سید حسین جمالی

Differences between age groups is a very important issue that can be the source of various cultural and social phenomena and issues.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the intergenerational social capital and its dimensions among men and women in Tuyserkan city.

The research method was a survey and the data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population included men and women over 15 years of age in Tuyserkan city in 2019, of which 392 were selected by cluster sampling.

Data analysis was done with ANOVA, Independent T-test, and Path Analysis in SPSS-25 software. The results showed that there is a difference between generations in terms of social capital and the older generation has more social capital; there is a difference between women and men in terms of social capital, and men have more social capital than women. There is a difference between age groups in terms of social capital, and the age group of 66 to 75 years has more social capital. Also, there is a relationship between income and social capital (P < 0.05).

In short, it can be said that there is a relationship between intergenerational variables, gender, age groups, income, type of job, marital status, level of education, place of residence, age of marriage, presence in society, and social capital; There is a difference between men and women as well as between different generations in terms of the variables of age of marriage, presence in society, economic capital, individual and social freedoms, social trust, and social mobility.

Production of high-quality seeds to stabilize crop yield is an important challenge for breeders. One of the most important answers to this challenge is to clarify the molecular mechanisms associated with seed vigor characteristics. Functional proteins of Cupin superfamily are among the molecules in signaling pathway. Previous research has shown that in maize, a storage protein similar to the functional Cupin superfamily protein called ZmGLP is effective in seed germination. However, in the previous experiments, suitable indicators were not used to assess seed vigor and its relationship with field establishment. So, it is needed to study the performance of ZmGLP in predicting field emergence to complete the previous research.

An experiment was performed on 14 samples of commercial inbred maize lines. In this experiment, in addition to the laboratory evaluation of seed germination, field indices of physiological seed quality including the percentage of seedling emergence in the field, time to 50% seedling emergence, time to 90% seedling emergence, seedling dry weight, seedling height and coefficient of variation of seedling height was also assessed. In the polymerase chain reaction, two pairs of primers (CF / CR primers and IDF / IDR primers) were used to identify the DNA sequence of the Cupin.

The results show that the seeds were different in terms of physiological quality. The lowest percentage of germination in laboratory was related to K1264/1, while the lowest physiological quality of seeds in field indices was observed in K1263/17. The molecular test confirmed the presence of the desired allele at the InDel9 site of vigor-related genes in the three samples of B73, K1264/1, and K1264/5-1, but no amplification band of the InDel9 site was observed in all K1263/17 seed samples. Due to the fact that line K1264/1, which had the lowest germination percentage in the laboratory, had an amplification band at this related site to vigor, it is not enough to rely on the results of the laboratory germination test to investigate the relationship between this gene and seed vigor. The field emergence test and seed vigor test that have a good prediction of field emergence must be used in these studies.

According to the results of this experiment, molecular tests with functional markers based on Indel9 can be used to accelerate the evaluation of vigor, especially when the breeder is breeding a new line or hybrid. It is a useful, rapid, and effective molecular method to predict seed emergence in the field and screen the lines to ensure the genetic strength of the germination of the lines, especially in the temperate germplasms of corn. Finally, it is necessary to determine the threshold of low vigor during seed quality investigation in different cultivars, and relationship between the presence or absence InDel9 site should be considered in future research.

Highlights:

1- The feasibility of using molecular markers to determine the seed vigor of corn lines in the field was studied and optimized for the first time.
2- The results of physiological quality assessment of seeds in the field for the studies related to the relationship between molecular markers and seed vigor were exploited for the first time.
3- The Indel9 site and molecular markers related to seed vigor in the field were introduced.

Due to the complex assessment of young walnut cultivars (Juglansregia L.) based on morphological traits، advance molecular tools have provided a new prospect for cultivar identification and DNA fingerprinting. In this study، specific molecular keys were identified for 5 Iranian walnut cultivars (Juglansregia L.) using 30 SSR markers. The results showed that 5 SSR markers produced polymorphic bands for studied Iranian walnut cultivars. SSR markers WP-376andABRII-WM-6produced specific molecular keys in walnut cultivars K72، Z30، Z53 and Z60. Due to different genetic background، it was impossible to recommend the B21 and Z67 genotypes as mother’s trees. The specific molecular keys were verified on 39 walnut mother''s trees and the results were confirmed at two independent laboratories. The reported specific molecular keys can be used for identification of 5 Iranian walnut cultivars in juvenile period.

To identify and discriminate 15 soybean commercial cultivars, 11 morphological characteristics viz. plant height, timing of beginning of flowering, timing of maturity, anthocyanin of hypocotyl, growth type, color of hairs on main stem, shape of lateral leaflets, flower color, intensity of brown color of pod, seed coat color due to peroxidase activity, and seed hilum color were assessed and measured. This experiment was conducted during 2007-08 growing seasons using randomized complete block design with three replications in Karaj. Distinctness of cultivars was determined using UPOV’s recommended method for two growing seasons (COYD). Considering seed hilum color, color of hairs on main stem, and flower color soybean cultivars were grouped in similar group. Pair-wise tables were used for discriminating within-group cultivars by other qualitative traits. Analysis of variance for quantitative traits showed very high significant differences (p<0.001) between cultivars. Molecular tests, 16 microsatellite markers were used in cultivars fingerprinting. These markers could distinguish between cultivars except two of them. To determine optimum combination of markers, all markers were used which led to selection of three SSR loci; Satt231, Satt005, and Satt274. These three microsatellite loci with the most discriminative power and effective number of alleles were used in cluster analysis and led to the same distinction results using 16 markers. Since these markers are not influenced by environmental conditions, therefore, could be utilized as complementary traits to morphological and physiological characteristics in identification of soybean cultivars.