سیاوش گودرزی

The available dyes in the Reseda luteola are widely used in dyeing textile fibers, especially hand-made carpets. In the dyeing of cellulose and protein fibers, a significant amount of these dyes remain in the dyeing effluent, which causes environmental pollution. In this research, the synthesis and characterization of a metal-organic framework (MOF) containing an amino group has been investigated in order to remove the dyes present in the dyeing effluent. Dye removal conditions have been optimized by the single-parameter method, and the effect of effective factors such as the initial concentration of the dye, amount of adsorbent, and pH have been investigated. The results show that the synthesized MOF can remove the highest amount of dye in a solution with an initial concentration of 240 mg/l at pH 5, time 120 minutes, ambient temperature, and amount of adsorbent 0.07 g. Also, the kinetic data and adsorption isotherm show that the rate of dye removal follows intraparticle diffusion and Freundlich isotherm. The adsorption process is exothermic and physical adsorption process.

Legislation based on Imami jurisprudence has led to the richness and independence of our rights in decades of legislation. There has always been a debate about what criteria should be used to legislate according to jurisprudence And typically the focus has been on who or what is being followed And it is enough to provide general criteria and in practice there is no decisive criterion for this issue. This article discusses only the criminal law and the specific conditions and requirements of the law in this regard Because it is not possible to provide a standard for legislation on all laws with specific conditions and characteristics of each of them Because the law in each case can be very different from the law in other area And you have to think about each case according to its specific requirements And refrained from generalizations and providing a standard for all cases. This article seeks to provide an appropriate solution in the field of criminal law And prevented the entry of personal opinions and ideas into the field of legislation And as far as possible our criminal law Closer to the world criminal law without distancing itself from its originality.

Researchers have reported a great deal on the panegyrics composed during the Ghaznavid period and tried to determine the identities of the mamdouhs (praised dignitaries) with the help of the poetry written in that period as well as other sources. However, due to the lack of sources and because of the insufficient attention of some of the researchers, a good many of the problems remain unresolved.In the present article, attempts are made to establish that, firstly the object of praise of three eulogies by Farrokhi of Sistan (nos. 89, 99, 122, Dabir Siyaqi’s edition) is an unknown individual named “Abu Sahl Omar Iraqi”; secondly, this individual, despite his name being absent from all the existing history books, seems to have served as a kind of interim non-official minister without portfolio at the Ghaznavid court. According to scattered evidences coming from old sources, certain possibilities have been put forward as to the time of his acting as a minister and date of death. Based on such possibilities, Abu Sahl held a non-official ministerial job at Sultan Mahmud’s court between 401-404/1010-1013 and died around 404 H.

Literature is constructed by language. Therefore, we can use linguistic theories in literary studies. Among these theories, functionalism is more appropriate for rhetorical studies because, in addition to particular clauses and the text as a whole, functionalists pay special attention to the context in which the text was written — and this is the fundamental of rhetoric. To functionalists, every clause has three basic roles called metafunctions. One of these metafunctions is establishing an interaction between the utterer and the addressee. This metafunction has various components including modality. Modality refers to a collection of the speaker’s judgments regarding what they say and the uncertainty which they apply to the clauses. A significant part of Persian literature is panegyric poetry. The Ghaznavid Court was one of the most important supporters of the panegyrists. The main components of the context, in panegyric poetry, are the poet, the person who is being praised, and the position which the praised person holds. This study aims at analyzing the influence of these components on the usage of modality in Ghaznavid panegyric poetry in order to find out any possible patterns and rules in the extant poems of this period. Furthermore, the poems which do not follow the aforesaid rules are analyzed according to their historical context. The article argues that the promotion of the praised person, from “prince” to “king” (sultan), cause changes in the poet’s rhetorical and poetical approach in using modality. In more accurate words, as a result of the promotion of the praised person the poet uses less modal elements in his panegyrics. In addition, although changes in the position of the poet or the praised person mostly do not lead to significant alterations in the quantity of the modal components, such alterations do occur in some circumstances such as rivalries for achieving political dominance.

Since old times, many books have been written about Persian poets, providing biographical information about them. At first glance, most of the materials seem to be completely valid, but when examined precisely and critically, plenty of contradictions and differences arise. Thus, it is a better idea for researchers to refer directly to the poems to extract correct information. One of the greatest Persian-speaking poets is Suzani Samarqandi. Academicians know him mostly for his obscene literature. Therefore, they have not paid enough attention to him. This essay is an effort to evaluate some biographical materials about Suzani based on his own words. It also tries to dispel some doubts and uncertainties of contemporary researchers about his life — regarding his date of birth and death, his repentance in old age, and his religion. It demonstrates that Suzani was born between the years 476-486 AH and died in 569 AH. He most probably followed the Hanafi School. Moreover, he most probably did not stop writing obscene literature and panegyrics until the end of his life. From his mid-life on, however, he expressed regrets about his obscene literature and the eulogies he had written for the people in power.

The right of pre-emption presented in jurisprudence and statutory law is one of the causes of acquisition and an object of Article 140 of Civil Law. One of the main conditions for acquiring the right of pre-emption, which most jurists and the Civil Law assert, is transferring the share by one shareholder through a sale contract. The paper, at first, mentions the main conditions needed for acquiring pre-emption right and presents different views regarding these terms, and then explores the supporting documents of the famous view. There are some indications such as: considering the justification mentioned for this right in hadiths, considering the Holy Legislator’s (shāri‘) definite aim for this right that is the denial of harm, and the necessity for right legislation and prevention of fraud; which would lead to the conclusion that pre-emption is a general right that could be extended to other bilateral contracts.

Ban of usury is an Islamic rule which has explicitly been provided by holy Quran. In this matter there are some cases which are excluded from this ban. Opposite of jurists’ popular opinion, some jurists believe that deductions for these exclusions to unban usury are not sufficiently persuasive. Many studies have been made in this matter and many researchers, by criticizing to popular opinion such as unreliable and unreasonable basis of quoted texts by those jurists who follow this opinion, support unpopular opinion. This paper, by verifying of unpopular opinion and emphasis on findings of researches of its followers, seeks to improve these studies and criticizes the popular opinion’s bases by studying popular opinion’s historical background, new interpreting of documents and texts in the light of legal-jurisprudential framework and new point of view. This paper has two main goals; the first, dependency of wife and children, in the past, in a family affected the ban of usury; and the second, the historical bases to unban of usury have been delaminated and today there is no justification for excluding some cases from ban of usury’s generality.

The well-known Imāmī Shī’a jurists (Fuqaha) believe the voidance of the companies of Labour (Bodies or Abdan), Negotiation (Mufawadha) and Reputations (Wujooh). There are no absolute proofs or evidences to prove the voidance of these partnerships in the Holy Quran, Islamic traditions and intellectual judgment but only proofs such as ijmae (consensus), the possession of the nonexistent, the absence of proofs for validity and risky (gharar) of such transactions (Muʻāmalāt) has been cited. The Imāmī Shī’a jurists (Fuqaha) believe that the validity of these transactions (Muʻāmalāt) are proved by Sulh (peace) and Wakalah (Agency) contracts or other mechanism (solutions). The legislature has not mentioned these partnerships and legal authorities (decrees). With analyzing the evidences of the well-known Imāmī Shī’a jurists (Fuqaha) sayings and after evaluating its criterion, the author has reached to this result that the clarified proofs are not sufficient to prove their claim. But these contracts have been and are of the accepted and conventional legal acts among people and there is no certain reason for the voidance (annulment) of these companies and because of its generality (currency) of these transactions among individuals, the Imāmī Shī’a jurists (Fuqaha) should inevitably seek a consideration (deliberation) for the validity of these contracts. Although the attitude of the validity of these contracts is contrary to the saying of the well-known Imāmī Shī’a jurists (Fuqaha), but some of the contemporary Imāmī Shī’a jurists (Fuqaha) are proponents of this saying. From the view of the civil code of Iran, article 10 which determines the principle of freedom of contract or Liberty of Contract can strengthen or encourage the attitude of validity of such transactions.