فهرست مطالب سید ابراهیم صادقی

Septorhinoplasty surgery is one of the most well-known cosmetic surgeries among ear, nose and throat surgeries. Postoperative pain is still one of the most important factors affecting patient satisfaction. These symptoms can be uncomfortable for the patient. The purpose of this study is to compare the intraoperative administration of ketorolac and morphine in controlling postoperative pain in septorhinoplasty patients.

The present study is a double-blind randomized clinical trial that was conducted during a six-month period from March 2022 to August 2022 in 180 patients referred to the operating room of Motahari Hospital in Jahrom city who underwent septorhinoplasty surgery. Patients were randomly divided into three groups of morphine 6 mg and ketorolac with doses of 30 and 60 mg. Information collection tools include; Age, gender and pain level after surgery. Pain intensity was measured by pain measurement scale (VAS). Data analysis was done using spss version 21 and descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistical test (Fisher).

In terms of gender, 67.22% of the participants were male and 32.77% were female. The distribution of the number of men and women in the study groups was not significantly different (P=0.80). There was no significant difference between the study groups in terms of age (P=0.14). In terms of felt pain, Fisher's statistical test showed that more people in the ketorolac 30 mg group had felt pain than the other two groups, which was statistically significant (P=0.003).

Due to the importance of reducing the pain of patients after surgery and minimizing the side effects of surgery, it is possible to use Ketorolac at a dose of 60 mg during septorhinoplasty surgery to control pain due to the lower side effects of Ketorolac compared to morphine Used after surgery.

Seed-eater eurytomids of the genus Bruchophagus Ashmead, 1988 were collected from Ardabil and Qazvin provinces in northwest Iran. Various host plants were collected and their seeds were kept in laboratory conditions from 2007 to 2012. Scope of this paper focused on the Bruchophagus species reared from seeds of Astragalus brachydontus Boiss (Fabaceae). We obtained six species of Bruchophagus including B. astragali Fedoseeva. They were B. saxatilis Zerova; B. mutabilis Nikolaskaya; B. nikolskayae (Zerova); B. turkestanicus Zerova, and B. robiniae Zerova. Of which, Bruchophagus saxatilis Zerova, is a new record for the Iranian fauna. New host associations were found for all collected species and it seems a complex biological association that was recorded for the first time. Currently, 11 species of Bruchophagus are occurred inassociated with seeds of A. brachydontus. All previously known species of the genus Bruchophagus in Iran are also tabulated.

A new species of oak gall wasp, Andricus pseudocecconii Melika, Tavakoli & Stone, sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini) is described. Descriptions, diagnoses, biology, and host associations for the new species are given. The new taxon is supported by morphological and molecular data.

Nausea and vomiting after surgery is a relatively common complication that despite advances in prevention and treatment is still the most problematic side effect observed in the recovery room and after surgery. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of adding dexmedetomidine and fentanyl to bupivacaine on nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing orthopedic lower extremity surgery with spinal anesthesia.

This randomized double-blind clinical trial study was performed on 40 patients aged 18 to 50 years with anesthesia classes (ASA I, II) who were candidates for lower limb orthopedic surgery (femur). Patients were randomly divided into two groups: 1: (12.5 mg bupivacaine (2.5 ccs) and 10 mg fentanyl) and group 2: (12.5 μg bupivacaine and 5 μg dexmedetomidine). At recovery times, 6, 12, and 24 hours after surgery; Patients' nausea and vomiting were assessed.

The results of the Chi-square test showed that there was a significant difference between the groups of bupivacaine-dexmedetomidine and bupivacaine-fentanyl in terms of nausea and vomiting only 6 hours after surgery (P=0.034). At 6 hours postoperatively, the frequency of nausea and vomiting in patients in the bupivacaine-fentanyl group (50%) was higher than in the bupivacaine-dexmedetomidine group (25%).

Although in most minutes of the study, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of vomiting nausea, at 6 hours after surgery, there was a significant difference between the bupivacaine-dexmedetomidine and bupivacaine-fentanyl groups in terms of nausea. In addition to its analgesic effects, dexmedetomidine appears to prevent nausea and vomiting in patients after surgery.

The COVID-19 epidemic has severely affected the life of people around the world. Periods of stress and psychological distress caused by this pandemic can affect a woman's menstrual cycle. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on women's reproductive health. This narrative review was performed with aim to evaluate the effect of coronavirus on different aspects of each part of this axis and its relationship with women's health considering hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis.

In this narrative review study, the databases of Pubmed, Scopus, and Embase were searched using the keywords of "Female Reproductive System", "Hypothalamus", "Pituitary" and "Ovary" with the keywords of "COVID-19" and "SARS-COV-2" with a time limit from 2020 onwards. Then, the studies were summarized conceptually and the findings were categorized and interpreted in terms of the effect of coronavirus on the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovary.

The potential neuronal invasion by the coronavirus could had led to its direct effect from the beginning to the end of this axis. Although more studies have examined the effect of COVID-19 on the regulation of sex hormones in women with COVID-19, most studies on the hypothalamic and pituitary axis have been based on genetic simulations.

Coronavirus can have a wide impact on all organs involved in the female reproductive system. Over time, our understanding of the possible effects of this disease on female fertility will increase.

Nausea and vomiting are common complaints of women in the first half of pregnancy. Several pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods have been suggested to prevent nausea and vomiting. Since pharmacological treatments are associated with side effects, this study was performed with aim to investigate non-pharmacological methods of controlling nausea and vomiting during pregnancy in Iran.

In this narrative or narrative review study, all the articles published in domestic Persian language journals were searched using the databases of SID, Magiran and Google Scholar search engines, and the use of Persian keywords of non-pharmacological methods, nausea, vomiting and pregnancy and a combination of these keywords between 2001 and 2021. In this study, only original and clinical trial studies were reviewed.

Among the searched 679 articles, 28 related articles which had all the information in the designed checklist were included in the study. Based on the results, several non-pharmacological methods including use of acupressure, Benson relaxation training, progressive muscle relaxation, Ottawa Nutrition Guide, Solar Soil Reflexology, Lemon Aromatherapy, Psychological counseling with a couple therapy approach, Family-centered Counseling, Telephone Support, and herbal remedies such as ginger, chamomile and cardamom were effective in treating pregnancy nausea and vomiting.

The present study showed good evidence for the effectiveness and safety of all methods used in the studies. It seems that all non-pharmacological methods of nausea and vomiting such as acupressure can be used as very easy methods in the treatment of pregnant women; however, the present study was not able to evaluate the preference of the proposed methods that health care providers can choose from the methods supported by previous evidence from clinical trial studies according to the available facilities and patient preferences.

Spinal anesthesia is the most common method of analgesia for elective cesarean section. Postoperative nausea and vomiting is one of the most common complaints of patients in cesarean section under spinal anesthesia, so this study was performed with aim to investigate the role of drugs in controlling nausea and vomiting in women undergoing cesarean section with spinal anesthesia.

In this narrative review study, to find the related articles, databases of SID, Magiran, and Google Scholar were searched with the keywords of spinal anesthesia, nausea, vomiting, and cesarean section. The time period for searching articles was from 2001 to 2021.

Different studies have used different medications to prevent nausea and vomiting after cesarean section. Nausea and vomiting after spinal anesthesia has been the specific goal of many studies with clinical trial design. The performed interventions in this regard included: use of drugs such as Dexamethasone, Ketamine, Lidocaine, Ondansetron, Metoclopramide, Granistron, Propofol, Gabapentin and Midazolam.

Although the anti-nausea and anti-emetic effect of ketamine has been approved in the studies, it is best not to be the first choice of an anesthesiologist because of the effects of hallucinations and nystagmus and the fact that it may delay breastfeeding. Propofol has also been shown to have anti-nausea and anti-emetic effects, but we must be careful about the effects of the patient's respiratory depression. Dexamethasone has a delaying effect on nausea and vomiting, so it may not be a good choice for an anesthesiologist. 5-HT3 receptor antagonists (ondansetron and granisetron) seem to be the best choice for first-line treatment of nausea and vomiting. Because these drugs do not have the extrapyramidal side effects of metoclopyramide and can be used as appropriate drugs for nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing cesarean section with spinal anesthesia.

Prevention and control of maternal shivering during spinal anesthesia for cesarean section is very important in the appropriate outcomes of surgery; however, choosing the appropriate drug for this issue should be associated with few side effects for mother and baby. Therefore, this study was performed with aim to evaluate the drugs used to control shivering in women under spinal anesthesia.

In this narrative review study, to find the related studies, computer search was performed in databases of SID, Magiran and Google Scholar with Persian keywords of spinal anesthesia, shivering and cesarean section. In the initial stage of searching, 364 studies were reviewed and 341 studies were deleted due to not being related to the subject. Finally, 13 studies were used to write this study.

In reviewing the research background, different studies had used different drugs to prevent shivering after cesarean section. Shivering after spinal anesthesia has been the specific goal of many studies with clinical trial design. Performed interventions in this regard included: intrathecal or intravenous injection of drugs such as magnesium sulfate, hydrocortisone, dexamethasone, ondansetron, ketamine, midazolam, ketamine with midazolam. Opioid drugs such as fentanyl, tramadol, and pethidine have also been reviewed in some studies.

Based on various studies, pethidine with unknown and possible mechanism of μ receptors seems to be the best drug in control of Shivering in cesarean section.

Postoperative nausea and vomiting are common and uncomfortable postoperative complications. Different pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods can be used to reduce or control nausea and vomiting after cholecystectomy. The present study investigates the effectiveness of pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods in reducing or controlling nausea and vomiting in cholecystectomy.

In this narrative and systematic review, to find articles in Persian language, SID and Magiran databases, and Google Scholar search engine, from 2000 to 2020, were searched by 2 authors, separately, using Persian keywords equal to cholecystectomy, nausea, and vomiting. Information of the selected articles including: first author, year of publication of the article, title of the study, sample size, drug used, tools studied, and finally, patients’ outcomes were recorded in the data extraction form. The quality of the reviewed articles was evaluated using a checklist related to clinical trial studies.

In the initial stage of searching for articles, 558 studies were reviewed. The researchers then reviewed the articles found and 544 studies were eliminated due to not being relevant to the subject under study, duplication, and lack of access to the complete article. Finally, 14 studies were used to write this study. Among the studied articles, metoclopramide was evaluated in 7 studies, ondansetron in 6 studies, dexamethasone in 6 studies, gabapentin in 2 studies, and intraperitoneal bupivacaine, propofol, promethazine, ginger, acupressure, and intravenous crystalloid were examined in one study each.

The results of the present study showed that among the pharmacological methods to control nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing cholecystectomy, the first choice of anesthesiologist can be ondansetron. Also, in non-pharmacological methods, acupressure and ginger can both reduce nausea and vomiting after surgery.

Regional anesthesia is the method of choice in cesarean section. Intravenous sleeping pills used to induce anesthesia quickly cross the placenta and cause fetal respiration depression. This study was performed with aim to compare the low dose of propofol with midazolam on the maternal hemodynamics symptoms and neonatal Apgar in women undergoing spinal anesthesia in cesarean section.

In this double-blind randomized clinical trial study which was performed in Jahrom in 2013, 42 patients with anesthesia classes I and II underwent spinal anesthesia and were placed in two equal groups of injection of propofol 20 mg and midazolam 1.5 mg along with spinal anesthesia. Symptoms of maternal hemodynamics were measured at 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 30, and 60 minutes after spinal anesthesia and neonatal apgar at 1 and 5 minutes after birth. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 21) and Mann-Whitney test. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

There was no significant difference between midazolam and propofol groups in terms of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, Blood O2 saturation, and hear rate at different times and neonatal Apgar (P> 0.05).

Considering the results of the study and no difference between the two groups in terms of neonatal Apgar and fluctuations of maternal hemodynamic variables, it can be concluded that under normal conditions, low doses of propofol and midazolam for cesarean section clinically have no significant difference on neonatal Apgar and hemodynamic variables; both drugs can be used depending on the condition and experience of the anesthesiologist.

Various drugs are used as adjuvants for various purposes such as increasing analgesia, reducing analgesic complications and generally improving the quality of anesthesia with topical anesthetics. The use of alpha-2 agonists has recently been considered. One of these drugs is dexmedetomidine, which has been studied recently. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine as an adjunct to bupivacaine in spinal anesthesia in femoral fracture orthopedic surgery.

This double-blind randomized clinical trial study was performed on 60 patients 18-50 years old with Class I and II anesthesia who were candidates for tibia and femur orthopedic fracture surgery. Patients were randomly divided into two groups of intervention: 12.5 mg bupivacaine (2.5 cc) and 5 µg dexmedomidine (0.5 ml) and control group: 12.5 mg bupivacaine and 0.5 ml normal saline. Systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure and pulse counts were recorded before spinal anesthesia, after anesthesia and then every 15 minutes until surgery and at recovery time. At 2, 8, 4, 12, and 24 hours postoperatively, patients were evaluated for pain, opioid administration during the first 24 hours, and the time of first analgesic administration.

There was a significant difference between the bupivacaine-normal saline and bupivacaine- dexmedetomidine groups in terms of systolic and diastolic blood pressure at 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes during surgery (P<0.05). There was a significant difference in the frequency of pain between the Bupivacaine-Normal Saline and Bupivacaine- dexmedetomidine groups at 4, 8 and 24 hours postoperatively (P<0.05).

The results of this study showed that addition of 5 μg dexmedetomidine to bupivacaine in spinal anesthesia method prolonged analgesia time, decreased pain intensity, decreased postoperative opiate requirement. Conspicoiusly, there was no risk of respiratory suppression even at higher doses than other medicines used. Conclusively, dexamethasone seems to be an appropriate supplement to be added to bupivacaine to reduce postoperative pain.

Anxiety are considered as survivors based on their new hair or new nasal nose and their aim is to study and evaluate them. Preoperative anxiety was measured in hospitalized patients in Peymanieh Hospital in Jahrom in year 2019.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 209 hospitalized patients in Peymanieh Hospital of Jahrom in 2019. Data gathering tool was Spielberg's demographic information and anxiety questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical tests.

Mean trait anxiety was 44.96 ± 7.75 and mean state anxiety was 44.54 ± 8.17. There was a significant relationship between preoperative anxiety and age and marital status. There was no significant difference between mean trait anxiety and men and women (P = 0.391, P = .492). But there was a significant difference between the average trait anxiety and single and married individuals (P = 0.006, P = 0.024).

The results of this study showed that pre-operative anxiety is not different in men and women, but it is more in single men than married people. Therefore, it is recommended to use various methods to educate patients and identify a well-designed educational program to eliminate the effective factors on anxiety.

Children become irritable, restless, and excited in response to excruciating pain. Most children anticipate the pain caused by the injection and are prevented from doing so by non-adaptive anxious behaviors prior to the injection, so the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different methods of thinking on the pain caused by venous thrombosis. In children 6-3 years old.

This quasi-experimental study was performed on 110 children admitted to the pediatric ward of Peymaniyeh Hospital in Jahrom city by available and random sampling method. The data collection tools in this study included three demographic information questionnaires, children's behavioral pain scale and numerical pain measurement scale. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 21 and descriptive and inferential statistical tests.

Comparison of research groups in terms of scale of behavioral pain analysis using test Mann Whitney showed that there was a significant difference between all groups of musical balls, inflating balloons, in the mother's arms, the musical ball + the mother's arms, and controlling (p-value <0.05). The "control" group had the highest and the "musical ball + mother embrace" group had the lowest average pain behavior and pain measurement.  

Implementing a mindfulness program has reduced the pain caused by sprains in children. Therefore, it is possible to reduce the effects of destructive and stressful procedures in children who experience a lot of pain during painful procedures when diagnosing, treating and controlling their disease with various deviant methods.

Seventeen species of three genera, Bruchophagus Ashmead, 1888; Eurytoma Illiger, 1807 and Systole Walker, 1832 (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) were reared from 25 plant species collected in rangelands of Qom province in Iran during 2011–2017. Their host plants belong to 4 families: Asteracae, Apiaceae, Fabaceae and Lamiaceae. Six species, Bruchophagus desertus Zerova, 1994; B. hippocrepidis Zerova, 1969; B. parvulus Zerova, 1994; B. platypterus (Walker, 1834); Eurytoma dentate Mayr, 1878 and Systole prangicola Zerova, 1972 are first recorded from Iran. These species were obtained from 25 host plant species among which 6 (i.e. Bruchophagus desertus on Astragalus vanillae; B. parvulus on Trigonella monantha; Systole albipennis on Ferula gumosa, F. ovina and S. prangicola on Prangos acaulis, P. ferulacea seeds) are new host plants for these eurytomid species. Results of this study can be served for providing health seeds for plant regeneration in the rangelands of Iran.

Sleep is one of our most important physical needs and also necessary for maintaining health. Sleeping is considered a healing mechanism that aids in rebuilding a person's physical and mental well-being. Thus this study was conducted to determine the factors impairing the quality of sleep in the patients hospitalized in Jahrom in 2018.

 This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 131 patients hospitalized in designated wards at the time of gathering the information using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire. The data gathered were then put into SPSS software version 21 and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.

Results showed 74.8% of patients in the study had poor sleep and men’s quality of sleep on average had a lower and better score than women. Among the demographical variables that determine the quality of sleep, gender and employment status had a direct relation with the quality of sleep in the patients (p

This study was intended to identify seed feeding insects and to investigate their biodiversity on Fabaceae rangeland plants in North Khorasan during 2015-2016. Therefore, sampling was carried out with collecting legum seeds as weekly from April to September each year and biodiversity indices were calculated using SDR software. In this study, 25 seed feeding insects were identified that belonged to the Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Heteroptera orders. Among 4421 seed feeding insects, the highest numbers belonged to Astragalus suluklensis Frey& Sint with 593 specimens (10 species), A. macropelantus Boiss with 303 (7 species) and A. iranicus Bung with 513 (4 Species), respectively. Species of Bruchophagus mutabilis Nikolskaya, 1952; B. astragalus Fedoseev, 1954; and Bruchidius virgatus Fahraeus, 1839; were the most abundant among seed feeding insects with relative abundance od 35.35, 9.58 and 7.05 percent, respectively. The diversity index indicated that Sissab area and Sargil protected park, had the highest diversity among diverse species and Jajarm and Golestan National Park were the least diverse species. On the other hand, the altitudes of 1200 to 1800 meters had more diversity than other elevations. Among the seed feeding insects, B. mutabilis and B. astragali, with 80% damage, B. dahuricus Zerova with 45% damage, Bruchidus virgatus, Fahraeus, B. lukjanovistsci B. lukjanovistsci (Ter-Minassian, 1969) and B. astragali (Boheman, 1829) with up to 60% of damage and Etiella zinckenella Treitschke with up to 90% damage have been identified as the most destructive insect pests.

Several species of the genus Bruchophagus Ashmaed, 1888 (Hym.: Chalcidoidea, Eurytomidae) feed on seeds of pasture and medical plants and cause damage to these plants in rangelands. During 2011-2017, seeds of different plant families (Asteracae, Apiaceae, Campanulaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Ephedraceae, Fabaceae (Leguminosae), Lamiaceae, Scrophulariaceae and Zygophyllaceae) were collected from rangelands of Qom province, central Iran. Emerged wasps from seeds were collected and identified. These species were obtained from 15 host plant species among which 10 are new host plants for these Bruchophagous species. Plants that appear as new reports are marked with an asterisk: B. astragali Fedoseeva, 1954: *Astragalus compylorrhynchus Fisch. & C. Mey., *A. brachyodontus L., *A. iranicus Bunge, *A. oxyglottis Bunge; B. dahuricus Zerova, 1992: Dorema ammoniacum (D. Don.); B. gibbus (Boheman, 1836): Trifolium pratense L., D. ammoniacum (D. Don.); B. kononovae Zerova, 1994: *A. brachyodontus L., *A. compylorrhynchus Fisch & C. Mey.; B. medicaginis Zerova, 1992: *Medicago lupulina L., *M. sativa L.; B. mutabilis Nikolskaja, 1952: *A. oxyglottis Bunge; B. roddi Gussakovsky, 1933: M. sativa L.; B. trigonellae Zerova, 1970: *Trigonella monantha Boiss & Hohen; B. turkestanicus Zerova, 1994: D. ammoniacum (D. Don.).

The genus Bruchophagus Ashmead, 1888 (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) has a worldwide distribution. These small wasps are seed eater of rangelands plants, therefore they are considered as one of the main pests for rangelands. This study was conducted to identify the fauna of this genus in some parts of East-Azarbaijan, Iran. In total, 13 species from different localities have been collected and identified. The identified species include: B. astragali Fedoseeva, 1954; B. bajariae                  (Erdös, 1957); B. colutea (Bouček, 1954); B. evolans Szelényi, 1961; B. gibbus (Boheman, 1836); B. kononovae Zerova, 1994; B. turkestanicus Zerova, 1994; B. macronycis Fedoseeva, 1956; B. mutabilis Nikolskaja, 1952; B. nikolskayae (Zerova, 1968); B. parvulus Zerova, 1994; B. ponticus Zerova, 1994 and B. trigonellae Zerova, 1970. Of which, four species have been reported for the first time in Iran including B. coluteae, B. macronycis, B. parvulus and B. ponticus. Host plants of all collected species were listed and finally a checklist of known species of the genus Bruchophagusin Iranwas presented.

Ladybirds as principle predators of aphids, scales, psylles, mites and egg of pests are an important group to study on polymorphism. H. vareigata ladybird was introduced as polymorphic species. In this research, polymorphism of this coccinellid in two differents weather conditions of Shahrood and Bastam regions was determined. Samplying was carried weekly in spring and summer in 1394 year. Samples were collected from different plants such as fruit ornamental and forest trees, farms, brushwood and patch. Samples were collected by net-trap and white-tray. After transferring to the laboratory, they were placed in glass with alcohol 75%. Identification was conducted based on general morphological characters as well as of male genitalia. Different morphs were identified based on morphological characteristics including body size, color, pattern and spots numbers on dorsal surface of the elytra and pronotum. 26 morphs with great variation of pattern. was identified of H. vareigata in which. placed in 5 groups. 2 and 22 morphs had the highest abundance among the other morphs. result showed that abundance and diversity of morphs was higher in Bastam than those in ShahroodIdentification of morphs of H. variegata is carried in the Shahrood and Bastam regions for the first time and could be effect for next researches in relation to better usage of this coccinellid in biologic control programs.

Polymorphism occurs in Adalia bipunctata (Linnaeus) and A. dcempunctata (Linnaeus). These ladybirds play important role in biological control programs of insect pests particularly aphids affecting ornamental and forest plants. In order to study polymorphism as well as dispersion in terms of host plants, intensive sampling procedures was conducted in two different climates of Shahrood and Bastam regions during 2015. White-tray and net traps were used to collect the beetles. After transferring to the laboratory, specimens were placed in glass gars with 75% ethanol. Identification was conducted based on general morphological characters as well as of their genitalia. Different morphs were identified based on morphological characteristics including color, size, pattern and number of spots on dorsal surface of the elytra and pronotum. In sum, 26 different morphs of the genus Adalia were identified. Adalia bipunctata (Linnaeus) and A. dcempunctata (Linnaeus).are second and forth compare to other species in terms of their abundances on ornamental and forest host plants( with a frequency of 27%. and 15%, respectively).

Since the amount of bleeding during surgery has significant effects on the result of rhino plastic surgery, then all of the actions which cause reduction in bleeding are very useful and important. This study is done to compare two different ways of causing controlled hypotension during rhino plastic surgery.
In this randomized clinical trial, 80 patients with ASA class one and two who were candidate for rhinoplasty, has been studied. These patients were randomly divided into two groups of forty individuals. In group A, single dose of Hydralazine and propranolol , and in group B remifentanil were used as maintenance medication. Surgeon satisfaction during surgery, patient's blood pressure and heart rate during surgery were recorded. The result of data analysis by software SPSS is shown.
Context variables, surgery and anaesthiology features were equal in both groups. Surgeon satisfaction of operation field was higher in remifentanil group( p-value less than 0.001). Mean duration of surgery was higher in remifentanil group. Heart rate in two groups didnt have significant difference.(p-value 0.156). Blood pressure was significantly reduced in remifentanil group .(p-value 0.036).
Discussion and Generally, based on the results concluded that anesthesia by remifentanil Infusion prescription can reduce blood loss and increases surgeon satisfaction during rhinoplasty surgery, this is significantly more effective than a Single Dose Intravenous Hydralazine and Propranolol.

The Family Apionidae economically important beetles, which feed on the seed of various rangland plants. This report is part of survey conducted during 2009-2012 to identify the seed - eating pests of Astragalus sp. Rangland plants in the Fars province of Iran. The Apionid species prapion hydrolapathi Marsham, 1802 was collected on plant, Astragalus camptoceras (Bunge.), and is first recorded from Iran.

This report is part of a national project for gathering and classifying the arthropod seed feeders in different provinces of Iran between 2008–2014. In this paper, nineteen host species with their areas of distribution are presented for twelve species of seed beetles (Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae). Most of the identified host plants (84%) belong to the family Fabaceae (Leguminosae). In addition, all known hosts for these beetles are discussed. The identified species in this study were confirmed by Dr. Alex Delobel in the Natural history Museum of Paris. The studied material is deposited in the arthropod collection of Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands.

During the study of seed predator insects of milkvetchs (Astragalus species) in East-Azarbaijan province rangelands (In the summer of 2010), some specimens of infected seeds were collected on Astragalus onobrychis L. and A. aureus Wild (Fabaceae) from Horand (altitude 1300 m) and Sahand ski resort (altitude 2400 m) rangelands, respectively. Rearing was made in the entomological laboratory (24°C and 65% humidity) which led to the emergence of a seed weevil species of the family Apionidae. The emerged beetles were preserved in ethanol 75% and prepared for identification. The specimens were identified as Ischnopterapion subglabrum (Desbrochers) by Karel Schone in Czech Republic. This species belongs to the superfamily Curculionoidea, family Apionidae, subfamily Apioninae, tribe Oxystomatini (1, 4) and according to available sources, is new record for Iranian fauna. Specimens deposited in the insect collection of Research Center of Agriculture and Natural Resources of East-Azarbaijan Province, and Research Institute of Forests and Rangelandes, Tehran, Iran. Previously, only the species M. insidiosuom was reported from Iran, that the changes made in the taxonomy of Apioninae, its scientific name will be Ischnopterapion insidiosuom. Other areas of distribution of I. insidiosuom, CIS countries and Syria have been reported. So far, about 15 species of the genus Ischnopterapion have been introduced from the Palearctic region that many of them have been reported in European countries, but given the several synonym names and some taxonomic difficulties in some genera of the family Apionidae, in relation to the number of introduced species in this family cannot be expressed in terms of decisive (2, 3). Ischnopterapion subglabrum so far has been reported from southern parts of central Europe and some countries in the Levant region including Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and Palestine (3). This species is mostly seed predator of leguminous plants.Morphological characteristics of I. subglabrum were as the following items: Most parts of the body metallic green. Compound eyes, antennae and tarsi brown. Rostrum elongated and tubular, 1.4-1.7 times as long as pronotum, in males slightly wider at the base of the antennae. Antennae longer and narrower. Pronotum usually not narrowing based and apical, coarsely punctate. Elytra widened behind middle. White hairs present over the inner surface of pygidial apex.

A faunistic study on the tribes Tychiini and Mecinini (Curculionidae, Curculioninae) was carried out during the years 2010-2013 in different ecological regions of Iran. Twenty nine species belonging to the genera Mecinus Germar, 1821, Gymnetron Schoenherr, 1825, Rhinusa Stephens, 1829, Cleopomiarus Pierce, 1919, Tychius Germar, 1817 and Sibinia Germar, 1817 were collected. Localities and ecological notes on each species are provided. Among these, The following 11 species are new to the Iranian fauna: Mecinus crassifemur (Arzanov, 1991), Mecinus simus (Mulsant & Rey, 1859), Gymnetron linkei Reitter, 1907, Rhinusa antirrhini (Paykull, 1800), Rhinusa brondelii (H. Brisout de Barneville, 1862), Rhinusa florum (Rübsaamen, 1895), Tychius reitteri Faust, 1889, Tychius tridentinus Penecke, 1922, Sibinia aureofulva (Desbrochers des Loges, 1875), Sibinia pellucens (Scopoli, 1772), Sibinia unicolor Fảhraeus, 1843, whereas all other 18 species are new for one or more provinces. Host plants of several species reported for the first time and commented as well.