سهیلا بی ریا

Domestic production of livestock inputs is done in villages. But the heavy costs of animal feed production and the droughts of recent years have made domestic production of these products difficult. Since the production of livestock inputs, especially corn, is very water-intensive, the cultivation of these products inside the country is currently not cost-effective, and its import is cost-effective to meet domestic needs. This has caused an increase in the demand for livestock inputs in recent years. Therefore, it is very important to investigate the factors affecting the import of these inputs and its impact on the villages. In this way, it is possible to choose a suitable strategy for importing livestock inputs. Therefore, in this research, the factors affecting the import of livestock inputs and its impact on the country's villages are analyzed. For this purpose, the import of livestock corn and soybean meal from the 4 target countries from which the most imports were made has been investigated. The necessary statistics and information have been collected through the statistics of the Ministry of Agricultural Jihad, Iran Customs, Iran Statistics Center, Central Bank of Iran and other library sources. According to the econometric issues between economic variables, panel data method has been used in the period of 2001-2023 to estimate the model. According to the results obtained, the increase in tariff (-%0.051), relative price (-%0.076), domestic production of Soybean meal (-%1.95), real exchange rate (-%3.685), real exchange rate fluctuations (-%1.824) and sanctions (-%1.351) have caused a decrease in import demand, and oil income (%0.093471), Income of villagers (0.524) and gross domestic product (2.933) have had a positive and significant effect on imports. It is suggested that the government should adopt the policy of supporting the producers of these products and through increasing the guaranteed purchase price, implementing key plans such as using as much as possible modified and high-yielding seeds, optimal use of water resources to increase the area under cultivation of water products and increase Efficiency in the consumption of other inputs will encourage the villagers to increase the domestic production of these products.

One of the main concerns of governments in recent years has been the increase in per capita health expenditures, which is affected by several factors. The increase in gross domestic product (GDP), air pollution index and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions have had direct and indirect effects on health expenditure per capita. An increase in GDP can improve life, but an increase in air pollution and CO2 emissions caused by human production activities usually causes health problems such as respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and climate changes. Health problems can increase the per capita health expenditure of people. In addition, these costs have negative effects on the economic productivity of society. Therefore, in this research, the relationship between air pollution and gross domestic product with health expenditures in the big cities of Iran including Tehran, Shiraz, Mashhad, Tabriz, Isfahan and Ahvaz is investigated. Considering that household income and air pollution are among the factors affecting household health expenses, therefore, investigating the relationship between these variables can be effective in finding solutions to improve the health level of the society and solve economic problems caused by the increase in health expenses.

In this study, the panel data model was used to investigate the factors affecting the per capita health expenditure in 5 major cities of the country. The investigated time period is between 2011-2022. To avoid fitting a false regression, the reliability of the variables is checked. To do this, Levin and Lane test is used. To test the co-accumulation of variables in the long term, Pedroni cointegration test was used, and to determine whether the model is a panel, Limer's F-test was used. Then, to determine whether the model is a model with fixed effects or a model with random effects, the Hausman test is performed. GMM method is used to estimate the model.

The results of the model indicate that the increase in gross domestic product (GDP), air pollution index and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions had a positive and significant effect on the increase in per capita health expenditures. In this way, air pollution caused by the economic growth of cities causes an increase in disease and an increase in the cost of health care. As a result, the continuation of air pollution and provision of health expenses by the government causes a larger part of the government's budget to be allocated to the provision of health expenses.

One of the most important goals of economic development is to achieve higher economic growth. It is expected that the health level of the society will improve as the GDP level increases. But the studies confirm that with the increase in the gross domestic product of each of Iran's big cities, the amount of air pollution has also increased, which has endangered people's health and caused an increase in health costs and an increase in the number of deaths. Therefore, in order to control the per capita health care costs in big cities, it is suggested to the authorities to consider using new and green technology, investing in public transportation and improving energy efficiency as well as preserving the environment in their plans. Also, imposing a tax on CO2 emissions and encouraging the use of clean and green energy can be an economic stimulus to change unsustainable environmental behaviors.

The quantitative expansion of higher education in Iran has created challenges for the country's higher education system. One of these challenges is the unemployment of graduates and as a result, the decrease in demand for higher education and the creation of empty seats in universities and higher education institutions. Therefore, in the present research, while stating the developments of Iran's higher education system and the employment status of university graduates from 1350 to 1400, the reasons for the phenomenon of empty seats in universities and higher education institutions of the country are investigated. This research is descriptive in terms of type and the method used in it is a documentary study. The current research is practical in terms of the type of goal. The statistical population under study includes all subsystems of higher education, excluding Islamic Azad University. The data collection tool is through documents and scientific articles available in the databases, and descriptive statistical methods have been used to analyze the data. The results of the surveys show that the increase in the number of universities and the excessive expansion of higher education in the country have caused problems such as the increase in the number of unemployed graduates and the decrease in demand for higher education in recent years. It is possible to solve this problem by revising the policies of Iran's higher education system and making university curricula more skillful.

To achieve economic development, it is necessary to exploit all the country's capacities at the national and regional levels. For this purpose, it is necessary to identify the crops that have comparative advantage in each region. Since no research has been done in determining appropriate crop cultivation pattern in Semnan province, based on regional comparative advantage indices, therefore, in this study, appropriate crop cultivation pattern has been determined according to the capabilities of Semnan province and their regional comparative advantage.

The statistical sample includes: Semnan, Shahroud, Damghan, Garmsar, Mahdishahr, Aradan, Miami and Sorkheh township and the study period is from 2017 to 2019. Necessary data have been collected through statistical reports of the Ministry of Agriculture Jihad. The calculations were performed by using Excel computer program. The area under crop cultivation, production quantity, and crop yield are the main data in the calculations. The calculated indices in this research are: Efficiency advantage, scale advantage and aggregative advantage. The mentioned indices were calculated through the ratio of yield and cultivated area of each product in the township in question compared to the entire province.

The results showed that current crop cultivation pattern in Semnan province should be improved and production of summer crops and forage, which have comparative advantage, should be increased. Also, due to the rainfall deficiency and dry weather in the recent years, rainfed cultivation of many crops has lost its economic justification, and only irrigated cultivation of some crops is recommended.

By modifying and optimizing the crop cultivation pattern and growing of crops that require less water, the production efficiency of these crops can be increased. Therefore, it is suggested to produce summer crops and forage that require less water.

TWomen play an important role in determining family consumption pattern and decreasing environmental pollutions. They can prevent risky actions that damage the environment by their function. This descriptive-documentary research was conducted with the purpose of investigating the Islamic view on environment protection, the relationship between humans and nature, and the solutions for increasing women's participation in environment activities. According to the results, respecting the Islamic teachings, including the spirit of contentment and the avoidance of overconsumption which is emphasized in Islam, can be effective in protecting the environment and preventing the destruction of natural resources.

During the Corona epidemic, the higher education system of all countries, including Iran, was affected by the crisis. The prolongation of the time period of the corona epidemic caused the universities of the all countries to adopt strategies to continue their educational activities. The most common solution of universities in facing this crisis was to replace electronic trainings instead of face-to-face trainings. Obviously, the change in the way of education brought consequences for the higher education system of countries and created opportunities and problems for universities. The aim of the current research is to examine the opportunities, harms and challenges caused by the Corona epidemic on higher education in Iran and the other countries and using the results to propose solutions to deal with the next crises. The present research was done by document content analysis. The method of collecting is library information and the method of data analysis is descriptive-documentary. The results of the surveys show that the challenges and opportunities of electronic education in Iran and other countries are almost the same and the solutions adopted in Iran to face the crisis are very similar to other countries. Also, studies show that despite the problems in electronic education, universities should benefit from the benefits of such education and pursue combined face-to-face and electronic trainings in their future policies.

Pistachio is an important part of Iran’s non-petroleum exports. Damghan city has special facilities for pistachio production. Therefore, in this research, the relative advantage of pistachio production and export in Damghan city was investigated from two aspects: production and export. In order to calculate the relative advantage in production, indexes such as Domestic resource cost, Net social profit and Regional Relative Advantage were calculated. In order to determine the relative advantage in export, the indexes of Revealed Relative Advantage and the Revealed Symmetric Relative Advantage were calculated.  According to the time of the research project in May 1399, the statistics of Damghan city in the field of pistachio cultivation area, yield of pistachios, pistachios price, amount of pistachio exports and etc. in the year 1398-99 has been used. In order to collect statistics, the information of reputable statistical centers such as the Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture, FAO, Pistachio Association of Iran, Customs of Iran and Damghan Pistachio Research Center were used. Also, to calculate the production costs, the questionnaire was completed through interviews with 10 major pistachio growers and only exporter of Damghan city. The result show that the production and export of pistachio in Damghan city has a relative advantage. However, in order to increase production and export of the pistachio crop, policies are proposed to increase mechanization,modify the structure of existing pistachio garden such as the using of appropriate rootstocks in garden, determination of male and female transplant in accordance with local conditions and the creation of large pistachio gardens.The result show that the production and export of pistachio in Damghan city has a relative advantage.However, in order to increase production and export of the pistachio crop, policies are proposed to increase mechanization, modify the structure of existing pistachio garden such as the using of appropriate rootstocks in garden, determination of male and female transplant in accordance with local conditions and The creation of large pistachio gardens.

By explaining the genuine status of women, Islam has considered many financial and economic rights for women; however, in Islamic financial law, women have no financial responsibility for providing the family means of livelihood for their household. Therefore, women have financial independence, and all rights such as inheritance, dowry, alimony, income from work belong to women based on the Islamic legal system. No one has the right to attack, demand, and seize this right. In addition, women are involved in the foundation of economic development and the creation of human capital. This paper explores the Islamic view of women's economic status. Then, the role of women in the economic development of Islamic society is evaluated, and suggestions are made to enhance women's empowerment. This article is descriptive and analytical.

Women make up half of the world’s population. Therefore, their economic activities, as half of the community workforce, are very effective in achieving economic growth and development. Different societies have different views about the extent of women’s participation in economic activities. In the west view, Women enter the labor market without any restriction and engage the economic activities. Their job role is primarily in priority and important than the role of their mother and wife. But in Islam views, while emphasizing woman’s participation in economic activities, their roles as mother and wife are emphasized. Islam accepts woman’s employment under certain conditions. In this research, an attempt has been made to examine these two perspectives and compare them with each other. Then, the consequences and results of these views on the current situation of women in these societies are examined. This article has been prepared by descriptive and analytical methods, using library information.

The aim of this paper is twofold. It first investigates the demand for international reserves using panel data for 32 developing countries during the period 1975 – 2004. To this end, an Error Correction Model (ECM) approach is employed to estimate the empirical model and then a capital asset pricing model (CAMP) is used to determine the composition of the foreign exchange reserves. A dummy variable is included in the model to consider the effect of changing exchange rate system on the demand and the composition of international reserves. The results show that there is a negative relationship between exchange rate flexibility and the demand for international reserves.

The paper presents a model for selecting an optimal foreign exchange Reserves portfolio for Resource Based countries, using mean variance approach. The model described here focuses on the relationship between the composition of Reserves and impact of return and risk of the investment in each foreign currency. Results reveal that the currency composition of Reserves has been influenced by Risk and return associated with holding Reserves assets denominated in different currencies. So that, share of each currency in composition of foreign exchange Reserves have negative relationship with risk of each currency in Reserves asset.

An applied analysis of demand for international reserves for twenty Resource- based Countries is investigated, which is based on an Error- correction model, and a panel data is used for estimation. Besides addressing conventional issues, the model explicity incorporates the impact of expected exporting revenues and the impact of the exchange rate system on reserve demand.The result reveals that, shortrun money market disequilibrium have not any significant effect on demand for international reserve in resource -based countries. In addition, expected exporting revenues have positive long- run effect, while exchange rate flexibility has negative effect on demand for reserve in these countries.