سهیلا ربیعی پور

Female circumcision can be associated with unfavorable health outcomes, including physical, psychological, social, and sexual consequences. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of circumcision and its predictor factors on sexual performance, life, and satisfaction of women.

The present study was a cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) study of 320 women referred to the childbirth ward in 2019-2020. It was done using the available sampling method. Information was collected through questionnaires and interviews. The data collection tool was a 4-part questionnaire that included a researcher-made questionnaire, sexual questionnaires, and sexual quality of life. After collecting the data, they were analyzed using ANCOVA, a simple and multiple linear regression.

The mean score of sexual satisfaction, sexual function, and quality of sexual life in two groups (circumcised and uncircumcised women) showed a statistically significant difference (P < 0.001). Also, the mean score in all dimensions of sexual function was significant in two groups (desire (P < 0.001), stimulation (P < 0.001), humidity (P < 0.001), orgasm (P = 0.002), satisfaction (P < 0.001), pain (P = 0.049), respectively). The rate of sexual dysfunction in circumcised women was 83.9%, and in uncircumcised women was 71.6%. According to the coefficient effect in covariance analysis, 5, 7, and 13% changes in sexual satisfaction, sexual quality of life, and sexual function in women were related to circumcision, respectively. Also, the age of circumcision has the most outstanding effect and is a significant predictor of sexual satisfaction (β: 1.51; P: 0.018; CI95%: 2.77 to 0.26) and quality of sexual life (P: 0.027; CI95%: 0.12 to 2.06). The degree of circumcision 2 compared to 1 has the most distinguished effect and predictor on the overall sexual function score (β: 2.87; P: 0.018; CI95%: -0.22 to -5.52) and its dimensions.

The findings of the present study showed a decrease in the sexual satisfaction action and quality of life scores in circumcised women, and by emphasizing the negative consequences of circumcised women's sexual health, it tried to inform healthcare providers about counseling to change the views of families to improve women's sexual health.

Population changes due to declining fertility and increasing life expectancy are significant global concerns, particularly in Iran. The desire to have children and the fertility preferences are two crucial factors that strongly influence the reproductive decisions of couples. The motivation to have children is a multifaceted issue influenced by cultural, behavioral, and religious aspects, and it evolves in the context of population changes, as well as economic and social development. Fertility preferences are directly linked to the desire to have children, reflecting the emotional desires of couples. The study aimed to determine the link between childbearing motivations and fertility preferences of couples attending comprehensive health centers in Urmia City in 2023.

This is a descriptive, cross-sectional, correlational study on 223 couples referred to comprehensive health centers in Urmia City. The research used a multi-stage sampling method and employed the demographic information questionnaire, Miller's Childbearing Motivation Questionnaire (1995) and Miller's Fertility Preferences Questionnaire (1995) for data collection. The data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 20 and various statistical tests.

The results indicated that there was no statistically significant difference between men and women in their positive motives for having children (p < 0.05). However, women had significantly more negative motives for having children than men (p < 0.05). The findings also revealed that as the positive motives for having children increased, the desire to have children increased, particularly among men who desired to have girls (p = 0.02). The time between marriage and the couple's first fertility decreases (p<0.001). Also, the findings showed that with the increase in the positive motives of having children, the desire to have children increases especially with the desired gender of the girl among men. (p=0.002). However, in women under this study, if there is a desire for the child to be a girl, their negative motivations also decrease (p<0.001). This finding applies to men as well, and they also showed less negative motivations as they increased their desire for the child to be a boy (p=0.04).

There is a positive and significant relationship between fertility preferences and positive motivations for having children, that is, with the increase of these motivations, people's desire to have children increases. Therefore, policies based on creating positive incentives to have children can have a significant impact on increasing the country's fertility rate.

The biomedical model looks at how the body works, especially when it comes to sex, but it does not pay much attention to things like feelings and how people relate to each other. The psychobiosocial model helps couples improve their sexual pleasure and intimacy by combining medical help with psychological and social support. This approach looks at all aspects of a couple's life to understand and solve their sexual problems.

Self-immolation is one of the most common methods of suicide among Iranian women. This study was designed and conducted to investigate factors related to self-immolation and its association with depression, anxiety, and stress in women of reproductive age.

The present descriptive-analytical study was performed on self-immolated women admitted to the burn ward of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Urmia during the years 2021-2020 the nineteen women of reproductive ages were included in the study through convenience and census. Data collection tools included a demographic questionnaire and DASS-21.

The average age of the participants in this project was 29.57 ± 7.79 years. About half of the women lived in rural areas and lived in the house of their father-in-law and lived with him. And the wife's family stated. Most of them were married, housewives and Kurdish speakers had low incomes and economic status and undergraduate education, and most of them had set themselves on fire with oil. 89.5% of the participants had severe depression, 94.5% had severe anxiety, and 52.6% had severe stress.

This study showed that the rate of depression, anxiety, and stress is high in women who have attempted suicide by self-immolation. It is suggested that special measures be taken to reform the culture of the northwestern region of the country to perhaps reduce the burden of the problems of women in this region.

Women gain important experiences during birthing which will remain with them throughout their lives. Fear of childbirth, both during pregnancy and after childbirth, leads to negative experiences of childbirth. On the other hand, ethnicity can play a role in increasing or decreasing pregnancy outcomes and experiences. This study aimed to compare childbirth experiences and fear of childbirth in two ethnicities, Kurdish and Turkish women, in Naqdeh.

This descriptive and analytical study was conducted on 630 pregnant women with Kurdish and Turkish ethnic groups referred to Comprehensive Health Centers in Naqd in 2021. The data collection tool was a demographic questionnaire, Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire (WDEQ) versions A and B, and Childbirth Experience questionnaire. To conduct the study, in each center the list of pregnant women is extracted by the Sib system; and then, the questionnaires were completed through telephone interviews. Completing the questionnaires were done in two stages. In the first stage, the WDEQ versions A was completed from 32-36 weeks of pregnancy in both groups. In the second stage, which was done one month after giving birth, the the WDEQ versions B was completed. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21 software, and using descriptive statistical tests, Mann-Whitney test, paired t test, independent t test, and correlation coefficient test.

The difference in the mean score of fear of childbirth before and after delivery between two groups of Turkish and Kurdish pregnant women was statistically significant at the level of 0.05%, as the average score of fear of childbirth in Kurdish women was lower than that of Turkish women. The average score of childbirth experience in the group of Kurdish women (67.87 ± 4.26) was much higher than the group of Turkish women (55.69 ± 5.88). The average score of childbirth experience had an inverse correlation with the fear of childbirth before and after childbirth, which was significant at the error level of 0.05. The greater the fear before and after delivery, the more negative the delivery experience.

There is an inverse and significant correlation between the intensity of fear of childbirth and the experience gained from the childbirth process in primiparous women. The mean experience and fear of childbirth among Kurdish and Turkish pregnant women have differed. It seems that the experience and fear of childbirth in women is influenced by several factors such as ethnic, cultural, social, and environmental influences.

Hearing impairment is a vital health issue and harms people’s lives. This study aimed to examine the sexual quality of life (QoL) of deaf and hard-of-hearing married women living in Mazandaran Province, Sari City, Iran. 

The present cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 132 deaf and hard-of-hearing women referred to the Deaf Center in Mazandaran Province, Sari City, Iran, in 2021. Sampling was done using the convenience method among all married women with hearing impairment referred to that center from July to November 2021. Information was collected with demographic form and Simonds’ sexual quality of life questionnaire. The obtained data were analyzed with t test and analysis of variance. The significance level was considered 0.05 in all tests. 

 The Mean age of the participants in this study was 36.45±7.17 years, and their Mean score of the quality of sexual life was 16.67±83.86. In this study, a significant relationship was observed between the sexual QoL of the participants and their participation in the reproductive health virtual groups. No significant relationship was observed with other variables, such as education, wife’s education, husband’s hearing status, participant’s hearing status, use of hearing aids, number of pregnancies, type of delivery, and history of abortion. 

According to the results of this study, appropriate methods should be used, including peer-based training and sign language interpreters in sexual health issues.

Sexual self-esteem, a person's perception of his sexual attractiveness, is closely related to the quality of his/her sexual relationship. Problems caused by breast cancer intensify the negative effects on the survival of patients and can neutralize the effects of treatments. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the status of sexual self-esteem and its related factors in the breast cancer survivors.

This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was performed on 91 women surviving breast cancer referred to educational and research centers of Urmia University of Medical Sciences in 2019 by convenience sampling method. The tools used in this study included demographic and sexual self-esteem questionnaires. To study the descriptive characteristics of the population, frequency tables and graphs have been used. One-Way ANOVA test was used to examine the relationship between sexual self-esteem and demographic variables.

The mean score of sexual self-esteem was 104.09±25.20. There were not any significant relationships between sexual self-esteem and its subscales with any of the demographic variables.

Women who survived breast cancer have not desirable self-esteem. It seems that the findings of this study would be effective for planning treatment for breast cancer survivors.

Female circumcision is considered as one of the health problems of women in some societies, including Iran, and includes all methods that lead to damage or removal of part or all of the female reproductive system based on cultural goals or other non-medical reasons. The aim of this study was to determine the knowledge and attitude of pregnant women referring to the maternity ward of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Piranshahr city regarding circumcision in 2020.

In the present descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study, 320 pregnant women (160 in the circumcised group and 160 in the uncircumcised group) who were referred to the maternity ward of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Piranshahr city were selected by convenience sampling method. Necessary information was collected through demographic information form, maternal characteristics assessment form (during pregnancy), researcher-made questionnaire of knowledge, and attitude towards circumcision questionnaire. A significance level of 0.05 was coded in SPSS software version 16.

The mean age of circumcised and uncircumcised women was 28.92±6 6.2 and 25.42±4. 4.8 years, respectively. In both groups, most women had a low level of knowledge about circumcision but the knowledge of circumcised women was higher than uncircumcised women and a statistically significant difference existed in terms of knowledge about circumcision (p = 0.006). The results also showed that in both groups, there was a negative attitude towards circumcision but uncircumcised women had a more negative attitude towards circumcision, which is statistically significant (p = 0.001). The linear regression model showed that among the variables, age, education, place of birth, and income were statistically significant in increasing the awareness of pregnant women (p <0.05 for all). Meanwhile, occupation had no effect on predicting knowledge in women (p = 0.483). The linear regression model also showed that among the demographic variables; age, education, and place of birth were effective in predicting attitude in pregnant women under study and this relationship was significant for these variables (p <0.05 for all). Among these, job (p = 0.484) and income (p = 0.537) had no significant effect on women's attitude toward circumcision.

Considering the prevalence of circumcision in Piranshahr city and the low awareness of women and the existence of women whose attitude towards circumcision is still positive; it is expected that in formulating educational and legal strategies at the regional level, significant variables in the present study will be considered by health managers and health policymakers in order to increase and promote women's attitude about circumcision.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of taping therapy on primary dysmenorrhea severity, premenstrual syndrome and its dimensions in Sardasht University students from 2018 to 2019.

In this experimental study 50 female students with moderate to severe dysmenorrhea and mild to moderate premenstrual syndrome were selected randomly and placed into control (n = 25) and intervention (n = 25) groups by blocking method. The intervention group used tape; the control group did not use anything but were attended in a free training class session. The questionnaires used in this study included demographic and menstrual characteristics questionnaire, visual analog scale questionnaire, premenstrual syndrome checklist and Moos menstrual distress questionnaire. Data obtained from these questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive statistics and independent t-test, paired t-test, chi-square test and ANCOVA.

  There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in regard to the demographic characteristics (P <0.05). The mean scores of dysmenorrhea, menstrual distress questionnaires and its dimensions except for arousal, were not significantly different between the intervention and control groups before the intervention (P <0.05). Also, there was no significant difference between the groups in relation to the total scores of dysmenorrhea, menstrual distress questionnaires and its dimensions, except for severity of dysmenorrhea after the intervention (P <0.05). Results of ANCOVA after controlling the confounding variables, showed only a significant difference between the control and intervention groups in regard to the severity of dysmenorrhea (P <0.05).

The results of this study showed that taping therapy can be used as an effective non-pharmacological method in the treatment of dysmenorrhea.

Accepting the paternal role is one of the most complex psychological processes that requires numerous personal and family changes. However, there is no comprehensive definition for this challenging transition period, and family background has the greatest impact on accepting paternal identity and playing the role of father. Over the years, researchers have focused more on mothers and examining the various aspects of motherhood and how it is played. They are neglected and there are not many tools to measure paternal fetal attachment. One of the tools available is a modified version of Cranley and Weaver paternal fetal attachment, but the Persian version is not valid and reliable in information sources. Therefore, this study was conducted to translate and standardize the Persian version of the Cranley and Weaver paternal fetal attachment questionnaire in Urmia.

The original version of the measure of paternal fetal attachment in a cross-sectional study was translated in three stages. A final version in Persian was provided. Experts' opinions and the Kappa agreement coefficient were used to examine the face and content validity. To determine the reliability of the Persian version, by random sampling, 100fathers were selected and a test-retest was administered. Finally, the data were analyzed using SPSS 16 software, Cronbach's alpha, intracluster correlation coefficient, and multi factors analysis.

The internal consistency of the five domains of the questionnaire obtained using Cronbach's alpha was between 0.768 and 0.874. The reliability values were within the cluster correlationindex between 0.623 and 0.777. The correlation between the five domains was favorable on the basis of Spearman correlation coefficient.

The Persian version of the measure of process of Cranley and Weaver paternal fetal attachment with 24 items and in five different areas has a good validity and reliability as a tool for evaluating the paternal attachment in all health care centers.

 Menstrual distress and menstrual irregularities are dimensions of menstrual disorders that have a significant impact on women's life. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between menstrual distress and its dimensions with menstrual patterns in female students in Sardasht, 2019.

 The present study was a descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study. Participants were 393 female students of Sardasht universities, who were enrolled in the study. After obtaining informed consent, participants completed a checklist for demographic and menstrual characteristics and a menstrual distress questionnaire (MDQ). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA and t-test with SPSS software (version 16). (P=0/05)

 The mean age of participants was 23 ± 4.08 years. 75.5% of participants had normal menstrual duration, 73.5% had normal menstrual blood volume, and 89.4% had.normal interval between two menstrual cycles. Examination of menstrual distress score showed that the majority of participants (50.6%) had mild menstrual distress. Menstrual distress score was related to water retention dimension (2.98 ± 2.78) and pain score was related to pain dimension (9.75± 4.66). There was no significant relationship between the duration of menstrual bleeding and menstrual distress and the interval between two menstrual cycles with menstrual distress (p>0.05). There was a significant relationship between menstrual blood volume and menstrual distress (p <0.05). There was a significant relationship between pain, behavioral changes and autonomic reactions with menstrual blood volume (p <0.05), but there was no significant relationship between concentration, negative emotions, water retention, arousal and control with menstrual blood volume (p>0.05).

 This study demonstrated that menstrual distress was associated with menstrual blood volume. Increased menstrual blood volume is associated with increased distress and its dimensions, except of water retention and arousal. Therefore, necessary interventions should be taken to treat high menstrual blood volume.

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of fetal movement counting on the maternal-fetal attachment in primiparous women.

This semi-experimental study was conducted on 110 pregnant women which were selected by available sampling from primigravid pregnant women referred to the therapeutic centers of social security of Urmia in 2017: The demographic information, GHQ28 questionnaire, and Cranley's MFAS were used for data collection. Before the intervention, the demographic information and the Cranley's questionnaires were completed for both groups. After training the fetal movement counting to the intervention group, they all received fetal movement counting form and a ribbon. They were asked to count and record fetal movements every day for two weeks and tie the ribbon. The control group only received the routine care. The intervention group delivered the form and ribbon after two weeks. Both groups re-completed MFA questionnaire. The mean scores of MFA before and after intervention were compared between the two groups. Data were analyzed by SPSS 16.

The mean score for MFA before the intervention was 3/93 ± 0.48 and 3/87 ±0.55 in intervention and control groups, respectively. However, after the intervention, the mean score was 4/06±0.45 and 3/84±0.54 and they were statistically significant (p=0.030).

Counting fetal movements by the mother during pregnancy increases maternal attachment to the fetus. This promotes the mental health, social maternal health, and fetal health.

Premature baby birth and hospitalization in NICU is a potentially stressful event for the mother. This study investigates effects of expressive writing on stress and satisfaction of mothers from cares served in NICU.

This study is a clinical trial that was carried on 91 mothers with infants in NICU was assigned to intervention and control groups. In the intervention group, expressive writing started from day 3 of hospitalization in NICU and continued to day 10. Parent's satisfaction questionnaire of care in NICU and parent's stress questionnaire at days 3 and 10 and PSS-14 COHEN at months 1 and 3 of hospitalization were completed by all mothers. Data analysis was performed using Chi-square, independent t-test.

Mean mother's stress scores at days 10 in compare with days 3 after hospitalization for intervention groups decreased but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0/28). COHEN mean stress score after intervention at 1 and 3 months after hospitalization for intervention group was less than control group (P=0.005). Mean mother's satisfaction score at days 10 in compare with days 3 after hospitalization for intervention group was more than control group that shows increase in satisfaction in intervention group (P=0.000).

Expressive writing significantly Increase levels of satisfaction and decreases levels of stress in mothers with infants in NICU.

birth and acceptance of the role of fathers in the days after birth, along with are changes in the mood of fathers. These changes can lead to depression after the birth. This study was aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of depression after the baby.
the present study is a longitudinal study that was conducted in 2016 on 160 fathers referred to health centers of Urmia city from 6 to 8 weeks before the birth to 6 to 8 weeks following the birth. For collect data was used from Edinburgh depression scale and questionnaire built by a researcher (questionnaire of factors affecting depression in fathers). For data analyze were using from software spss19 and tests descriptive statistics and to determine the relationship between risk factors and father's depression after the birth, the chi-square was used and p 16. 1percent of fathers was suffering from depression after the birth of the child. Unwanted pregnancy (p=0. 002), lack of social support (p=0. 024), depression of wife (p=0. 004), employment status male (p=0. 026) and his wife (p=0. 015) and economic situation (p according to statistics significant depression after the birth in fathers, there is a necessity for increased attention to this issue and its consequences on the family and child development. Key words: postpartum depression, depression related to birth, fathers

The childbirth is one of the most crucial and important services provided by health care systems in all societies and like any other services, it should be provided in a proper way, with a lower cost and least physical-psychological complications. The choice of delivery type has a great impact on these kinds of physical and psychological complications. This research is a quasi-experimental study to determine the effect of education on the opinion of pregnant women in choosing the method of delivery. This study has been conducted among pregnant women admitted to the Fatemieh polyclinic in Urmia in 2015.
In this study, after approval of the ethics committee and obtaining the required permits, 160 pregnant women admitted to the Polyclinic Fatemiyeh in Urmia who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were chosen using convenience sampling, and they were divided randomly into two equal groups: intervention (education) and control (non-education) groups. To collect the data, a two-part self-administered questionnaire was utilized which had been previously prepared by the researcher and it included the personal information as well as the mindset assessment. The first part included demographic questions (26 questions) and mindset assessment on cesarean section (containing 15 items with Likert scale). The validity of this measurement tool and reliability of the results were determined by Content Validity and Cronbach's alpha methods, respectively. After completing the questionnaires, the data collected was entered into SPSS version 20, using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were analyzed.
The mean age of pregnant women used as subjects were 29.04 ± 5.31. Statistically, no significant difference in demographic characteristics between the two groups was observed. Pregnant mother's opinion about labor practices in both intervention and control groups before the educational intervention showed no significant difference with Pvalue=0.536. The post-test scores were 45.61 in the control group and 29.44 is in the intervention group. With independent t-test, the difference of the mean scores of two groups after the intervention is statistically significant (Pvalue The results of this study showed that training can impact the pregnant women’s mindset and can change their opinion about cesarean section from a positive to a rather negative point of view. Therefore, it is recommended that the relevant authorities consider the necessary policy and plans to provide courses on preparation for childbirth, and also improve the quantity and quality of existing courses.

Today, there are several factors which put women at risk of stress and anxiety. Amniocentesis may cause anxiety in pregnant women. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of anxiety and perceived stress in mothers undergoing amniocentesis.
Material & This study is a descriptive research conducted on 95 pregnant women with gestational age from 15 to 20 weeks in Urmia Health & Educational Center in 2016. The samples were selected by convenience sampling. The anxiety level in women undergoing amniocentesis was measured using Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory and perceived stress was estimated through Cohen’s Perceived Stress Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics tests and Pearson correlation test. The value of (p The mean and standard deviation of anxiety score in women undergoing amniocentesis was reported (108.26 ± 20.48) and the mean of perceived stress score was (24.76 ± 7.7). Pearson test indicated that there was a significant relationship between anxiety and perceived stress in mothers (p Amniocentesis is a diagnostic-invasive procedure which causes anxiety in mothers undergoing this test. Therefore, the psychological aspects of this procedure should also be considered and interventional methods such as counseling should be used to reduce stress.

Pregnancy of a woman is one of the most stressful periods during her life. Stress in pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding time can cause adverse results of pregnancy. Considering the importance of the mental health of pregnancy period, that can have significant impact on mother health and also on mental and physical health of baby, we decided to do a study to determine the relationship between stress in pregnancy and its outcomes on pregnant mothers in Miandoab.
This longitudinal study was done on110 pregnant women in Fatimazahra hospital, and health care centers in miandoab from November 2015 to late March 2016. All available mothers, who were on 24-28weeks of their pregnancy were selected for the study. Cohen perceived stress questionnaires and demographical information were completed by mothers in their 28-32 and 32-36 weeks of their pregnancy. In their delivertime, Cohen Perceived Stress questionnaires and questions about pregnancy outcomes in each follow-up were completed by mothers again. All obtained data were analyzed statistically (by spss version 23 and P There was a significant relationship between the average of perceived stress score by mothers and preeclampsia (P=0.008) and also spotting and bleeding during pregnancy (P=0.03). There was a negative significant relationship between perceived stress score by mothers score and newborns weight (P=0.039), and newborns height (P=0.014). A significant relationship between the stress score in 32-36 weeks and soaking up the baby with meconium was also found (P=0.018).
According to undesirable results that stress can have in pregnancy and delivery and also on the newborn, it is recommended to apply mental health screening in pregnancy and stress reduction techniques at this period.

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between healths behaviors with perceived health status among pregnant women referred to health centers of Urmia.
This research is a descriptive study was done in 2015. The research included 411 pregnant women. In each of health center, participants were studied according to some criteria. Data were collected using a questionnaire developed by the researchers in this study consisted of three parts: 1) socio-demographic characteristics, 2) perceived health status 3) health behaviors status.
Participants age group were 15-45 years. The mean gestational age was 22.64 ± 9.52 weeks. 47% of women were in the second trimester of pregnancy. Between perceived health status and health behaviors (sleep habits), there was a statistically significant relationship. Generally, in relation to health behaviors, 26.8% and 38.4% of pregnant women reported increased their sleep duration and appetite during pregnancy (respectively). In relation to the health status 24.8% of pregnant women reported very good health status. 11.4% of pregnant women discomfort more than other pregnant women.
Results of this study indicate low levels of perceived health status and health behaviors among pregnant women in urban and rural areas. To improve the health of women during pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes, education normal health behaviors and proper care, by healthcare providers, is recommended at this time.

Aims: Web-based education is one of active and new methods for promotion of educational quality. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of web-based and traditional teaching methods on midwifery student's knowledge about survey of fetus health.
In this field-experimental study, 44 midwifery students were divided equally into two groups of web-based (22 students) and face-to-face (22 students). Pre–post test scores were done for both groups, before and after education, then compared within and between groups by Independent and paired T-test.
Based on the findings, there wasn’t any significant differences between web-based and traditional education groups score, but both web-based and face-to-face teaching methods were effective on promotion of students’ knowledge (P Web-based teaching seems to be effective as traditional teaching in education of medical students. With regard to advantages of web-based method, it is recommended to be used in university educational programs.

Infertility can cause critics al for many infertile people. This study aimed to investigate the effects of group counseling by collaborative approaches on specific stress in infertile women
Material & This study is clinical trial. In this study, 50 infertile women at the age of 20-45 years old with a history of at least one year infertility who referred to Urmia Kosar infertility clinic were selected in autumn, 2014. They were randomly assigned into two groups, control and intervention (each group of 25 people). Pre-test was completed by control group, two weeks later; the questionnaire was completed by the control group again. The experimental group received 10 sessions of group counseling, including infertility treatment strategy, stress management, problem solving. Controlling the irrational beliefs of infertility was conducted. Two weeks after the intervention, post test was completed for intervention group. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS software.
After the intervention, a significant difference was seen between the two groups (P = 0.002). The specific stress of infertility in both groups were compared in five domains of social concerns, sexual concerns, relationship concerns, rejection of childfree lifestyle, and need for parenthood. After the intervention, there was a statistically significant difference.
Group counseling with collaborative approach has important role in reducing the stress of infertility among infertile women.

Background and Sexual dysfunction caused by contraceptive methods threatens sexual health. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between sexual health and contraceptive methods in women attending health centers in Urmia, Iran. A descriptive- analytical study was conducted in 2014 in which 198 women were randomly recruited. Data was collected by a standard questionnaire consisting of three parts: socio-demographic characteristics, Female Sexual Function INDEX (FSFI), and Index of Sexual Satisfaction (ISS). Data was then analyzed applying descriptive statistics, t-tests, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient in SPSS V. 22. P-values less than 0.05 were considered significant. The mean age of participants was 29.89 ± 7.01 years. The mean scores for sexual function and satisfaction were 20.99 ± 6.73and 35.93 ± 16.10, respectively. ANOVA analysis showed a significant relationship between sexual function and contraceptive methods. Also, a significant association was found between contraceptive methods and sexual satisfaction (P= 0.00). The most common cause of sexual dysfunction and satisfaction was contraceptive injections, while withdrawal method resulted in the lowest incidence of sexual dysfunction and satisfaction. In this study, the most common contraceptive methods in women were withdrawal method and taking oral contraceptive pills (OCPs). The results showed that hormonal methods of contraception particularly contraceptive injections could negatively influence the women's sexual health. Therefore, more training programs should be carried out in family planning counselors, so that appropriate contraceptive methods are implemented while considering women’s sexual satisfaction and function.

Mental health in pregnant women is an important factor in the stability of family and society. One of the important strategies for physical and mental health of women during pregnancy is husband's participation in this important affair. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between husbands participation in prenatal care and mental health of pregnant women referred to health centers Urmia, 1392. This study is a descriptive-correlational one that was conducted on 275 pregnant women which were selected through convenience sampling. To collect the data,, a three-part questionnaire including demographic information questionnaire, male participation and mental health questionnaire (GHQ-28) was used. Statistical data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and independent t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS version 20 software. The mean age of the women in this study was 27.25±4.2. Average participation husbands was 43.05 ± 5/91 and the average mental health score was 39.13± 9.518. Significant positive correlation were between the mental health of women and husbands participation (r = 0.294 AND P= 0.000) and the maximum communication was the physical realm of mental health According to the central role of women in the education of children, health officials attention to women's mental health, through programs such as education husbands to participate in prenatal care is necessary. Attention to the mental aspect of pregnant women in prenatal care can promote the mental health of pregnant women.

In the past two decades, medicine has brought healthy and safe midwifery for high risk fetus and mothers, but the question is whether it is necessary to have routine intervention in low-risk pregnancies. This is a retrospective cross-sectional study. The study population included all birth records in the medical records department of Motahari and Imam Reza hospitals in Urmia, and Imam Khomeini hospital in Piranshahr in the first quarter of 1390. A checklist was prepared by the researcher to collect the data that i nclude d information about maternal age, reproductive characteristics such as pregnancy and childbirth, motherhood, gestational age at delivery, birth weight, and some interventions in natural processes such as doing cesarean section, episiotomy and perineal lacerations caused during delivery, sondag, opening the way for giving intravenous fluids, stimulat ing or induction of labor, electronic fetal heart rate monitoring in labor. A total of 3303 records were reviewed, and the data were extracted by checklist. The d ata were analyzed by SPSS statistical software by using of descriptive statistical tests. The results showed that a total of 1895 out of 3303 (57/4%) cases delivered vaginal ly, and the others 1408 (42/6%) were done cesarean delivery. Frequency of induction and stimulation through vaginal labor was 15/4%, while among women who had delivered vaginally only 31/5% of them was intact perineum after childbirth. Statistics in the context show that interventions during labor is much higher than World Health Organization standards. It seems that unnecessary use of medical technology in low-risk pregnancies increases the risk of unnecessary interventions during childbirth including caesarean section.

Smoking is one of the major problems in the world today. It threatens people ’ s health. Pregnant women are no exception in this regard. Today, it is found that smoker women bear low birth weight babies, but the studies don ’ t offer clear findings about passive smoking in pregnancy and its effect on weight and height of newborns. This study is an attempt to determine the effects of passive smoking on the weight and height of the newborn babies. This was a retrospective cohort study. We studied 100 pregnant mothers who were exposed to cigarette smoke and 100 others who were not. A checklist was completed in order to select those who could enter the study. A questionnaire was then filled out for both groups including the information related to the newborns ’ physical specifications. This study showed that the average age of the mothers, their education, their husband ’ s education, number of pregnancies and the sex of babies born weren ’ t meaningfully different between the two groups. In the case group the mothers were exposed to cigarette smoke for 2.36 ± 2.28 hours on average and most of them (72%) were exposed to their husbands ’ cigarette smoke. The findings also indicated that difference in weight, height and head circumference among two groups ’ newborns were 11 grams, 0.15 cm and 0.02 cm respectively. The T-test indicated no significant difference between the two groups. The study showed that the newborns ’ of mothers exposed to the smoke had lower weigh, height and head circumference than the babies ’ of the control group subjects although the difference was not statistically significant.