فهرست مطالب سید ابراهیم حسینی

The legal system of Afghanistan is based on Islam. In religious societies, religion and its teachings play a fundamental role in shaping the identity of individuals in the community. Identity refers to a set of characteristics, feelings, and distinctive beliefs that distinguish an individual or group of individuals. The main objective of this research is to study and examine the mechanisms for ensuring women's religious identity in jurisprudence and the legal system of Afghanistan. The descriptive-analytical method (content analysis) has been employed to achieve this goal. The findings indicate that in Islamic jurisprudence, the position and high status of women have been given more attention based on the principles of justice, wisdom, nature, and public interest. Additionally, the legal system of Afghanistan has considered various mechanisms to ensure women's religious identity, including its adherence to Islam as per the third principle of its constitution, as well as Article 149 of the same law, which emphasizes the adaptation and implementation of Islamic teachings, development and promotion of religious knowledge among women, formulation of educational system based on Islamic principles, and adoption of necessary measures to combat customs contrary to Islamic laws, all of which contribute to ensuring women's religious identity. The Supreme Court of Afghanistan, as the highest judicial and oversight body within the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is responsible for reviewing the conformity of laws, legislative decrees, and treaties with the constitution and Islamic principles and jurisprudence interpretation.

The basis of critical thinking is based on logical and reasoning thinking with analysis and inference, and one of the practical methods in this thinking is reasoning. In this thinking, in most cases, the preliminaries are stated and the result is left to the other side; That is, the most common use of critical thinking is through questioning. On the other hand, in matters of belief in the Holy Quran, it is based on thinking, reasoning and conclusion by the audience, and one of the most important methods of the Quran in expressing monotheistic arguments is the same method that is called critical thinking today. In the present article, the verses of the Quran have been examined with the focus on the argument in monotheism, which is in the form of questioning and often in the form of "rhetorical question" and "confessional question". The results of the research show that in matters of belief, the principle is based on thinking and reflection and is accompanied by logical conclusions and most of the verses in this field contain critical thinking, and there is a direct and comprehensive relationship between the method of questioning in the monotheistic discussions of the Quran and critical thinking.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the relatively common diseases of children all over the world, which is associated with symptoms such as aggression, hyperactivity, anxiety and lack of concentration. Considering the side effects of drug therapy, the use of non-pharmacological methods should be considered. This study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effect of Iranian and non-Iranian soft wordless music on the improvement of ADHD symptoms.

The current semi-experimental research with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group was conducted in 2014 at Zand Institute of Higher Education in Shiraz on 60 ADHD children. With the available sampling method, 60 children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder were randomly divided into two experimental groups and one control group (20 people in each group). Experimental groups 1 and 2 were subjected to 20 sessions of 60-minute Iranian and non-Iranian music therapy (Mozart), respectively. The participants were evaluated with the demographic information form and Connors parent test (1960) in 2 stages. Data analysis was done by one-way covariance analysis with the SPSS version 24 statistical package at a significance level of p<0.05.

There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of age and gender (P<0.05). The results showed that there is a significant difference between the average scores of Iranian and non-Iranian Aram music groups at p<0.05. There is a significant difference between the average scores of Iranian Aram music groups and the control at p<0.001, but there is no significant difference between the average scores of non-Iranian Aram music groups and the control.

The results of the present research in relation to the comparison of 2 types of calm and wordless Iranian music by Chashm Azar and classical and modern music by Mozart show that music that is compatible with the patient's culture can improve children with ADHD.

Heavy metals such as lead can have negative effects on the nervous system. Anxiety is one of the most common neurological disorders that can be induced under the influence of lead. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of parsley leaves (Petroselinum crispum; HEPL) on anxiety in rats treated with lead acetate.

Male rats were divided into 6 groups of 10. The control group did not receive drug treatment, but the sham group animals received 1 ml of distilled water as lead acetate solvent by intraperitoneal injection. The animals of the Lead group received lead acetate at a dose of 20 mg/kg and the animals of the HEPL200 group received HEPL at a dose of 200 mg/kg by intraperitoneal injection. The animals of the Lead+HEPL100 and Lead+HEPL200 groups received lead acetate with a dose of 20 mg/kg as an intraperitoneal injection 2 hours before the intraperitoneal injection of HEPL with a dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg, respectively. The study period in all groups was 21 days. At the end of the study, the open field test was used to measure anxiety behavior including the parameters of Grooming (cleaning the body, face and legs), Rearing (standing on two rear legs) and Crossing (crossing the lines). Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test.

The results of this study showed that there was a significant decrease in the number of Grooming, Rearing and Crossing in the Lead group compared to the control and control groups (P<0.05). In the Lead+HEPL200 group, a significant increase in the number of Grooming, Rearing and Crossing was observed compared to the Lead group (P<0.05).

Lead can cause anxiety behaviors in male rats. However, administration of HEPL can improve anxiety behaviors in male rats treated with lead acetate.

In interest of increasing demand for natural foods free of artificial preservatives, this study aimed to Controlling the antioxidant properties of green tea extract (GT) through its encapsulation in chitosan nanoparticles (CS-NP) and to investigate its preservative effects on surimi. The results showed that GT-loaded chitosan nanoparticle (CS-NP-GT) was significantly effective in reducing the lipid oxidation of surimi by determination of Thiobarbituric acid and free fatty acids. Chemical, microbial and sensory analyzes of surimi with CS-NP-GT treatment showed a significant difference compared to other treatments (p <0.05). At the end of the storage period, surimi treatment with CS-NP-GT caused 2.6 log cycles reduction of lactic acid bacteria, 2.55 log cycles reduction of Enterobacteriaceae, 4.32 log cycles reduction of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, 3.7 log cycles reduction of Bacillus cereus and 2.61 log cycles reduction of mold and yeast. Also in the sensory evaluation, E-0.1-GT had higher score on the ninth day of storage compared to surimi prepared with other treatments. The results of this study showed that encapsulation of green tea extract with chitosan nanoparticles is a promising technology to control chemical, microbial and adverse sensory changes in surimi and increase the shelf life of this product.

In this study, the effect of an aqueous extract of grape microencapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles (0.5 / 1) was used to evaluate the shelf life of surimi prepared from Kilka fish by ionic gelation method.

Grape was extracted aqueously, and total phenol content was detected by spectrophotometry and phenolic acids of the extract by HPLC method.  Physical properties of nanoparticles including particle size, zeta potentia and PDI were determined with zeta-sizer, and microencapsulation efficiency was determined by spectrophotometer and loading capacity of nanoparticles by HPLC method. Antioxidant activity of free extract and chitosan nanoparticles with / without extract (by DPPH test) was determined.  The total count was determined by cryophilic, mesophilic, pseudomonas, mold, and yeast and inhibition capacity (MIC, MBC and IZ) of selected Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria and mold and yeast in different treatments days (0 , 1 , 3 , 6  and 9 ) at refrigeration temperature.

The data showed that the produced nanoparticles were in a favorable condition (particle size, zeta potential and PDI: 177.5 nm, +32.95 mV and 0.385 and the efficiency of microencapsulation and loading of nanoparticles were 48.95 and 6.19 percent, respectively). The phenolic content of the extract was 2896 ±18 mg/g and the extract in the loaded state showed a higher percentage of antioxidant activity (42.1%). Growth inhibition in microorganisms (gram positive and negative) is also increased and the overall amounts of bacteria and mold and yeast decreased, and the total values of cryophilic bacteria (6.35 ± 0.29 CFU/g), mesophilic bacteria (6.18 ± 0.27 CFU/g), Pseudomonas (5.41 ± 0.14 CFU/g), and mold and yeast (2.45 ± 0.26 CFU/ /g) in the last day of experiment, showed a significant decrease in the growth of microorganisms.   

According to the results, the use of chitosan nanoparticles containing extract in surimi of Kilka fish can delay microbial decay and increase the product resistance to free radicals and thus increase the shelf life of the product during the storage period in the refrigerator.

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is known as a food flavor enhancer that can adversely affect the male reproductive system. The present study was investigated the protective effect of coenzyme Q10 (Co-Q10) against MSG-induced oxidative stress and histopathological changes in rat testicular tissue.

In this experimental study, 40 adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups including control, MSG, MSG + Q10-10 and MSG + Q10-20. MSG gavage (3 gr / kg) and Co-Q10 injection were performed at doses of 10 and 20 mg / kg (intraperitoneally) for 4 weeks. The activity of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) was determined by ELISA and malondialdehyde (MDA) by thiobarbituric acid techniques in testicular tissue. Then, histological evaluation of testicular tissue was performed in the groups.

Monosodium glutamate increased the level of lipid peroxidation along with a significant decrease in the activity of CAT, SOD and GPX enzymes in testicular tissue. Co-administration of Co-Q10 in MSG groups reduced lipid peroxidation, increased the activity of CAT, SOD and GPx enzymes. On the other hand, Co-Q10 significantly reduced MSG-induced histopathological changes in the testicular tissue of treated rats.

Co-Q10 supplementation can ameliorates MSG-induced testicular toxicity and reduce oxidative stress on testicular tissues.

Heavy metals such as lead have negative effects on different tissues of the body. The aim of this study was to evaluate the aqueous-ethanolic extract of parsley leaves (Petroselinum crispum) on the antioxidant content of glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and the expression of the Bak gene as an active gene in the apoptosis pathway in the liver tissue of adult male rats.

Rats were randomly divided into 6 groups of 10 including control, Sham, experimental1 (20 mg/kg lead acetate), experimental2 (200 mg/kg extract), experimental3 (20 mg/kg lead acetate and 100 mg/kg extract) and experimental4 (20 mg/kg lead acetate and 200 mg/kg extract) were divided. The length of the study period in all groups was 21 days. At the end of the study, blood samples were taken to measure GSH and GPX and liver tissue samples were taken to evaluate Bak gene by real time-PCR method.

Lead acetate decreased the antioxidant content of GSH and GPX in rats and in contrast increased the expression of Bak gene. Administering aqueous-ethanolic extract of parsley leaves in rats treated with lead acetate, increased the antioxidant content of GSH and GPX and decreased Bak gene expression.

Lead acetate has negative effects on liver tissue by reducing the antioxidant content and increasing the expression of apoptosis genes. However, it seems that the aqueous-ethanolic extract of parsley leaves with antioxidant effects can counteract the harmful effects of lead acetate and improve the antioxidant content and modulate the genes involved in the apoptosis of rat liver tissue.

The increasing use of methamphetamine, as a strong psychoactive drug, has caused severe concerns around the world. Abuse of glass or methamphetamine is considered a global problem for human health, especially in East and Southeast Asia as well as in North America due to its easy production and availability and cheap price. Methamphetamine increases the activity of the central nervous system and causes increased heart rate and blood pressure and even sudden death. Glass causes the discharge of dopamine terminals in the striatum, and in high doses, it also causes the discharge of serotonin terminals in the brain. Cognitive and movement disorders, attention, learning and memory, and brain damage are observed in glass users. Methamphetamine compounds in the central nervous system prevent the reabsorption of dopamine and other monoamine neurotransmitters and also facilitate the release of monoamine neurotransmitters into the synaptic spaces. Repeated use of methamphetamine drugs causes damage to dopaminergic and serotonergic nerve terminals in different parts of the brain. It leads to abnormalities such as anxiety, depression, and movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease. On the other hand, new evidence shows that addiction to narcotic drugs and amphetamines causes disruption in neurogenesis and weakens the function of neural stem cells/progenitors, and based on this, it has been claimed that this feature is one of the basic mechanisms of behavioral changes. In patients addicted to methamphetamine drugs. Therefore, it is possible to use stem cells/neural progenitors to reduce or treat the side effects caused by the use of methamphetamines. SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma cell lines from the stem cell category (SH-SY5Y) are derived from immature neoplastic neural crest cells that display the properties of stem cells. These cells are derived from the bone marrow, which consists of a triple-cloned subset of SK-N-SH cells, and are widely used for neurological studies, focusing on neurotoxicity, protecting the nervous system against Neuropathogenic agents. It destroys nerve tissue, and is also used to differentiate neuron-like cells into cholinergic, adrenergic or dopaminergic neurons and to express one or more nerve fiber proteins. These cells also express opioid, muscarinic, and neurodevelopmental receptors. The SH-SY5Y neuronal cell line is able to express different alleles in various conditions and turn into nerve cells in front of compounds such as retinoic acid and neurogenic factors derived from the brain. Therefore, according to the mentioned characteristics and also the high ability of SH-SY5Y cells in long-term proliferation (without contamination) of nerve cells and taking into account the high and increasing consumption of methamphetamine substances, especially among young people and adolescents, and the effects of neurotoxicity. These substances in nerve cells, this study was conducted with the aim of investigating the cytotoxicity effect of methamphetamine on the SH-SY5Y cell line.
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In this experimental study, SH-SY5Y cells were purchased from the Pasteur Institute of Iran and then incubated in DMEM medium with 10% fetal bovine serum, L-glutamine, penicillin, and streptomycin at 37 degrees and 5% CO2. After ensuring the multiplication of the cells and reaching the necessary density, the cells in the fourth passage, to the control and experimental groups treated with a dose of 0.6 mmol for 7 days (10 days after the cultivation of the cells) were divided and the growth of SH-SY5Y cells was calculated by flow Cytometry.

SH-SY5Y cells, 24 hours after being transferred to the cell culture flask, wholly adhered to the bottom of the flask and were initially spherical, and became spindle-shaped after 24 hours. The results of the cell counting test on days 1 to 7 showed a strong decrease in the growth of cells treated with methamphetamine compared to the control group.

The results of this study showed that SH-SY5Y cells were spindle-shaped in the culture medium, similar to fibroblast cells, and based on the results of cell counting, it was determined that methamphetamine probably has the effects of cytotoxicity and inhibition of growth in the SH- cell line. Methamphetamine leads to progressive neurological disorders, which can be due to the changes and damage in the brain tissue along with neuropsychiatric symptoms. Many other mechanisms have been proposed for methamphetamine-induced toxicity; including toxicity stimulation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and Neuroinflammation which is caused by Microgliosis, Astrogliosis, and cytokine induction and leads to apoptosis and neurotoxicity in the central nervous system. One of the strengths of this study is the time-dependent investigation of the growth of SH-SY5Y nerve cells in the presence of methamphetamine, and this test was repeated within 7 days, But it would have been better if this experiment was done in vivo (animal) and by injecting amphetamine into the animal, a behavioral test was taken from the animals and its effect on SH-SY5Y nerve cells was investigated.

In the use of face recognition systems, various fraud, such as the use of a mask and a photo of a genuine person, are two major problems that limit their applications. Studies have shown a number of methods for detecting fraud in face recognition, which are sometimes intrusive, enforcing the person to make a move in order to distinguish the real face from the fake one. The use of intrusive methods often leads to user dissatisfaction. In this article, we present a non-intrusive method using features such as light reflection or the presence of periodic noise to distinguish real images from the fake one. In this method, the edges and texture of the image are highlighted by a local binary pattern to better detect fraud. Then, by extracting the image feature using a deep learning technique with three layers of convolution, it will be able to distinguish between real and fake face images. This method is resistant to covering the eyes and face. In order to evaluate the proposed method, the CASIA dataset was used in this research. The results show 98% accuracy of the proposed method on this dataset. Among the existing methods, we see an increase in accuracy.

Autism disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder whose symptoms are mainly in the early months of life, especially between 12 and 24 months and in general, up to 3years of age, and due to severe and persistent deficiencies in communication and interactions. Social, communication skills, limited, inflexible, and repetitive patterns appear in behavior, activities, and interests, as well as cognitive and functional disorders.However, what has been studied so far has shown that mitochondria play an essential role in degenerative diseases, and its various effects are mainly through the cellular redox mode by mitochondria and through oxidation and reduction of NADH. H+ and NAD + are maintained; Are interconnected. Abnormal accumulation of oxygen/nitrogen reaction species and superoxide formation can lead to oxidative stress and their accumulation may damage cellular structures. Superoxide is also immediately converted to hydrogen peroxide by superoxide dismutase enzymes. The presence of hydrogen peroxide may be toxic to cells.The brain, on the other hand, is one of the main consumers of oxygen, and mitochondria are the largest source of energy for the normal functioning of brain cells, and as a result, large amounts of reactive oxygen species accumulate in several areas of the brain. However, at least in some cases, there are relatively weak protection mechanisms. Because of this, the brain may be very sensitive to attacks related to the accumulation of radicals. In addition, mitochondria play an important role in calcium homeostasis, signaling, and regulation of apoptosis.Also, growing nerve cells have a vital need for oxidative phosphorylation for important growth processes, and the immature brain is uniquely vulnerable to defects in bioenergy capacity; Thus, mitochondrial disorders may lead to a variety of developmental neurological disorders .In general, conducting such research is of particular importance, especially given the growing number of patients with autism spectrum disorders and the various challenges in the timely and accurate differential diagnosis of these disorders. In this regard, after reviewing the literature and the existing research background, it was found that so far in our country, no research has been conducted to evaluate the biomarkers of mitochondrial function in people with autism spectrum disorder.

To conduct the present applied research, among children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder in Tehran, among patients with nausea (51people), 10affected children and 10healthy children were randomly selected and divided into two experimental and control groups. Were divided. The required data were then used through demographic information questionnaires, history and medical records, Gilliam-2 Autism Rating Scale and laboratory kits. Finally, the data were analyzed using the rock curve.

The results presented in Table2 and the value of AUC= 0.890, it can be said that the ability to test or test creatine phosphokinase (CPKMB) in the diagnosis of ASD disorder is in the category or "good and close to excellent level." Also since the probability value is equal to 0.0032; It can be said that this result is significant and can be cited at the level of significance of five percent (and even one percent). Based on the findings, the number of cutting points is also equal to>24.0, which shows; Based on the diagnostic test (CPKMB), people with creatine phosphokinase levels greater than 24.0 units can be identified; He was considered a person with symptoms of autism. Individuals whose test scores are less than 24.0 are also identified as asymptomatic or healthy.Based on the information in Table3 and the value obtained for the curve surface (AUC= 1.000), it can be said that the ability of the Lactate test to diagnose this disorder is complete and "excellent" and shows that this test has a very good performance in the field. It is the correct identification and determination of healthy people with disorders. The numerical value of the cutting point is also equal to>21.5, which shows; Based on the Lactate diagnostic test, those whose lactate level is more than 21.5 units can be identified; Considered people with autism spectrum disorder. Those whose test results are less than 21.5 units are also considered healthy.Based on the data in Table4 and the value obtained for the subsurface (AUC= 0.790), it can be said that the ability of the Pyruvate test to diagnose ASD is "relatively good". Accordingly, since the probability value of Pvalue is equal to 0.0284, it can be saidthat this result is significant and can be cited at the level of significance of five percent and even one percent. The numerical value of the cut-off point for this experiment is equal to <0.865, which indicates; Based on the Pyruvate diagnostic test, people with a pyruvate score of less than 0.865 can be considered a person with ASD. Those for whom the number obtained is more than 0.865 units are also recognized as healthy. Based on the information in Table5 and the value obtained for the cut-off point (AUC= 0.970), it can be said that the ability of the L:P test to diagnose this disorder is "excellent" and efficient. Accordingly, at the significance level of five percent and one percent, since the probability value or Pvalue is equal to 0.0004; It can be said that this result is meaningful and worthy of citation. The numerical value of the cut-off point in this test is equal to>31.05, which shows; Based on the L:P diagnostic test, those with a lactate to pyruvate or L:P ratio greater than 31.05 can be considered as having symptoms of ASD. Those with an L: P score of less than 31.05 are also considered healthy. Based on the results of Table 6 and AUC = 0.765, it can be said that the ability of Creatinine test to diagnose autism spectrum disorder is in the category of "relatively good". Since the probability value P for this test (creatinine biomarker test) is 0.0452; It can be said that this result, at the level of significance of five percent, is significant and worthy of citation. Obviously, this result, at a significance level of one percent, is not worthy of citation and significance.

The studied biomarkers have high and very good diagnostic power and efficiency in the field of accurate and early assessment and diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders (especially in severity levels 2 and 3), and they can be used along with other diagnostic biomarkers, along with other measurement methods. Evaluated and diagnosed this disorder, and in the first three years of the child's development, as a golden and very sensitive and important period of diagnosis and treatment of autism, achieved a more accurate differential diagnosis and education, rehabilitation and treatment or improvement of symptoms at the most appropriate time. Possibly, he started and achieved better results in this regard.Also, according to the results of evaluation and measurement of biomarkers of mitochondrial function in each diagnosed individual, based on the new and valuable approach of "Molecular Psychology and Molecular Psychiatry", one of the new and appropriate methods for each individual (including individual or personal molecular medicine) to modify And used to improve mitochondrial dysfunction (for example, drug therapy to regulate serum levels of the aforementioned molecules in the patient to a normal level and reduce related symptoms), and finally, to reduce the symptoms and relative treatment of the person with autism.

There is an increasing demand for nondairy probiotic food due to the constraints associated with dairy probiotics. In this study, symbiotic drink was prepared from a mixture of mung bean, and rye sprouts inoculated with 1.38 * 108 CFU.ml-1 of Lactobacillus plantarum, and a Lactobacillus casei. In this regard, the effect of added prebiotics (inulin and oligofructose), and starter culture investigated on the probiotic viability during cold storage Furthermore, titrable acidity, pH, phenolic content, antioxidant activity and sensory attributes were assessed during 28 days. Resultant product showed good viability for L. casei (107 CFU.ml-1), and L. plantarum (106 CFU.ml-1) after 4 weeks under refrigerated conditions without any comprise in the quality. Prebiotics added to beverage resulted in the significant decrease in phenolic content (p < 0.05), probably because of the interaction between dietary fibers and phenolic compounds. Oligofructose and inulin improved the sensory scores. Treatments containing both probiotics and prebiotics showed the highest sensory scores during storage (p <0.05). This drink could be a nutritious alternative to the existing lactose-intolerant and protein allergic, dairy-based beverages.

By aiming at determining the level of social capital and attitude towards the social development among Arak citizens, the present research analyzes the social capital effects on the social attitude towards the level of social development of Arak metropolis from sociological point of view.The survey method was used for the research. The statistical population were citizens living in Arak metropolis. The sample volume was assessed to be 384 citizens based on Cochran formula and zooning by cluster sampling. Data gathering tools were questionnaire and interview with the citizens. The research results showed that social capital and all its aspects have significant relationships with social development level. The results of the regression analysis showed that four dimensions of social capital have significant effects on the variable of social development level but social relationships dimension has not a significant effect on this variable. Among them, social awareness and social cohesion dimensions have the most and the least effects on explaining the dependent variable, respectively. Independent variable score used in explaining dependent variable variance (social development level) was 45%. Therefore, the research findings confirm the theoretical framework and they are fitted with it.

Depression is now a common chronic illness in most communities all over the world that may disrupt normal functioning, cause depressive thoughts, and negatively affect the quality of life (QoL). The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on quality of life (QoL), depression and cortisol levels in people with depression. Thirty women with depression were selected voluntarily and randomly assigned to experimental (n = 15) and control (n = 15) groups. For the experimental group, treatment sessions were held for eight 90-minute sessions per week and the control group did not receive any treatment. To measure the variables, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II and SF36 Quality of Life Questionnaire) was used twice (before and after treatment) and to measure cortisol levels, blood samples were taken between 8 and 10 am before the onset of first and last treatment sessions and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was employed to analyze the data. The results showed that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in the pretest-posttest phase reduced depression and cortisol rate from 23.87 and 14.48 to 10.13 and 11.95, respectively and increased quality of life from 32.90 to 83.52 in the experimental group (p < 0.001). Based on the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy can improve the mental status and quality of life of patients with depression.

Trimethyltin (TMT) intoxication with hippocampal degeneration induces the production of dark neurons in different areas of the hippocampus. The present study assessed the effect of Gallic acid (GA) on working memory, avoidance memory, and the density of dark neurons in the CA1/CA3 regions of the rat hippocampus following TMT intoxication. In this study, 32 adult male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups including control, TMT+NS, TMT+GA100, and TMT+GA200. GA at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg per body weight was administered orally 24 hours after TMT injection (8 mg/kg). The Y-maze was used to assess the working memory and the shuttle box was used to measure avoidance memory. The density of dark neurons in CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus was then assessed by dissector method. Moreover, in order to determine the existence of significant differences between the groups, one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test were used and p <0.05 was considered statistically significant. There was a significant decrease in the percentage of alteration behavior, delay in entering the dark room of shuttle box, along with an increased density of dark neurons in the TMT+NS group compared to the control group (p<0.001). While, administration of GA ameliorated the working and avoidance memory and reduced the density of CA1/CA3 dark neurons in the hippocampus compared to TMT+NS group (p˂0.001). GA administration appears to improve cognitive symptoms following TMT intoxication by reducing neuronal damage to CA1/CA3 areas of the hippocampus..

Nowadays, by converting the cheap and commercial low-valued fish into value-added products such as fish sausages, as well as the application of novel ohmic heating method to cook more uniform, faster compared to other thermal severe methods and with minimal processing can play an important role in producing a safe and nutritious product. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate some microbial and chemical characteristics of (Saurida tumbil) greater lizardfish sausage heated by emerging ohmic heating method and formulation optimization was performed by response surface methodology -central composite design (RSM-CCD) by considering KCl (0.7- 2.3 %), Soy Oil ( 4-14 %) and Isolated Soy Protein (0.2-1.8%). Optimization of 20 fish sausage formulation produced by ohmic heating was done by response surface methodology using Design Expert software version 11 and the relationship between the independent variables and the five responses was investigated. KCl has been shown an inhibitory effect on samples total plate count level. The interaction effect of soybean oil and soy protein isolate had a significant effect on pH changes. Increasing soybean oil percentage caused a little increase and subsequently reduction of pH and increasing soy protein isolate led to a significant decrease in pH. Furthermore, higher amount of KCl and soy protein isolate reduced the amount of cooking loss. In addition increase of soy bean oil percentage caused reduction and increase of soy protein isolate lead to increase of water holding capacity. Based on the results of formulation optimization in fish sausages with formulations containing 2% potassium chloride, 6% soybean oil and 1.5% soy protein isolate can increase water holding capacity, the lowest microbial load and the lowest peroxide value, cooking loss and optimized pH.