سهیلا رجبی مرندیان

Adolescence encompasses a developmental period with significant neurobiological changes, often associated with intense emotions or feelings, reward-seeking, and risk-taking. While bringing new experiences, these changes also present risks (Liew et al., 2023). Clinical psychologists usually divide the emotional and behavioral disorders of adolescents into two categories: internal and externalized disorders. Internalizing disorders are over-controlled symptoms directed inward, and externalizing disorders are under-controlled symptoms directed outward (Ganji, 2022). Personality dimensions are the factors that play a fundamental role in the ethology of internalized (Ahola et al., 2023) and externalizing symptoms (Abdol-mohammadi et al., 2021). According to Cloninger's psychobiological model, personality comprises two dimensions: temperament and character. The temperament dimensions are hereditary and are stable throughout life and in the later stages of individuals.In contrast, the character dimension includes self-conscious emotions that develop throughout life (Cloninger et al., 1993). On the other hand, one of the factors affecting emotional-behavioral disorders is the presence of some kind of disorder in emotional regulation (Fernandes et al., 2023). Zagaria et al. (2023) found that maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies are associated with emotional behavioral disorders and adaptive strategies are associated with emotional-behavioral health. Therefore, the main of the present study is to investigate the mediating role of positive and negative cognitive emotion regulation strategies in the relationship between personality traits and the occurrence of internalizing and externalizing symptoms in adolescent boys and girls in Andimeshk City. 

The research method was a correlational structural equation model. The statistical population comprised all the male and female students in the second grade of high school in Andimshek City in 2020-2021. A sample of 326 people (165 girls and 161 boys) were selected using the multi-stage cluster sampling method and answered the Youth Self-Report questionnaire, which contains 112 items. The test-retest reliability of this questionnaire was reported to be 0.82, and the internal consistency of each subscale was reported between 0.55 and 0.75 (Aschenbach & Rescorella, 2001). The temperament and Character Inventory contains 125 items and measures four dimensions of temperament (novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward Dependence, Persistence) and three dimensions of character (Self-directedness, Cooperativeness, self-transcendence). Reliability was obtained for temperament 0.77 and character 0.81 (Cloninger et al., 1994), and the Cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire contains 36 items. The reliability of this questionnaire was for positive, negative, and total strategies 0.91, 0.87, and 0.93, respectively. (Garnefski et al., 2001). Data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficients and structural equation model in SPSS24, AMOS/18 software, and the Sobet test. 

The results showed that for both indirect paths of the effect of temperament and character on internalized and externalized symptoms through positive and negative cognitive emotion regulation, zero is outside the confidence interval (lower limit and upper limit), and the obtained significant level is less than 0.05. Also, for both indirect paths of the effect of temperament and character on externalized symptoms through positive and negative cognitive emotion regulation, zero is outside the confidence interval (lower limit and upper limit), and the obtained significant level is less than 0.05. Therefore, two indirect effects are significant and confirmed. 

The results of the present study showed that positive and negative strategies of cognitive emotion regulation mediate the relationship between temperament and character on the internalized and externalized symptoms. An individual's choice of cognitive emotion regulation strategies and their regulatory effectiveness depends on their traits. Positive and negative strategies of cognitive emotion regulation, due to their adaptive and maladaptive nature, each lead to the intensification or suppression of negative emotion or the increase of positive emotions, which, in turn, leads to conscious and unconscious emotional, behavioral, and cognitive reactions in response to stressful environmental stimuli, depending on personality dimensions, and as a result, will make the adolescent susceptible to internalized and externalized symptoms. Overall, considering the findings of this study, it is recommended that clinics and educational counseling centers use the findings of this Zagaria et al. (2023) found that maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies are associated with emotional behavioral disorders and adaptive strategies are associated with emotional-behavioral health. Therefore, the main of the present study is to investigate the mediating role of positive and negative cognitive emotion regulation strategies in the relationship between personality traits and the occurrence of internalizing and externalizing symptoms in adolescents in Andimeshk City.

The present research aimed to investigate the mediation role of family function in the relationship between psychological well-being and impulsivity with internalizing and externalizing symptoms of adolescents. The current research method was correlational studies and the statistical population consisted of all male and female students of the second grade of high school in Andimshek city in2020-2021 academic year, out of which 326people (165 girls and 161 boys) were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method and answered the questionnaire of Youth Self-Report (YSR), Psychological Well-Being (PWB), Barrat Impulsivity Scale-11 (BIS-11) and Family Assessment Device (FAD).  The findings of this research supported the moderating role of family function in the relationship between psychological well-being with internalizing and externalizing symptoms of adolescents. It also supported the moderating role of family function in the relationship between impulsivity with internalizing and externalizing symptoms of adolescents and showed that family functioning can reduce the occurrence and persistence of internalizing and externalizing symptoms of adolescents by increasing the levels of psychological well-being and reducing the levels of impulsivity. These findings can help improve family functioning and develop family intervention protocols.

The prevalence of Internalized and Externalized disorders in Adolescents is on of the serious threats to mental health in the world. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate the causal model of The Internalized and Externalized disorders in Adolescents Based on Impulsivity with the Mediating Role of Adaptive and Maladaptive Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies. The statistical population of the research was made up of all male and female students of the second year of high school in Andimshek city, out of which 326 were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. were selected as samples. The tools used in this research included the youth self-report scale (Aschenbach and Rescorella, 2001), the impulsivity (Patton et al, 1995), and the Cognitive emotion regulation (Garnefski et al, 2001). To analyze the data, the method of structural equation with intermediary relation was used with Amos/18 software. The findings showed that for both indirect paths of impulsivity on internalized disorders through adaptive and maladaptive strategies of cognitive emotion regulation are not significant and reject (p>0/05). Also, the two indirect paths of impulsivity on externalized disorders adaptive and maladaptive strategies of cognitive emotion regulation are significant and confirmed (p<0/05). Based on the research findings, adaptive and maladaptive strategies of cognitive emotion regulation can play mediating role on relationship between impulsivity and internalized and externalized disorders of adolescents. The evaluated model has a favorable fit and is an important step toward identifying the effective factors in internalized and externalized disorders of adolescents.

The present research aimed to investigate the mediation role of family function in the relationship of personality dimensions of temperament and character with adolescents internalized and externalized problems. The current research method was correlational studies. The statistical population consisted of all male and female students of the second grade of high school in Andimshek city, Iran, during 2020-2021 academic year, out of which 326 people (165 girls and 161 boys) were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. To collect data, the youth self-report scale (Achenbach and Rescorella), the temperament and character inventory (Cloninger et al.), and the family assessment device (Epstein et al.) were used. Structural equation methods were used to analyze the data. The findings showed that the effect of temperament and character on internalized and externalized problems were confirmed through family function. It can be concluded that the family function played a mediation role in relationship to the temperament and character and internalized and externalized problems of adolescents, so it is recommended that psychologists, through training and interventions, improve family function by moderating personality dimensions to prevent, reduce, and improve the adolescents' internalized/externalized problems.