, has a great impact on all aspects of individual and family life and is on the rise. To plan appropriate actions, promote mental health services, and create related policies in the community, it is necessary to be familiar with appropriate treatment and training approaches, including Logotherapy (LT) in individuals with SD. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of group LT on couple burnout, self–esteem, and marital impurity in individuals with SD.

This was a quasi–experimental study with pretest–posttest and a control group design. The study population consisted of individuals with SD referring to the Nico Salamat Addiction Treatment Clinic in Ghorveh City, Iran, in 2018. The sample size comprised of 90 individuals with SD who were selected by systematic sampling method. Accordingly, 24 subjects were randomly placed in the experimental and control groups (n=12/group). The inclusion criteria of the study were as follows: an age range of 23–42 years; consent to participate in treatment sessions; presenting SD; having a record in the Nico Salamat Addiction Treatment Clinic; a minimum education of middle school, and a minimum attendance of ≥1 month in the relevant clinic. The exclusion criteria of the study included having a disorder or other illnesses; being treated for an illness; concurrent participation in other treatment programs; unwillingness to attend meetings; low level of education, and inability to write homework. To collect the required data, we used the Couple Burnout Scale (Pines, 1996), Marital Intimacy Scale (Walker & Thompson, 1983), and Self–Compassion Scale (Neff, 2003). The experimental group received 11 sessions of group LT according to Hutzell’s LT package (2002); however, the controls received no intervention. Mean and standard deviation was used to describe the research variables. Univariate Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used in SPSS at a significance level of 0.05 to analyze the obtained data.

The current research results suggested that the mean posttest scores of self–compassion and marital intimacy in the experimental group were significantly higher than that in the control group (p<0.001). Besides, the mean posttest couple burnout scores of the experimental group were significantly lower than that of the controls (p<0.001). Moreover, the effect size for couple burnout, self–esteem, and marital disinfection was calculated as 0.68, 0.65, and 0.64, respectively.

According to collected results, group LT was effective in reducing couple burnout and increasing self–compassion and intimacy in individuals with SD.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on reduction of parent-child conflict in professional adolescent female athletes with athletic injury. The method of the study was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest and follow-up design and a control group. The statistical population included all adolescent female athletes with sports injuries in national teams, leagues and national competitions during 2019 in Tehran City, from among which 30 people were selected using available sampling and assigned to two groups of 15 people (experiment group and control group) randomly. Then, in pre-test all participants completed the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (1996), which measures three subscales including reasoning and verbal and physical aggression. In the next phase, the experiment group, despite the control group), received a one-month ACT intervention (twice a week, 90 min each). Finally, both groups took part in post-test and follow-up test. The results of MANOVA showed main effects of test and group and test*group interaction were significant for conflict and two of subscales (reasoning & verbal aggression; Ps< 0/001), but not for physical aggression (Ps>0/05). For all three variables, more analysis indicated that experiment group performed better in post-test and follow-up as compared to pre-test, but the performance of control group did not differ significantly in three different tests. In addition, experiment group outperformed control group in post-test and follow-up. In conclusion, ACT can reduce parent-child conflict in professional adolescent female athletes with athletic injury.

Recent developments in current societies have brought about changes in the age of marriage, so that the number of single people is increasing. These conditions are unpleasant for some people and they experience the fear of being single.

The aim of this study was to predict the fear of being single based on personality types, emotional intelligence and demographic variables.

The research method was descriptive-correlational studies. The statistical population of the study included all students of the University of Tehran in the academic year of 2019-2020, who were selected by available sampling method and answered online questionnaires by calling online. Demographic questionnaires, fears of being single (2013), Myers-Briggs personality traits (1987), and Bar-onchr('39')s emotional intelligence (1997) were used to collect data. The data collected were analyzed through SPSS-22 software.

The results showed that there was a significant relationship between personality types, emotional intelligence and demographic variables (age, income and education) with fear of being single (P<0.05). Moreover, personality types, emotional intelligence and demographic variables were able to predict 28%, 16% and 9% of the variance of fear of being single, respectively.

The results of the present study can be used to identify variables related to fear of being single in individual and premarital counseling and accordingly used appropriate preventive and interventions methods.

Drug addiction is one of the most important issues whose complications are a serious threat to the society. It is one of the four crises of the 21st century affecting all communities across the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the causes and factors affecting drug abuse and addiction with a grounded theory approach.

The present study was conducted in a qualitative manner in Qorveh in 2019. Sixteen individuals with a history of drug abuse with at least 4 years of dependency were selected by purposive sampling method. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. MAXQDA software was used to facilitate the coding process and data analysis.

Factors influencing drug abuse and addiction were: a) predisposing factors including individual and interpersonal factors; b) detective factors including family factors; and c) continuing and aggravating factors including social-cultural and environmental factors.

Numerous factors are involved in the occurrence of addiction and drug abuse, and identifying them in different environments, cultures and societies provides the possibility of developing preventive practices and increasing public awareness.