سید اسماعیل رضوی

Potato Virus Y is one of the most important damaging and limiting factors of potato cultivation. Plants cope with harmful conditions by regulating the expressions of genes at different levels including transcription, post-transcription and translation, using stress tolerance or resistance mechanisms. Therefore, regulatory factors play a very important role in gene expression regulation under stress conditions. Long non-coding RNAs are one of the most important regulatory elements of genes. The present study was conducted with the aim of identifying lncRNAs and investigation of their expression changes in PVY infected potato plants.

In this research CLC Genimic Workbench software was used for data analysis. After identifying lncRNAs, the genes affected by them were also analyzed. Then, Gene Ontology enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis were performed using STRING analysis and finally, the interactions between the identified lncRNAs and potato miRNAs were investigated.

According to the obtained results, a total of 3742 sequences were identified as novel lncRNAs in PVY infected potato transcriptome, of which 769 were differentially expressed. So that 310 lncRNAs were down-regulated and 459 were up-regulated in potato in response to PVY infection. Gene Ontology analysis of co-expressed genes with identified lncRNAs show the vital role of these genes in various biological processes, biosynthesis of cellular components, protein complex formation and signal transduction. Also, genes involved in biological processes related to creating defense response against stress, hypersensitive reaction, trehalose metabolism, antiviral responses related to RNA silencing and signaling pathways to induce systemic resistance, were co-expressed with identified lncRNAs in this study. The results of co-expression network between lncRNAs and miRNAs showed interactions between 56 lncRNAs and 5 miRNAs. The most interaction was observed between lncRNAs with stumiR6024-3p.

Considering the interactions between examined lncRNAs and the genes involved in defense responses against stress, it is concluded that the expression changes of these lncRNAs are an important part of the response mechanism to viral disease. The obtained results can be a step towards a better understanding of lncRNAs and their function in the development of PVY tolerance and resistance cultivars.

Scab disease caused by Venturia inaequalis is the most important diseases of apple in the world which causes serious damage, especially in areas with wet and moderate weather. In order to investigate the effect of fungicides on the time progression curve of apple scab disease in North Khorasan province, the experiment was conducted in the form of Randomized Complete Block Design with eight treatments and eight replications in Bojnord city. With the appearance of disease symptoms, samples were taken in a regular schedule every week until the disease progression was reduced in the control.  Disease Incidence and severity percentage of the disease in each tree were determined and statically analyzed. Using linear regression, disease progression curves were fitted with six growth models as conventional models including linear, exponential, monomolecular, logistic, log-logistic and Gompertz linearized. The results showed that the progression curves changes from the Gompertz model in the control samples by using of fungicides according to the efficiency of each treatment to the log-logistic model and finally to the monomolecular model.

Rice is one of the most important grains in the world and large part of its consumption is related to Middle East. Iran ranks 23rd in production, 26th in cultivation, and 13th in rice consumption with nearly 560,000-hectare rice lands and an annual production of nearly 2.5 million tons. In natural and agricultural ecosystems, plants are associated with large populations of microorganisms in the rhizosphere, endosphere (inside the root), leaves (phyllosphere), as well as pollen and seeds. These microorganisms spend all or part of their life cycle inside the healthy tissues of host plant without any obvious sign of disease. The stable coexistence between endophytes and plants is due to production of biological secondary metabolites with a unique structure, which positively affects the survival of plant growth in adverse conditions. Studies have shown that endophytic fungi increase resistance to drought, insects, diseases and host tolerance level, especially in stress conditions. Considering the increase in the risk of dehydration and the lack of sufficient water resources and the development and adoption of aerobic rice cultivation, it is important to identify endophytic fungi that increase tolerance to drought stress and improve the growth factors of the host plant. There are relatively few studies on endophytic fungi that colonize healthy tissues of rice plants under aerobic conditions. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate endophytic fungal collections in different parts of aerobically cultivated rice plants.

In this study, in order to identify endophytic fungi in aerobic cultivation of rice in Golestan province, sampling were carried out from several aerobic rice fields in Golestan province, including Gorgan, Kordkuy, Bandar Gaz, Aliabad and Kalaleh cities during the months of May to September in 2019-2020. Plant tissues were transferred to the laboratory (Department of Plant Protection) in separate paper bags along with specifications. Purification was performed on a 2% water-agar medium using Hyphal tip method. Based on investigations and morphological data, a number of isolates were selected as representatives for molecular identification. Genomic DNA was extracted from mycelia grown in PDB (Potato Dextrose Broth) culture medium according to the CTAB method with a slight modification, and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed according to Nemati and Abdulhazadeh method. The ITS region (ITS4-5.8S-ITS5) of the selected isolates was amplified during the PCR reaction using ITS5 (5'-GGAAGTAAAAGTCGTAACAAGG-3') and ITS4 (5'- TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3') primers and The β-tubulin region was amplified by T1 (5'-AACATGCGTGAGATTGTAAGT-3') and β Sandy-R (5'-GCRCGNGGVACRTACTTGTT-3') primers. Purification and sequencing of PCR products was done by Pishgam Biotechnology Company. The sequences of ITS and β-tubulin regions were modified and extracted using Chromas 2.6.6 software. Nucleotide sequences of the selected isolates were compared with the available sequences in the Gene bank by Blast algorithm and the sequences data were submitted in the NCBI database website. Phylogenetic trees were drawn using the Maximum likelihood method and MEGA 6.06 software.

Based on preliminary morphological studies, 20 isolates were selected as representatives of purified isolates and were identified by molecular analysis. In this study, a total of 39 fungal isolates were obtained, that the highest number of the isolates belonged to the pods of rice plants with the frequency of 17 isolates and the lowest number of isolates belonged to the roots of rice plants with 10 isolates. Among the 6 genera identified in this research, the largest number of isolates was belonged to Alternaria and Fusarium genera, with 18 and 6 isolates, respectively, and the highest number of species was belonged to Fusarium genus with 6 species. Fungal species include: F. chlamydosporum, F. proliferatum, F. incarnatum, F. solani, F. fujikuroi, F. verticillioides, S. bactrocephalum, N. sphaerica, N. oryzae, A. alternata, E. nigrum, C. cladosporioides. Among these species, Nigrospora sphaerica, E. nigrum and S. bactrocephalum are reported for the first time in this study as rice plant endophytes in Iran.

Investigation of endophytic fungi in the present study indicates that some of these isolates, including F. chlamydosporum, F. proliferatum, F. fujikuroi are pathogenic fungi. It means that range of the endophytic life and pathogenic life cannot be separated and determined and environmental conditions and nutritional status determine the type of interaction. F. chlamydosporum causes Fusarium root and crown rot, is reported in some sources as an endophytic fungus in various plants.

The use of biocontrol agents is a promising and safe method towards achieving environmental goals for controlling plant diseases. However, due to the lack of stability and appropriate and applicable formulations, the results obtained from the application of these agents, especially in agricultural fields, have not been sufficiently efficient. This study was conducted with the aim of developing a capsule formulation using sodium alginate to increase the viability and improve the performance of Bacillus subtilis. Capsules were prepared using the ionic gelation method. The encapsulation efficiency was estimated to be 99%. The mean size of the wet and dry capsules produced was 2600 and 1000 micrometers, respectively. The effects of ultraviolet radiation on the survival of B. subtilis showed that the bacterium in the capsule state (wet and dry) was more resistant to ultraviolet radiation compared to the non–encapsulated state. With increasing exposure time to ultraviolet light, bacterial cells resistance in the capsule state were greater than in the non–encapsulated state. The results of the thermal resistance examination at different temperatures emphasized the positive role of the capsules in increasing the survival and resistance of B. subtilis compared to the non–encapsulated state. The survival percentage of non–encapsulated B. subtilis after 60 days at 25 and 35 degrees Celsius decreased by 42% and 47%, respectively. However, for the encapsulated B. subtilis, the survival percentage decrease after the same period and temperature was estimated to be 16.5% and 26%, respectively. Greenhouse results showed that the use of B. subtilis capsule formulation reduced disease percentage compared to non–encapsulated B. subtilis and sodium alginate capsules alone. The disease percentage in plants treated with encapsulated B. subtilis was estimated to be 4.44%, while this rate was 73.33% in the control. Plants treated with encapsulated B. subtilis had significant differences in growth indices compared to the control. Growth index changes in relation to different formulations of B. subtilis (encapsulated, non–encapsulated) and sodium alginate capsules alone were significant only for root height. These results emphasize the positive role of using B. subtilis and capsule formulation in controlling damping–off caused by Rhizoctonia solani in tomato plants.

The fluid-solid interaction of forced convective flow around a circular cylinder within a channel is investigated. All the channel surfaces are insulated, and the cylinder has heat transfer with the cold passing flow at a constant temperature. The lower surface of the channel is rigid, while the upper part is elastic. Crossing the flow into the hot surface and vibrating the elastic shell cause the heat transfer rate of the cylinder to change. The changes depend on the vibration conditions of the elastic oscillator. It was found that the location of the elastic surface, vibrational amplitude and frequency are the most significant factors affecting the exit flow temperature of the channel. The variation of main parameters (elastic surface location, amplitude and frequency) which affect the flow pattern was investigated. Studies at five different Reynolds shows that replacing the elastic wall on the cylinder upstream has a more significant effect on increasing heat transfer compared to the cylinder downstream. The results also indicate a growth in average Nusselt number by rising the vibrational amplitude and frequency.

In this study, the effect of replacing the elastic wall in a two-dimensional channel for forced convection flow around a circular cylinder surrounded by an incompressible flow has been studied numerically. As the current passes around the hot cylinder and the elastic wall oscillates, the rate of heat transfer changes at any time, which is a function of the vibration conditions of the elastic oscillator. Amplitude, frequency and vibration mode are the main parameters affecting the current passing through the channel. The2refore, in this study, the effect of oscillator vibration in the first, second and third modes has been investigated and in each mode, three different amplitudes and in each amplitude three different frequencies have been investigated and the calculations for two Reynolds numbers 100 and 200 have been solved. Rigid channels are compared. The results show that in the first mode, unlike the second and third modes, the elastic wall oscillation has a great effect on the average Nusselt number, average output temperature and cylinder drag coefficient. in all modes, with increasing amplitude and frequency, the average Nusselt number, the average output temperature and the drag coefficient of the cylinder increase.

Rice is most important grains consumed by the people of the world. Blast disease and crown and root rot are two important fungal diseases of rice. Endophytic fungi are biological control agents plant diseases and improve growth in the host plant. For this purpose, endophytic fungal isolates and pathogenic isolates from leaves, pods, stems and roots of aerobic rice plants of Golestan province were isolated and identified morphologically and molecularly. Then, their antagonistic activity against Magnaporthe oryzae and Fusarium fujikuroi disease were investigated by three methods, dual culture, volatile metabolites and non–volatile metabolites. The results showed that, in dual culture method, the F. incarnatum had the highest inhibition rate against the growth of M. oryzae and F. fujikuroi, with 58.64 and 60.03% inhibition, respectively. In volatile metabolites method, E. nigrum with 57.13% and F. incarnatum with 52.24% inhibition showed the highest percentage of inhibition of F. fujikuroi. In the method of non–volatile metabolites, F. incarnatum and F. proliferatum showed the highest percentage of inhibiting the growth of M. oryzae with 62.27 and 57.96%, respectively. F. incarnatum showed antagonistic activity in three dual culture, volatile metabolites and non–volatile metabolites against M. oryzae and F. fujikuroi fungi. Also, in this experiment, isolates of F. proliferatum and F. incarnatum inhibited the blast disease and crown rot and increased the height and fresh weight of the shoots and roots of rice plants under greenhouse conditions.incarnatum showed antagonistic activity in three dual culture, volatile metabolites and non-volatile metabolites against M. oryzae and F. fujikuroi fungi. Also, in this experiment, isolates of F. proliferatum and F. incarnatum inhibited the blast disease and crown rot and increased the height and fresh weight of the shoots and roots of rice plants under greenhouse conditions.

The efficiency of an exhaust manifold in a CI internal combustion engine is affected by its geometrical parameters and hot gases flow parameters. In this study, the geometry of an exhaust manifold with 〖90〗^° bend in its runners is modeled. The effects of plenum diameter and runner diameter on the flow and heat transfer characteristics are numerically simulated. The numerical simulations are done by the finite element method in the Comsol Multiphysics software package. After generating an appropriate grid having an appropriate number of elements distributed smoothly in the model, the Navier-Stokes and heat transfer equations are discretized by a second-order scheme. Since the flow in the exhaust manifold is turbulent, the standard k-ε turbulence model is applied. After validating the simulations via comparing the results with experimental data available in the literature, the diagrams of velocity, pressure, and Nusselt number are plotted and then interpreted. The results show that as the plenum diameter and runner diameter increase, the exhaust velocity of hot gases decreases and the backpressure increases while the Nusselt number at the outlet of the exhaust manifold decreases.

Salinity is an agricultural problem of great concern, at which, about one third of the world’s irrigated land is not in use. Several microorganisms such as fluorescent Pseudomonas, known to have the ability to tolerate high salt concentrations. Among these microorganisms, Pseudomonas fluorescens is plant growth promoting rhizobacterium and lives in the plant rhizosphere. This study was executed to evaluate the impact of Pseudomonas fluorescens on growth parameters and some biochemical constituents related to salinity in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Arak 12811 cultivar under salt stress.

Treatments, four levels salinity stress factor with sodium chloride salt (0, 5, 25, 50 and 150 mM) and two level inoculation factor (control and bacterium) as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with four replications was designed. Safflower seeds coated with growth promoting bacteria with 5% cellulose carboxymethyl and the plants grow in pots under different salt levels. After 40 days, root and shoot dry weight and relative water content measured under salt levels and bacterial inoculations. Also changes of chlorophyll a and b, carotenoides, proline, soluble sugars, glycine betaine and malondialdehyde contents were measured by chlorometric analysis.

The results showed that an increase in NaCl concentration in the nutrient solution reduced the height, shoot and root dry weight and chlorophyll a and b content in soybean plants while the amount of proline, soluble sugars, glycine betaine and malondialdehyde, increased. Safflower plants inoculated with P. fluorescens gave the highest significant increment in plant height, stem and root dry weights, chlorophyll a and b, carotenoides and relative water content under saline and non-saline conditions. Negative correlation between relative water content and total soluble sugars, glycine betaine and proline, show osmolytes accumulation for continued water uptake and reduced osmotic stress. The highest significant activity of proline, total soluble sugars and glycine betaine were recorded with inoculated plants irrigated with 150 mM NaCl solution. The bacterium inhibited malondialdehyde accumulation and decreased lipid peroxidation. Overall, this research revealed that seedlings inoculated with promoting growth bacterium until 50 mM salinity has provided most optimal performance and efficiency.

The present results revealed increases in safflower plant growth and biochemical constituents related to salinity by using of P. fluorescens, which could be suggested for improve plant salinity stress resistance.

Fusarium wilt disease of tomato is caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici is reported to cause great losses in tomato production globally, and is a limiting factor to tomato production in Ramian region, Golestan province. This experiment was conducted to evaluation of soil physicochemical properties impacts on tomato Fusarium wilt.

Soil samples of tomato fields were randomly selected in the Ramian region and the physical (pH, EC) and ochemical (organic matter, N, P, K) properties were measured by titration, flame photometry and spectrophotometry methods. Disease assessment (soil inoculum, external and internal scale) also recorded in different fields. For analyzing the association between disease assessments with soil physicochemical properties, a correlation analysis was used.

The results showed a low positive, but significant correlation between pH and soil inoculum. In return, the correlations between EC, N, P, K and organic matter and soil inoculums were not statistically significant. There was a significant correlation between EC, K and soil inoculums with external scale, also a positive and negative correlation observed between internal scale with soil inoculums and with K and P, respectively. The correlation between soil inoculum with yield of first, second and total harvest were not statistically significant, but anegative significant correlation observed between soil inoculum with yield of third harvest. The correlation of internal scale and yield of first harvest was also negative and significant.Conclution: The results showed the role of plat nutrition especially K in tomato fields for wilt disease cotrol.

To improve the growth of olive and find a suitable approach for controlling Verticillium dahlia in this plant, treatment of different cultivars by salicylic acid (SA) was evaluated. Nine-month-old seedlings of Koroneiki, Marry, Rowghani, and Zard cultivars were pre-treated with 0, 5, and 10 mM SA at 15-days intervals, and then roots were inoculated by dipping into a defoliating isolate of V. dahliae. The dry weight of different tissues was measured separately at the end of the trial (14 weeks after inoculation). The response was assessed by grading the severity of symptoms on the 0-4 scale and calculating the area under the disease progress curve. Also, the concentration of phenolic compounds in the root tissues, the activity of the superoxide dismutase enzyme, the final intensity of symptoms, and the percentage of dead plants were measured. Foliar spray of 10 mM SA increased the vegetative growth of the olive cultivars. The results showed that treatment with SA decreases the severity of Verticillium wilt. The root phenol level and the activity of superoxide dismutase were significantly higher in the plants treated with 10 mM SA as compared to the control plants. Disease progression had a negative relationship with the superoxide dismutase activity and total phenols of the roots in olive cultivars.

In this study, the effect of fluid-solid interaction on forced convection flow in a channel with the two-dimensional incompressible fluid flow is investigated. One surface can exchange heat and the other is elastic and insulated. As the fluid flows through the hot and oscillating elastic surfaces, the rate of heat transfer to the fluid varies. In this case, the heat exchange rate behaves as a function of the conditions of the oscillating elastic surface, one of the factors affecting the heat exchange is the vibration amplitude of the elastic surface. Therefore, the aim of the simulation is to investigate the application of the replacement of the elastic boundary with the rigid boundary in a part of the channel and the effect of the maximum size of the amplitude of vibration of the vibrating elastic surface on the heat transfer rate. It was found that the average Nusselt number and the average temperature of the air leaving the channel increase with the replacement of the elastic surface with a part of the rigid channel boundary. Also, with increasing the maximum amplitude of oscillation wall vibration, the Naselt number, the average temperature of the output fluid, and the rate of heat transfer from the constant temperature level to the operating fluid increases.

Biotic stresses affect the yield and yield components of cotton. Alternaria leaf spot (caused by Alternaria alternata) is one of the most common foliar diseases of cotton (Gossypium spp.) and occurs in most cotton-growing regions of the world. Control of the disease through genetic resistance is not possible at present because no cotton cultivars with high levels of resistance to A. alternata are commercially available. In the past decade, the effectiveness of resistance-inducer salts against plant pathogens gives an environmentally friendly option for disease control. Therefore, the impact of salicylic acid on disease control, plant growth and some biochemical constituents of two cotton cultivars (Gossypium hirsutum L.), Golestan and Sahel under A. alternata stress, were evaluated.

Treatments, four levels salicylic acid (0, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.5 mM) and two level inoculation factor (control and pathogen) as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with four replications were studied in field condition. 20-day old cotton plants were sprayed with different concentrations of salicylic acid and the treatment were repeated two times at 14 days intervals. Effect of salicylic acid on the differences in growth traits (plant height and number of sympodial branch), yield and disease index in two cotton cultivars (Gossypium hirsutum L.), Golestan and Sahel, were evaluated. Also, changes of total phenol, peroxidase activity and malondialdehyde contents were measured by chlorometric analysis.

The results showed that the isolate of A. alternata tested in this experiment were pathogenic to cotton cultivars. Although, Golestan cultivar were more susceptible to alternaria leaf spot than Sahel cultivars. Foliar applications of salicylic acid have been shown to significantly affect yield, disease index, total phenol, peroxidase activity and malondialdehyde contents in two cotton cultivars. 5 mM salicylic acid by significant increasing total phenol contents and peroxidase activity, alleviated the malondialdehyde contents and oxidative stress lead to low disease severity in all cultivars. Yield and oxidative stress affected significantly in Sahel in comparison to Golestan cultivar. The relationship between disease index and yield and leaf phenol accumulation, peroxidase activity and malondialdehyde contents in relation to disease index in the presence of salicylic acid concentrations was described as regresional models.

Overall, this research revealed that seedlings treatment with salicylic acid has provided most optimal performance against A. alternata infection and oxidative stress. Although, the effect was different in two cotton cultivars. Hence, using of salicylic acid as a biotechnologic approach be suggested for improve plant to alternaria leaf spot resistance.

In this work, a plate heat exchanger with an inconsistent flow is investigated in different working conditions. Four different models in laminar and turbulent flows with rigid and elastic plates at different Reynolds numbers have been studied, and the effect of the separator plate elasticity on the heat transfer rate and the efficiency of the heat exchanger has been investigated. A sinusoidal profile is used at the entrance to the cold passage. The results of this study showed that the elasticity of the intermediate plate in both laminar and turbulent flow has raised the heat transfer rate. Of course, in cases where the middle plane was elastic, the friction coefficient increased relative to the rigid plate. The efficiency of the heat exchanger is defined and is obtained for the heat exchanger to consider both heat transfer rate and pressure drop. Results showed that in most cases, the efficiency of the heat exchanger with elastic separator is more than one. The results showed that the maximum efficiency is 5.2 which was observed in Re=3000 and the minimum efficiency is 0.9 which occurs in Re=200.

In order to evaluate the effect of different fungicides on storage behavior of forage maize seeds, a split plot experiment based on a completely randomized design with four replicates was conducted in seed laboratory of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. Treatments included fungicide (Teboconazole, Carboxin Tiram, Rovral TS, Difenoconazole and control), temperature (5˚C and 25˚C) and storage duration (12 months). Germination and cold tests were conducted to evaluate the seed quality. Also, the inhibitory effect of fungicides on the prevalence of Penicillium sp., Fusarium sp., and Alternaria sp. pathogens was investigated during storage. In this study, germination percentage of stored seeds was constant in all treatments during storage period, but the results of cold test showed that the quality of maize seeds decreased with increasing storage duration at both 5 and 25°C temperatures after some time (depending on the type of fungicide). Also, all the used fungicides (Except for Difconazole and Rovral TS at 25˚C) maintained the vigor of maize seeds during storage. The Rovral TS fungicides were more effective in inhibiting the growth and development of fungal pathogens, but according to the results of cold test, two Carboxin Tiram and Teboconazole fungicides were better in maintaining the maize seed quality during storage.

Seedling disease complex is one of the most seroius diseases of cotton in most cotton-gowing areas.The soilborne fungi, Rhizoctonia solani is a prevalent and important pathogen in the incidence of the disease associated with reduced plant vigor. The inoculation of seeds or roots with fluorescent Pseudomonas to increase plant vigour and growth has been a worldwide studied practice. This study, focused on the fluorescent Pseudomonas strains, for inhibition capacity of fungal growth in vitro and their useful for the suppression of R. solani in the cotton rhizosphere.

To find suitable approach to control of damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia solani, the effects of seed priming with four isolates of Pseudomonas fluorescens on some physiological characteristics of three cotton cultivars (Sahel, Golestan and Varamin) as well as infection rate were investigated. The cotton seeds were coated with P. fluorescens by soaking them in bacterial suspensions of 108 cells/ml bacteria for 15 min, plated in Petri dishes and germinated at 25°C. The effect of soil treatment method with P. fluorescens on plant growth and infection rate was studied in pot experiments using infected soils. The bacterial isolates evaluated for volatile and non-volatile metabolites, sidrophore, hydrogen cyanide and IAA production.

The results show the production of indole acetic acid, sidrophoreand hydrogen cyanide contents were significantly different among bacterial isolates. Analysis of variance also revealed the significant improved of seed germination, root and stem growth and plant dry weight and decrease of disease index by bacteria. The total pheniolic content and proxidase activity also significantly increased in roots after P. fluorescens treatments and the inverse relationship with disease index. The effects of bacterial isolates on studied characteristics were different and significant correlated with IAA and non-volatile metabolites production by bacteria (pearson coefficient 52-82). The effect of bacterial isolates on cotton cutivars were not siginificant.

These results indicate that certain members of the P. fluorescens strains may be useful as an antagonist to R. solani and may facilitate establishment of stands of healthy cotton seedlings. seedling growth improvement and induced resistance against R. solani disease of cotton is possibly the result of the production of the antifungal antibiotic and growth hormones. These results suggest the role of bacteria in germination and. Hence, using of bacteria as a biotechnologic approach be suggested for improve plant to damping-off resistance. These results suggest the role of bacteria in germination and. Hence, using of bacteria as a biotechnologic approach be suggested for improve plant to damping-off resistance.

In this paper, the effects of tripwire in upstream of flow over a circular cylinder in a 2D channel and Re=100 has been investigated. The dimensions of the channel are 20D×50D. The distance between cylinder and wire is considered from 1.5D to 6D, and the relative size of wire is considered from 0.1D to 0.9D. The governing equations are continuity, momentum, and energy for 2D, incompressible, unsteady and vicious conditions. The no-slip condition for both cylinder wall, constant temperature for cylinder, and adiabatic wall for wire have been considered in this paper. The followed equations have been solved by the back-ward differentiate method and the CFD software - COMSOL MULTYPHISIC. The results show that the higher diameter of the wire and horizontal and vertical distances of the wire causes a higher decrease in values of cylinder’s drag and heat transfer. At all, It is found that existing of wire in upstream, decreases the drag and heat transfer of the cylinder but oscillating wire with the amplitude of 0.25D and relative distance and diameters of 3D and.3D causes increasing in discussed parameters relative to the stationary state of them.

This experiment was designed to investigate the antagonistic effect of six isolates of two Trichoderma species, i.e. Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viride on growth and eliciting plant defense responses against Rhizoctonia solani in basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). The basil seeds treated with two Trichoderma species were planted in infested soil with R. solani and plant growth and severity of damping off measurement 40 days after planting. Peroxidase activity, total phenolic and malondialdehyde compounds levels were evaluated by colorimetic assay. The results show that eed treatments with two Trichoderma species significantly increased height and dry weight of seedling shoots and root dry weight, but their effects were not significantly different on stem diameter. Two Trichoderma species significantly reduced the severity of damping off disease where the percentages disease reduced from 71.25% in infected plants to 8.75-15.75% in plants treated with fungal anthagonists. The best protection to damping off disease was obtained by T. harzianum. Trichoderma species and Rhizoctonia solani individually increased peroxidase activity and total phenolic compounds levels, but they are more pronounced in the case of applying of combination of two fungi (Trichoderma and Rhizoctonia) in comparision to the control. Experiments indicated that maximum level of total phenolic compounds is induced by T. viride. Changes in malondialdehyde concentration occurred only in infected plants without antagonists treatments. Findings indicate that the growth and defense responses of basil significantly enhanced by seed coated with a Trichoderma different species.

Yellowing disease of greenhouse and open-grown cucurbits by whitefly-transmitted viruses is dramatically rising in the world and Iran. To study the viral infection of cucurbits in Sistan-Baluchistan Province, 195 leaf samples with viral symptoms were collected and tested for infection of some prevalent cucurbit viruses by RT-PCR using specific primers and some expected amplified DNA fragments were sequenced. Results confirmed the presence of viral infection (%59) in all surveyed areas. Including CABYV, CYSDV, CCYV, CVYV and WmCSV. The most infection of collected samples were %43, % 28 and % 8 of WmCSV, CVYV and CYSDV respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the CYSDV isolates were divided into two sub-groups of East and West and two SB and SB2 isolates with 12 Iranian isolates and 4 Saudi Arabia isolates were clustered in eastern subgroup. Also genetic studies on the part of the coat protein gene showed that in Iranian isolates and Eastern subgroup the CGA had changed to CCA which led to the substitution of Glutamine by arginine at the codon position 73 of coat protein. Therefore, the nucleotide differences of Iranian isolates than the isolates from different regions indicate high genetic diversity and long dating of this native virus in Iran. 

Improvement of an airplane’s wing efficiency is one of the recent dominant steps toward the reduction of drag force and optimization of airflow and airborne structures interaction, as it has a functions similar to bird’s wings. In other words, these wings, in contrary with rigid ones which are currently being used, have the flexibility and consistency in various flight conditions.In this sudy, Numerical simulation of transonic flow around chordwise morphing airfoil have been accessed. Fluid-Structure interaction for analyzing flow field behavior in conjunction with deformable airfoil is used. In this regard, a two-dimensional finite element model is established and the arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian formulation (ALE), in flow field and structure configuration is applied to accommodate the deforming boundaries. The procedure incorporates one-equation Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model. The preferable Mach number for transonic regime is 0.7. Chordwise elastic deformability by uniformly varying extended load on both leading and trailing edge is considered for deformation purposes. The model is validated against conventional rigid airfoil for different angles of attack and the comparisons show considerable improvement in aerodynamic characteristics and prove the efficiency of elastic morphing airfoil. All the simulations are carried out by COMSOL Multiphysics software.

In this study, soil fungal isolated from Helianthemum ledifolium root and around of desert truffles were identified from ten different regions in Gonbad Kavoos in Golestan province. Desert truffles samples, were identified by morphological and molecular methods. Twenty one species of the fungal belonging to thirteen genera were isolated. Most of the fungal isolates were recovered from soil around desert truffle T. claveryi ascocarps and H. ledifolium rhizosphere respectively. Aspergillus and Fusarium were the predominant species which were isolated from soil around desert truffles. Acremonium, Paecilomyces, Polyschema and Ulocladium species were isolated with least abundance for the first time from desert area of Gonbad. Also Polyschema sclerotigenum was recorded for the first time in Iran. The results of the soil analysis collected from different regions showed that there was little difference in the structure and amount of lime in the soil. Most of the collected desert soil was alkaline, non-saline, with low organic matter, low phosphorus, sand and high lime.Amount of phosphorous was not significantly different in various desert soil samples.

Injection system of a diesel engine is heart of the engine and could have significant effects on its performance. In this paper an annulus nozzle has been considered in the injection system of the Kubota V3300 diesel engine and the engine’s performance has been investigated by considering different fuel injection pressures and different pressure of the combustion chamber due to the turbocharging. Numerical results show that under turbocharging circumstances, increasing the injection pressure leads to more perfect combustion and the magnitude of SFC decreases to 0.195. Results also show that increasing the injection pressure during turbocharging lead to the increasing of engine’s power and torque and to the increasing of pollutants. It is found that in the absence of turbocharging, increasing the injection pressure leads to the increasing of SFC. It is also found that for the injection pressure equal to 60MP, SFC is equal to 0.21. Numerical results indicate that in the absence of turbocharging, increasing the injection pressure leads to the increase of the engine’s power, torque and its pollutants. Comparisons between both cases of presence and absence of turbocharging show that amount of soot in the case of turbocharging is less than its amount when the engine is naturally aspirated. These comparisons also show that NO emission in the absence of turbocharging is considerably less than generation of NO in the other case.

Yellowing diseases of field and greenhouse-grown cucurbits caused by whitefly-transmitted viruses are increasingly becoming important and cause economic losses in many cucurbits growing areas of the world. In this research, 195 samples with symptoms yellowing, stunting and deformation of leaves were collected from fields of cucurbits in the South-East Iran (Sistan and Baluchestan). In order to detect CVYV and CYSDV, cDNAs were prepared using Random Hexamer primer and total RNAs extracted from the collected samples.Then, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was performed using exteracted RNA and specific primers (CYSCPf and CYSCPr for CYSDV, CV+ and CV- for CVYV). The results revealed that a 450 bp fragment from the CVYV-CP and a 700 bp fragment from CYSDV-CP were amplified from 55 and 17 samples, respectively. About 7% of the samples had simultaneous contamination with the two viruses. Based on the Phylogenetic studies CVYV were divided into two main groups I (subgroups IA and IB) and II: the first group belongs of isolates from Lebanon and Jordan, Tunisia and Spain, but the second group contained only isolates of Iran (Chabahar) which indicates the high diversity of this isolate. The results of the genetic diversity and selection indices showed that the gene flow from Europe to Asia is very small and the genetic difference is high between them. The CP region is under severe pressure a negative choice, and has caused variation and evolution of the CVYV. Generally, based on the results, the most diversity molecular and host are in Asia group.

In order to investigate effects of different fungicide spraying treatments on soybean seed quality, a split plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in research field of Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Resources in 2016. Two spring (May 28) and summer (July 10) planting dates performed at main plots and fungicides spraying including benomyl, mancozeb, propiconazole, methyl thiophanate, carbendazim and control in two stages R3 and R6 were done in sub plots. Germination, accelerated aging, electrical conductivity, and seed health tests were used to evaluate the quality of seeds. Two fungi Alternaria sp. and Fusarium sp. spread were observed in seed lots, but lower prevalence for Fusarium sp.. Therefore, seed health was most affected by Alternaria sp.. The percentage of healthy seeds in spring sowing date was 21.48% higher than summer sowing date. All used fungicides (especially propiconazole and methyl thiophanate) significantly increased the health, germination, and vigor of seeds compared to control. The produced seeds in summer planting despite of more fungal infection, had higher seed germination and vigor than seeds of spring crops, because of exposing the seed development stages (R5-R8) to low temperatures. In the fact that, air temperature during seed development stages was more important in determining seed germination and vigor compared to pathogens. Therefore, in order to achieve high seed quality, it is appropriate to use summer planting with the utility of suitable fungicides such as propiconazole and methyl thiophanate at R3 and R6 growth stages.

In this study the laminar incompressible flow and the heat transfer from a rotationally oscillating circular cylinder with an attached splitter plate is investigated. Dynamic grid is used employing improved linear and torsional spring analogy which is coupled with the solver by the Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) formulation for modeling the oscillation of cylinder by the aid of ANSYS FLUENT. The convection terms are discretized by QUICK, also diffusion terms have been discretized by second-order upwind scheme. For coupling the pressure and velocity fields, the PISO algorithm was employed. After verification of numerical solution with previous investigations, parametric studies were performed by changing oscillation frequency, splitter plate length and Reynolds number. It was observed that simultaneous usage of oscillation and splitter plate can have both positive and negative effects on drag reduction and heat transfer increment. Finally F=2 and L=0.5 were chose as the best combination.