سمیه غلامی

In this article, we investigate the structural, electronic and photocatalytic properties of XMoSiP2/BP (X= S, Se) heterojunctions using density functional theory. The stability of these structures is verified by phonon scattering and formation energy. The potential distribution calculated for different stackings of XMoSiP2/BP heterojunctions indicate the existence of a built-in electric field in these structures. The band diagram shows that these structures have a direct band gap in the range of 0.66 to 1.27 eV. By determining the contribution of BP and XMoSiP2 in the energy band diagram of XMoSiP2/BP, it is shown that the investigated structures have type II band alignment, which renders them as suitable photocatalysts for water splitting. High carrier mobility (up to 9806 cm2 V-1 s-1 for electrons and up to 53500 cm2 V-1 s-1 for holes), anisotropic mobilities in x and y directions, as well as significant difference in mobility of electrons and holes increase the efficiency of these structures as photocatalysts. Optical calculations show that the optical absorption coefficients of XMoSiP2/BP heterostructures are greater than their constituent monolayers in most regions of the solar spectrum, and the high values of absorption coefficients in the visible and ultraviolet regions indicate the high capability of these heterostructures in utilizing the sunlight. Examining the position of the edges of the valence and conduction bands with respect to the redox levels of water shows that two of the proposed heterostructures can be used as good photocatalysts for overall water splitting and simultaneous production of oxygen and hydrogen.

The present study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the methods of influencing and neutralizing peer pressure in students' drug use.

The research employed a qualitative approach based on phenomenology. The research population consisted of students residing in the dormitories of Larestan Higher Education Complex during the academic year 2023-2024. Thirty individuals were purposefully selected using data saturation technique. Data collection was conducted through in-depth semi-structured interviews, and data analysis was performed using the Colaizzi's method.

Following the analysis of the interviews, four main categories were identified: absent peer influence, passive influence methods, active peer influence methods, and effective coping methods. The most significant coping strategy was the utilization of time perspective concerning career, education, health, and the fear of drug addiction.

Given the efficacy of coping strategies in managing peer influence, these methods can be utilized to educate individuals on how to resist peer pressure. This discovery highlights the importance of implementing strategies to address peer influence in the agenda of university health officials.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the greatest focus was on the respiratory system, but recently awareness has increased about the cardiovascular manifestations of the COVID-19 disease and the adverse effect of cardiovascular involvement on its prognosis. Since so far no comprehensive study has investigated electrocardiogram changes in patients with COVID-19 in Iran, the purpose of this study is to assess electrocardiogram changes in adults aged 20-70 with and without a history of COVID-19.

The current study was a cohort study conducted on two groups of working people with a history of COVID-19 and controls without a history of COVID-19. The case and control subjects were selected randomly from the participants of the Yazd Health study and the Shahdieh cohort study. ECG was taken from both groups before and after Covid-19 and then QTc interval and ST segment measurements were recorded and interpreted.

In the present study, 77 patients including 45 patients with COVID-19 (58.4%) and 32 non-COVID-19 patients (41.6%) were selected. Heart rate/min before and after COVID-19 was 69.08±10.89 and 73.5±14.05, respectively (P<0.01). There was a non-significant difference before and after COVID-19 in terms of QTi, and QTc (P>0.05).

According to the results of the present study, COVID-19 disease is associated with a change in heart rate in the two studies' participants, but no effect was observed on the parameters of QTi, and QTC. Therefore, it seems that echocardiography is not necessary in patients with COVID-19.

Tabriz is located on a large and active tectonic fault, belongs to a complex system connecting the North Anatolian Fault in Turkey to Alborz, in Iran. Today, more than 600 historical buildings have been identified in Tabriz, that need to be analyzed and conserved. Due to the lack of guidelines dealing with historical constructions, the evaluation of the seismic safety of those buildings is compromised. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to evaluate the seismic safety of historical buildings using the Italian Guidelines, demonstrating that the approach must be scientific, rather than intuitive. Six historic masonry buildings, built in the Qajar period, were selected as demonstrative case studies. The seismic vulnerability of the buildings was investigated using Level1 (LV1) and Level3 (LV3) of the Italian Guidelines on Cultural Heritage. Furthermore, the efficiency and accuracy of the LV1 method in evaluating the seismic safety was determined by comparison with the LV3 results. The results show the seismic vulnerability of investigated buildings as a sample of the historic buildings in Tabriz. It is also concluded that LV1 and LV3 methods are not alternatives to each other but belong to two different levels of evaluation, with conservative results for the former.

Every year, a large number of historical monuments are damaged by natural disasters, including earthquakes. The most important step before strengthening and restoring these buildings is to assess their safety to identify weaknesses. Italy is one of the first countries to issue a special guide entitled "Italian Guidelines for Evaluation and Mitigation of Seismic risk to Cultural Heritage" ( DPCM) with the aim of assessing monuments. This guideline includes three levels of assessment and involve three different categories of buildings. The results of manual calculations of this instruction (first level) in the shortest possible time can show the general condition of the building to perform restoration activities. In our country, there is no such instruction regarding historical monuments, so in this research study, the safety status of Ali Monsieur historical house in Tabriz in the Ultimate limit state (SLU) and limit state of damage (SLD) based on manual and numerical calculations proposed in the Italian DPCM guideline. Push Over analysis of building (numerical calculation) was performed in 3Muri.13 software. Based on the findings of both levels of evaluation, comparisons between the results was done. As a result, data from both levels of assessment of the Ali Monsieur Historical House indicated that the building was not safe in the ultimate limit state, but showed adequate safety in the limit state of damage. In addition, the remarkable point of the results was that the manual calculations presented in the Italian guidelines are more conservative because they provide the value of the building safety index and shear strength less than the values obtained from the numerical calculations. But it is worth noting that it is a useful and practical method before performing restoration activities.

The importance of seismic vulnerability of historic buildings in Tabriz and the high seismic risk in this region, such as the recent Turkmenchay earthquake in 2019 (5.5 magnitude earthquake), justifies the study of seismic vulnerability of historical buildings based on a principled method specific to historical buildings. Since there is no guideline in Iran to assess the seismic vulnerability of historic buildings, therefore, the present study has aimed to evaluate the seismic vulnerability assessment of the Kalantar historic house in Ultimate Limit State (SLU) and Damage Limit State (SLD) based on the Level1 and Level3 of Italian guidelines for historical monuments (DPCM, 2005), by emphasizing on the reliability and the limits of the simplified mechanical model (Level 1). The first level of evaluation (LV1), is oriented to highlight, on a regional scale, critical situations in terms of seismic vulnerability and to provide a classification of risk and a priority list for further investigations aimed at the conservation of the architectural heritage. Adopting a force-based approach, this level relies on a simplified structural model that requires integrating a limited number of geometrical and mechanical parameters with qualitative data derived from visual tests, construction features, and stratigraphic surveys. The LV3 is based on the global structural response of the building in order to define the values of acceleration leading the structure to each limit-state. In this case, the displacement-based approach is adopted, for which the global behavior is governed by the in-plane capacity of the walls discretized in panels where the nonlinear response is concentrated. The seismic safety is evaluated for each level by an index summarizing the comparison between the expected seismic demand and the seismic capacity. It is worth noting that LV1 and LV3 are based on simple and accurate global models, respectively, which are both represented by the combined effect of floor diaphragms and the in-plane response of structural walls, so, it may be concluded that they are directly comparable.

There is evidence that COVID-19 may have some long-term effects on the patients' blood biochemical and hematological factors. The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the changes in biochemical and hematological factors in adults with and without past history of COVID-19.

The present study is a cross-sectional study including 72 cases with a past history of COVID-19 (PCR+ test) and 52 controls without a history of COVID-19. All participants were from two prospective cohort studies, namely Yazd Health Study (YaHS) and Shahedieh Cohort Study. Biochemical parameters such as blood glucose, lipid profiles, liver, kidney and hematological factors of cases and controls were extracted from the databases and analyzed.

The mean red blood cell count in patients with COVID-19 was significantly higher than in non-COVID-19 patients (p<0.05), and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) was significantly lower in patients with COVID-19 (p>0.001). However, no significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of lipid and kidney profiles and liver enzymes.

No significant difference was found between the two groups of patients exposed to COVID-19 and patients not exposed to COVID-19 in terms of liver enzymes, lipid and kidney profiles, which probably indicate that COVID-19 has no long-term effect on these variables. However, a significant difference was observed between the two groups (p<0.05) regarding the number of red blood cells and MCV.

This study aimed to compare the school bonding and interpersonal problems in students with unsupervised and abused families with normal families in Bandar Lengeh. The sample consisted of 152 normal students and 81 unsupervised or abused students. Normal students were selected by the multi-stage cluster sampling method. Data were collected through two questionnaires: school bonding (Rezaei Sharif et al., 2014) and interpersonal problems (Barkham, 1996). The results of multivariate analysis of variance of school bonding in unsupervised and abused students' groups and normal students showed that there is no significant difference between school bonding scores. In other words, unsupervised or abused student groups and normal students are no different in terms of school bonding. The results also showed that there is a significant difference between interpersonal problems in the unsupervised or abused students' groups and normal students in the two dimensions of considering others and the dimension of support and participation. According to the research findings, it can be concluded that there is a difference between interpersonal problems in students with unsupervised or abused families with normal behavioral disorders.

The objective of this study is to find out whether the self-sacrificing veterans as role models have succeeded to institutionalize religiousness and the degree of adherence to it, as one of the important factors in the emergence of the spirit of self-sacrifice in their children, in passing on their values.

To answer this question, the present study was conducted to compare the dimensions of religiousness and religious identity of two generations: veteran parents and their children. This study was an applied one in terms of purpose and a descriptive-post-event one in terms of nature and method. The statistical population included all freedmen of imposed war and veterans of Bandar-e Lengeh city and all their male children aged 20 to 30 years from among whom 25 fathers and 25 male children were selected through purposive sampling and were assessed using two religiosity questionnaires: Glock and Stark (1965) and Serajzadeh’s religious identity questionnaire (2013).

The findings show that the average religious identity of the children in emotional dimension (M=21.6) and ritual dimension (M=21.5) is higher than their parents’ average of the two dimensions: emotional (M=20.4) and ritual (20.5); and the parents are higher in the belief dimension (M=22.2) than their children (M=16.5). In addition, the average scores of young people in the intellectual dimension (M=16.5) and consequence of religiousness (M=19.9) were higher than their parents in the intellectual dimension (M=13.1) and consequence of religiousness (M=18.4). The parents are also higher in the belief dimension (M=20.3) than their children (M=16.6).

In general, the parents of the present study do not experience a different intellectual atmosphere with their children.

The present study analyzes the story of the Alchemist Story by Paulo Coelho based on Maslow's theory. The purpose of this article is to achieve a deep understanding of the main character of Santiago's story by analyzing the comparative content and matching the text of the story with Maslow's chain of needs; how Santiago fulfilled Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs starting with the journey to the treasure. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is divided into five categories: Physiology, Security, Love and Belonging, Self-Esteem and Self-Actualization. At the level of physical needs, Santiago could easily meet his needs. When he started his journey towards realizing his need for security, he faced major challenges, but he was able to overcome them with the power of faith. The need for love and self-esteem was satisfied enough to pave his way to self-realization. Spirituality helped him a lot in passing through the sufferings of the path of self-realization. The result of the comparative study of Santiago's personality with Maslow's needs showed that despite all the difficulties, Santiago was able to fulfill the needs from the lowest level to the highest level and achieve the only task of humans, which is to realize the personal legend. A detailed description of how to meet the needs is provided in the article.

 Following the epidemic crisis and the outbreak of Coronavirus 2019 (Covid-19) in Iran and other provinces, the statistics of the patients showed that Yazd is among the top few provinces in the country in terms of the prevalence and incidence of this deadly disease. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the risk factors related to the life status of patients with coronavirus.

 In this cross-sectional analytical study, demographic, clinical, and biochemical information of 932 patients who were infected with COVID-19 from May 2018 to March  2019 and were hospitalized in Shahid Sadoughi Hospital in Yazd were examined. Information was recorded through patients’ records or telephone calls. Data analysis was performed by independent t-test, Mann-Whitney, Chi-square, and logistic regression using SPSS-22 software.

 Based on the results 57.9% (N=540) of patients were male and the mean age of all patients was 53.33 (19 ± 0.15) years, and also 9.6% (N=82) of patients died. The risk of death for patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU) was 75 times higher than that of patients who were hospitalized in general wards. Also, the risk of death for patients with a history of cancer was 12 times higher than other patients. The risk factors associated with mortality were identified by multivariate logistic regression model, which included increasing age, having shortness of breath, history of cancer, hospitalization in the ICU, increased white blood cell count, and sodium deficiency.

In order to reduce the mortality of patients with COVID-19, it is necessary for physicians to prioritize the treatment of elderly patients with underlying diseases, such as cancer and shortness of breath in order to improve their clinical condition.

The aim of this study was to determine the number of Internet dependency clusters and then compare different groups in social anxiety and depression. The present study population consisted of undergraduate female dormitory students of Shiraz University. 370 female students were selected using the multi-stage cluster random sampling method. For gathering data, of Young internet addiction test (IAT), Beck depression inventory (BDI), and social anxiety Liebowitz questionnaire (LSAS) were utilized. Data were analyzed by cluster analysis and MANOVA. The results of cluster analysis showed three clusters with the mind, moderate and severe degrees of internet addition (P≤ 0/001). Also, significant differences among 3 profiles were found in depression (P≤ 0/001) and social anxiety (P≤0/01). Mild Internet addiction clusters experience the least amount of depression. According to the results, it's necessary to examine internet addiction as a psychological problem and cultural educational and family systems plan to solve this problem.

The aim of this study was to investigate the experience of female-headed households under the auspices of the Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation in terms of social humiliation. This qualitative study was performed by phenomenological method with purposeful sampling and using in-depth interviews with 20 women under the auspices of Imam Khomeini's Relief Foundation in Lengeh city in 1397. Data analysis was performed by the seven-step method of Klaizi (2009). Findings from the experience of individuals showed that this group of women faced humiliation in various ways as soon as they interacted with social groups such as family, relatives, neighbors, workplace, businessmen, and other social institutions. Among the factors leading to humiliation were low education, inability to find suitable jobs, financial poverty, and lack of spouse support. Womens' reactions to humiliation were silence due to fear of losing their jobs and social support, followed by stress, fear, tension and anxiety. Findings of this study can provide a clear picture of the lived experience of female-headed households regarding humiliation, and can be used for those who think about the well-being of them.

The purpose of the present study was to compare the quality of parent-child relationship and the level of child abuse of mothers who have to children (one with learning disabilities and one children with no learning disabilities).

60 mothers with one child with learning disability and one child without learning disability in 1397- 98 in Qeshm port were selected by purposeful sampling. The mothers completed the parent child relationship scale (PCRS) of Piyanta and their two children completed the Child Abuse Questionnaire. The results showed a significant difference between child with learning disorder and sibling without learning disorder in proximity, conflict, the positive relationship was (P≤0.0001).

The significant difference between the mean dimensions of parental child abuse among children with and without learning disabilities was such that child abuse scores (P≤0.0001) and physical abuse child (P≤0.0001). There was a significant difference between neglect and neglect (P ≤0.01). In fact, mothers of children with learning disabilities are more likely to abuse their children than other children without learning disabilities and to have a lower affinity and positive relationship with them and to experience more conflict with them.

These results have shed light on the necessity of taking some actions in order to protect the children with learning disabilities. Take parenting training to parents and legal protection from these children as examples.

Stuttering is a disorder that affects speech or speech. Stuttering begins in childhood and negatively affects a personchr('39')s social relationships and self-esteem. The purpose of the present study was to the intervention effect of puppet play therapy on the inferiority of students with stuttering in Sari.

This research is in the framework of a quasi-experimental research method with a single-subject design structure using a multi-step baseline design. The sample group was selected by convenience sampling method. The subjects had three boys and a girl who stuttered with a feeling of inferiority. The tool for measuring the improvement (or reduction) of feeling inferior was the feeling of inferiority questionnaire. This questionnaire was completed by the subjects in three stages of baseline, intervention and follow-up.

To analyze the data, visual review of graphs (ups and downs of the dependent variable), indicators of recovery percentage, reduction percentage of scores, variability and effect size were used. Visual review, charts, trend change indicators, gradient, and effect size indicated a decrease in stuttering studentschr('39') inferiority.

Puppet play therapy intervention can be effective in reducing the feeling of inferiority of students who have stuttering and can be used as an effective and desirable strategy in this field.

 Urban development plans try to restore dynamism and vitality to urban contexts, but the lack of existing structure and modeling of previous plans has made the definition of sustainable urban form a challenge for urban planners. The purpose of this article was to explain the coherent form of Shiraz based on the concept of connectivity. 

 This descriptive-analytical research was conducted by documentary and field method in 2021. This study was conducted in Shiraz and the sample size was urban and street blocks and functional zones of 11 districts of this city.

 The interconnected centers of the city geometrically and functionally affect each other as long as all the effects occur between the centers in a single area. Therefore, before applying changes in the physical form of each area of Shiraz, its consequences should be considered in the affected area. These consequences are due to the position of the position in relation to the priority of influencing the influence of the boundary number of each block, influence in complex network centers and interconnected centers, irregular structure, control and promotion of construction, population and the extent of various economic and social indicators, culturally, and physically examined.

 In the process of urban planning, changes in each region should not be considered as an independent region and the pattern of interoperability in urban development planning and management should be considered for regular organization and their effects in order to achieve Use coherence in form.

The purpose of the present study was to design and evaluate the empathy curriculum model for high school female students. For this purpose, empathy curriculum elements were obtained by studying and analyzing the theoretical foundations and perspectives of the two disciplines of curriculum and psychology, and then the extent of its application was evaluated from the viewpoints of experts, executives and students.

The present study is a qualitative-quantitative method of consecutive exploration using qualitative subtractive analysis and quasi-experimental, pretest-posttest study with the control group in the quantitative section. The field of study in the qualitative part of the literature was empathy and sampling continued until theoretical saturation. The statistical population consisted of all female high school students in Nayriz. The sample consisted of 60 students who were selected by multistage cluster random sampling and were divided into experimental and control groups. For the experimental group, empathy training was performed in 8 sessions 60 minutes for each, while the control group received no intervention.

The proposed research model is designed in five sections: Topics, Goals, Outlines, Teaching Methods, and Assessment Methods and includes four main lessons: "Empathy", "Acceptance of Others", "Dynamic Listening" and "Understanding Others”. In developing this model, the most effective solutions were provided, such as pantomime, role-playing, over a hundred photographs, and emotion recognition and practice, and creative assignments to create empathy behaviors. In addition, the model sought to address gender and the cultural context of gender in how to express empathy and interactions. Another highlight of the program was the specialization of the adolescent-specific program, with examples and assignments centered around high school concerns. The model evaluation results were valid according to the curriculum and psychology experts' view of the designed model. Also, after implementing the empathy training curriculum model, a significant increase in empathy scores was observed. Perhaps the most important limitation of educational research today is the development of a paradigm whose task is to provide explanatory and explanatory services. Regardless of the need to test them through the use of empirical information, patterns are used to explain. The purpose of model building, such as developing hypotheses, is to provide a model for testing. It is clear that pattern creation, information gathering and pattern testing should be a seamless activity. Information is needed to validate a template and evaluate its elements, and testing a template may lead to reconstruction or formatting. However, the importance of model testing against empirical information must be emphasized. It is a tool for model validation, reality improvement and effective knowledge sharing through modeling for theoretical knowledge. Since pattern testing is emphasized against empirical information and is effective for pattern validation, the present model must also perform numerous studies and various temporal and spatial conditions to perform a useful model. Since empathy is an essential component of emotional intelligence in classifying UNICEF's life skills, teaching this skill will be effective in using appropriate teaching and assessment methods in the curriculum because the best approach in the curriculum is a skills-based approach to life.

This study aimed to identify how parents can answer to their children’s religious questions.

To achieve this objective, the phenomenological method was used. The statistical population included all parents with primary school children in Bandar Lengeh. The sample size was 35 people, and they were selected by purposive method according to the theoretical saturation limit. Data collection tools were also semi-organized and in-depth interviews. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed through the seven-step Colaizzi method.

The findings showed that there were 3 main themes along with some sub-themes. Children’s questions revolved around the questions about Allah, death, the Hereafter, the Prophet, Islam, the creation of the world, acts of worship, and natural disasters. Many parents used some incorrect methods such as inappropriate responses to cognitive development, language development, and comprehension. Furthermore, suppressing of children’s questions, presenting stereotyped answers, not answering their questions, postponing answers were used by parents, but some parents used the correct methods for answering religious questions, such as using allegory, answering, using the child’s tangible knowledge to answer, using games, providing correct answers in accordance with religious sources, and searching for better answers.

According to these findings that parents lack the necessary knowledge about cognitive development and educational methods, the institutions involved in education need to plan to teach the parents about answering children’s questions in accordance with principles such as cognitive scaffolding.

Careful treatment planning of brachytherapy is an essential aspect of cancer treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of calculations of treatment design system in GYN brachytherapy by BEBIG-60Co device by performing entrance skin dosimetry (ESD) using TLD dosimeters. For this study, 11 GYN cancer patients selected for brachytherapy to measure skin surface dosimetry. Finally, a comparison was made between the dose calculation from the treatment design system and the dose measured by the TLDs. In about 90% of the cases, there was a good agreement between the treatment dose calculation and the TLD measurement (taking into account the 5.5% uncertainty for the TLD). Increasing the dose in the anterior position of patients 5 and 11 can be due to the displacement of the applicator in the direction of length. For patient No. 8, moving the Ooid applicator to the right has led to an increase in dose and a decrease in the right and left directions. Several factors, such as the movement of markers on the patient's skin and the movement of applicators during patient transfer between imaging and treatment rooms, cause differences in the dose of TLDs compared to the dose of TPS. Therefore, the method of dosimetry of the skin surface can be a suitable method to confirm the accuracy of the dose in the treatment of GYN HDR.

In the implementation of the new curriculum, art education has been marginalized. For this purpose, scientific activities must be planned which the person tries to change the unfavorable situation to a relatively favorable situation (action research). The aim of this study is the investigation of the challenges elementary classroom teachers face when implementing the new arts education curriculum and explanation of the concept of action research in integration of arts in elementary schools to implement the new art education programs. The method of study was integrated and based on action research. By using various arts (integration of art) and improving the conditions for its implementation (action research) it became clear that students are interested in changing the artistic program for its pivotality. Satisfactory results were also generated in the field of education and learning.​Implementing of new curriculum program based on the integration of art will increase the participation.

The purpose of this research is to analyze the phenomenon of identity cloaking under the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee in second grade high school students in Bandar-lengeh.This research was carried out qualitatively and in a grounded method.

The research area in this study is all second-grade female secondary school students covered by the Relief Committee. A total of 20 students covered in the research participated in the study, which became accessible to theoretical saturation by targeted sampling. Then the data were analyzed by the method suggested by Strauss & Corbin consisting of coding (open, pivotal & optional).

A total of 50 and finally 33 initial codes were obtained from the interviews, and in the later stages of the analysis, the main phenomenon called identity concealment, contexts, causes, strategies and consequences were extracted from the interviews. Damage to respect is the avoidance of ridicule and the rejection of the causes of secrecy. The ground conditionis exposed in front of the people in higher social class. The school environment is a place where these students are vital that classmates and teachers do not notice.

These problems that facing these citizens show that should be more invistigated about changing society's attitude towards the poor as people with social credibility; something can also be found in religious believe.

This study seeks to measure the effectiveness of the citizenship skills training on the citizenship rights awareness and practice of these rights according to Law Thesis of Imam Sajjad (as) about citizenship rights. The study was done through a combination of qualitative-quantitative method. In the first part, using the qualitative method, the appropriate educational content was compiled from the law thesis. The quantitative part was performed in a quasi-experimental manner through pre-test-post-test with a control group. The sampling method in the qualitative phase of study was purposeful and there were 5 curriculum planning specialists. In the quantitative part, the statistical population included the first-grade junior high school teenagers of Bandar Lengeh. Using cluster sampling method, 60 people in two experimental and control groups of 30 were replaced. The study with a quasi-experimental pre-test-post-test research design was conducted with a control group in 11 educational sessions. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire on ‘Awareness of Citizenship Rights’ and ‘Citizenship Behavior’ which had good validity and reliability. Independent T-test and multivariate analysis of variance were used to analyze the findings. The results showed that citizenship skills training increases teenagers’ awareness of citizenship rights and also changes their behavior. According to the findings of this study, social relations can be improved by focusing on teaching the curriculum based on Imam’s law thesis.

The purpose of this study was to identify the factors affecting the difference in the formative assessment and final assessment in high school students. To achieve this goal, sequential explanatory mixed method design was used. The population of the study at the quantitative stage was whole of the third grade (senior) high school students in Bastak and the countryside and sampling method was census. The population of qualitative step was all of the third grade high school students in Bastak and their teachers. 35 students and 20 teachers were selected using purposeful sampling. The research tool was semi-structured in the quantitative section and academic achievement scores in the qualitative section. The difference in the volume of the two tests, the difference in the difficulty of the two tests, the difference in the psychometric indices of the two tests, the difference in the psychosocial climate of the two tests, the lack of fit of the quality of teaching-learning, motivation and attitude (factors related to knowledge Students) and the manipulation of grades by teachers was one of the factors influencing the apparent difference between continuous and final grades.

The purpose of the present study is to investigate  the ways to strengthen and deepen praying culture in children. This is a qualitative research, on the basis of grounded theory method. The participants include 25 parents of a high school second grade students in Bander Lengeh. The selected parents were successful in educating their children to adhere to praying. The data were collected through semi-structured deep interview. Data analysis was carried out through three stages of open, pivotal and selective coding. Finally, a model was presented regarding conditions, grounds, and strategy. Validity of the study was provided by a non-member inspector and was evaluated by the members. The results of the final model indicated that parents should have a strong dedication to the religious development of their children in order to accustom them to ritual prayer. This general condition includes underlying factors such as creating a religious attitude in life, modeling, belief-behavior consistency, and promotion of personal growth. Strategies that parents can use are functions that they perform in the pre-birth age, pre-maturity age, maturity age, and post-maturity age of  their child(ren). The effective parenting measures in order to control the interfering variables in the training path are adoption of positive and effective parenting style, using problem solving skills and environment immunization. In general, children's adherence to praying does not accidentally and requires careful planning, study, and parental follow-up from pre-birth age of their offspring.

Problematic computer use is a growing social issue which is being debated worldwide. This study examined the prevalence of internet addition among Tabriz university students and its relationship with emotional and social feeling of loneliness.

372 students of Tabriz University (200 male students and 172 female students) were selected by multi-stage random cluster sampling. For gathering data, of Young internet addiction test (1998), loneliness questionnaire Woodworth (1986) emotional and social loneliness Russell questionnaire (1996) were utilized.

Data were analyzed by cluster analysis and MANOVA. The results of cluster analysis showed three clusters with mind (M= 21.6), moderate (M= 36.8) and severe (M= 47.8) degrees of internet addition. Also significant differences among 3 profiles were found in emotional loneliness [F (130/5, P≤ 0/001] and social isolation [F (123.45, P≤ 0/001].

Given the rising percentage of students suffer from Internet addiction and emotional-social isolation, it is therefore necessary to consider the phenomenon of Internet addiction as a psychological problem by cultural and educational planners and the family system. In order to prevent this phenomenon, it is necessary to provide the necessary knowledge at the community level about signs and symptoms of addiction to the Internet.