سهیلا حسنی

In general terms, phenomena associated with the Humanities expand ‎and advance in two ‎ways. ‎Based on the first model, a phenomenon may ‎expand and advance from within; and, based ‎on ‎the second model, ‎a phenomenon may do so in accordance with, and ‎proportional to, society and ‎ideology. In other words, the first ‎model helps make such ‎matters more precise and profound, ‎whereas the ‎second model expands them, thus increasing their ‎function. Using new ‎theories ‎about Art, moreover, the ability is bestowed upon the artist to think ‎more deeply even about the ‎artwork of the present day and age. Absence of this approach – as well as lack thereof – is ‎‎oftentimes felt in Art-oriented ‎research in Iran; and, the absence of new ‎theories had led to a lack ‎of interest in the relationship ‎between artwork and ‎today's society.‎ In this article, an attempt has ‎been made to open a ‎different cognitive window in the world of Art ‎by which to conduct a ‎comparison of ‎artworks through describing the new approaches and their implementation ‎models ‎‎as well as predicting the path upon which these ideas are to, and can, embark.‎ Comparative Studies is one of the most widely used and essential ‎methods of examining works ‎‎of Art; it has a great history and has always ‎proceeded in a progressive and forward-looking ‎manner. Various reviews and opinions ‎have been presented ‎about the origins of Comparative ‎Studies. The majority of sources consider ‎the history of comparative Art research to be connected ‎to the history of ‎Comparative Literature ‎which originated in Middle Ages. Additionally, they ‎‎consider political developments to have been the leading factor in the ‎formation of national ‎‎literature in Europe, thus resulting in its theoretical form and formation in the early 18th century‏‎.‎ ‎‎Throughout the course of time up until the 18th century, Comparative Studies between ‎different ‎media had ‎occurred independently and without having a separate ‎name and identity. Until then, ‎the researchers ‎always, and only, compared ‎works of Art and Literature in one or two various ‎media. Today, this ‎‎method of study is used widely in Comparative Literature, having many ‎functions in ‎recognizing and ‎criticizing works of Art, Literature, and the social context of ‎their ‎production.‎ A new branch of Comparative Studies called “Interart Studies” presents ‎a new ‎cognitive ‎approach that considers the quiddity of interaction ‎between singular art media and ‎focuses on ‎identifying and expressing ‎different borders of art media. In the present article, by ‎describing this ‎approach ‎and its implementation models, a different cognitive window has been ‎‎opened in the world of Art for the adaptation of artworks; and, the paths that ‎these theories have ‎in front of them have ‎been accordingly predicted.‎ ‎Comparative Studies entered Iran's academic environment rather belatedly. The ‎term ‎‎"Comparative Literature" entered the very lexicon of Iranian research literature for the ‎first time ‎through a translation of a thirty-eight-page-long excerpt from the book ‎Comparative Literature ‎by Marius Francois Guyard, an effort made by Jamshid Behnam. Afterwards, ‎Fatemeh Sayah – a ‎student of European Literature from Moscow – founded ‎the chair of Comparative Literature in ‎Tehran University's Faculty of ‎Literature for the first time in Iran after which research and ‎discussion ‎about this cognitive method and its use did indeed spread. The review of the keyword ‎‎"Comparative Studies" – and the derivatives thereof – in the materials published by ‎Iranian ‎publications, and/or as Iranian theses, delineates the fact that most of the studies have been ‎conducted ‎in the fields of Education, Linguistics, Literature, and – in recent years, ‎increasingly ‎so – Art as well as subject matters of the world of Art.‎ This article evaluates the evolution of ‎early Comparative Studies from ‎its original conception in the ‎18th century to its current inception ‎and situation known as ‎Intermediality and Interart Studies both which have been mentioned ‎above. New studies ‎have pushed "comparison" beyond the adaptation between two similar ‎media ‎so as to achieve a complete understanding and knowledge of Art. They ‎gradually provided a ‎‎better understanding of the boundaries between art ‎media to finally – by approaching the ‎endmost cognitive ‎boundaries of the nature of ‎"Art", which is considered indefinable – ‎distinguish it from "Non-art". ‎These ‎theories open the path towards a connection between, and a ‎joint study of, life and Art.‎ The present piece has ‎used an analytical and comparative approach towards the history of ‎‎Comparative ‎Studies in order to understand the undertaken theoretical methods ‎for expansion in ‎this cognitive field by the virtue of which to ‎reach a new attitude towards artistic ‎media. The ‎current research aims to recognize and explain the ‎developments and ‎achievements of the ‎aforementioned new approach to Comparative Studies so as to open new ‎paths and pathways for ‎research and creation in Art.‎ The importance of ‎conducting this research results from the fact that ‎‎– although this new ‎method of Comparative Studies has been used in other parts of the world ‎in ‎a limited manner due to ‎its complexity – it has not yet been used in a theorized ‎and self-aware ‎form in Iran. The authors have tried to answer the following question. ‎How did the field of Comparative Studies ‎expand along its ‎evolutionary path towards artistic ‎and ‎social developments which have per se created ‎new forms to deal with the recent manifestations ‎of the notion of art ‎media? In the current study, the research hypothesis is thus twofold, ‎proceeding based upon considering a correlation between the evolution ‎of Comparative Studies ‎‎and the issues, media, and new ‎works of Art affected ‎by the changes in society on the one hand ‎and the existence ‎of sufficient ‎evidence for ‎knowing the cycle of this evolution on the other ‎hand.‎ In the investigations carried out in this ‎article, it has been tried to focus on those ‎developments of ‎Comparative ‎Studies which are aligned with artistic expansions in order to ‎obtain a reliable and ‎documented ‎scientific value. Accordingly, to study the relationship ‎between ‎the evolution of the history of ‎thought and artistic changes, ‎the authors have tried to distance ‎themselves from mere ‎historical ‎research and move towards analytical research with defendable ‎and defensible findings that ‎lead them to ‎reach the final theory, that is, to cross the borders of art ‎media. ‎Ergo, the current research is ‎an analytical and historical study ‎wherein the necessary ‎information has been achieved using library sources‏‎ and resources.‎ Under the influence of classical ‎Comparative Studies and by ‎inspecting and comparing artworks ‎between ‎different media, the findings of the present research do show that this new ‎intertheoretical branch has ‎reached a point whereby it ‎has developed a tendency towards ‎dissipating the borders between artistic media, ‎eventually ‎defining all of them to be mere works ‎of art. Accordingly, along the path of ‎comparison ‎between Art and Non-art, certain propositions ‎are obtained to ‎define the nature of Art concerning ‎experimental and experiential means ‎and ‎methods‏‎.‎ Interart Studies, or Interart Aesthetics, should not be ‎considered a new and separate ‎discipline. This type of research is an ‎inter- and multi-disciplinary field of study and can only be ‎concluded when one can ‎study other cultural and social disciplines amid this framework. This ‎field of research ‎ requires crossing traditional boundaries and linking different ‎disciplines to ‎achieve expansion. Not only is comparison a practical method for ‎interdisciplinary studies, but it ‎can also be considered the only available method ‎for cognition; after all, it is the point of ‎discovering differences of/or different ‎arts. That is why Comparative Studies succeeded in its ‎departure from ‎comparing various works of art and towards today's position as a means for ‎proceeding with interdisciplinary ‎study methods, maintaining its function as one of the essential ‎methods of study.

Computer games, due to being new and overlapping with cinema and literature, exhibit two different aspects of themselves that deserve comparative studies. In this paper, elements of modern art and the history of modern literature are studied in the formation of video games, and then similar ones are analyzed and adapted in James Joyce's novel Ulysses and Hidetaka Miyazaki Dark Souls Games. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of modern art characteristics on modern literature and video games and also to express the change in the nature of their common elements. The sub-purpose of the research is to compare these games with other titles in the media of computer games and to answer the question: How can games, and new media in general, form a classic and modern identity at their core? And where is the place of the studied games in this arena? The research method is analytical and adaptive. The research findings show that the novel Ulysses by "James Joyce" and the games of the "Dark Souls" series by Hidetaka Miyazaki in the elements of "rejection of the novel's narrative method", "rejection of the traditional hero", "rejection of incident", "new linguistic experiences", "Freedom from time and freedom of time", "giving importance to the association of meanings", "not giving importance to conventions", "tendency to illusion and fantasy", "participating the reader in the novel", "proposing the issue of truth" and "discussion of opinions" and philosophies" are similar and compatible

This study was carried out to determine the relationship between maxillary central incisors and incisive papilla in complete dentures and compare that with dentate people.

In this descriptive-analytical study, the horizontal distance between the maximum prominence of labial surface of maxillary central incisors to the middle and posterior points of incisor papilla was measured using a caliper, on the casts prepared from 30 dentate patients and 30 complete dentures made in Dental School affiliated with Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.

Average distance between the midpoint of incisive papilla to the labial surface was 9.641±0.866 mm in dentate people and 8.851±1.504 mm in complete dentures. The mean distance between the posterior point of incisive papilla and the labial surface was 12.815±1.264 mm in dentate people and 10.788±1.837 mm in complete dentures. Independent t-test showed significant difference between the two groups in mean distance between the midpoint and the labial surface (0.790 mm, P<0.05). The distance between the posterior point and the labial surface was also found to be significantly different between the two groups (2.026±0.407 mm, P<0.001).

According to the limitations of this study, the midpoint of incisive papilla is suggested to be more reliable than posterior point in assessing the position of anterior maxillary teeth among complete denture patients.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between emotional, intellectual and physical biorhythms with the quality of primary school teachers in Zanjan. The statistical population of this study consisted of all elementary school teachers in Zanjan with a population of 1655 of two groups of state and non-state school teachers. The sample was 313 people using a stratified sampling method. Measurement tools included a standard 20-question Seraj teaching quality questionnaire and the secret of biorhythm account software. The validity of the research instrument was obtained by face validity and construct validity and its reliability was estimated using Cronbach''s alpha coefficient. Pearson and regression tests were used to analyze the data. The results of this study showed that there is a relationship between intellectual and physical biorhythm with the quality of teaching; the intellectual cycle had a high explanatory power, physical cycle had a moderate explanatory power, and the emotional cycle had a poor explanatory power, respectively. Biorhythm knowledge can also be used to increase the productivity of human resources in organizations, especially in education and training.

The aim of study was to evaluate the effect of selected background colors on dart throwing performance in girls before and after puberty. In this Quasi-Experimental study, 240 ones randomly selected and after the pre-test were divided into six groups of background color. A week later the post-test were taken similar to the pre-test. The personal information questionnaire, standard darts and dart board were used as tools. Data analysis was conducted using the K-S, Levene, Dependent T tests. One-Way ANOVA and Tukey test. Results showed that in the age group 7-9 years, the favorite color group performed better. In the age group 15-17 years, the blue background color had positive effect and red background color had negative effect. Selected colors significantly had different effect, in the two age groups. So, it seems that color can be regarded as an environmental factor involved in improvement or reduction of dart throwing performance.