سید حسین حسینی

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of practicing heart rate variability biofeedback on the performance of elite shooters.

Eleven air rifle 10-meters shooters volunteered to participate in the study. After the preliminary test, 10 subjects with a score of more than 600 were included in the study as available samples. The results of the initial record were considered as a pre-test and then the shooters were divided into experimental and control groups each consisting of five participants. The experimental group first participated in three sessions of heart rate regulation and then in five sessions of shooting practice with emphasis on respiration sinus arrhythmia before each shot. The control group performed five sessions of shooting practice similar to the usual exercises. Both groups then participated in the shooting post-test and transfer test. The shooting tests were performed according to the regulations of the official shooting competitions.

The results of one-way analysis of variance with repeated measures showed that the performance of shooters in the experimental group in the post-test and transfer test was significantly increased. The results showed that biofeedback training leads to RSA learning and intensifies HRV in skilled athletes. Also, by quantifying the physiological mental state, it is possible to improve athletic performance and transfer it to real sports conditions.

In addition, the findings of this study may be explained through the law of effect. However, more research is needed to accept that the content of these exercises is consistent with the requirements of assignment.

Women are comprehensive processors who tend to analyze all available information, incorporating risk, ethical considerations and other secondary information in their decision-making. Choosing an independent auditor is the most important decision for the credibility of financial statements. Various factors affect the choice of auditor, among these factors, auditor’s gender is one of these factors. Given to important role of women in improving audit quality, the purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between audit opinion shopping and the selection of female audit partners. The current research is of applied type and has been carried out with a descriptive-correlation approach and the necessary data has been analyzed using the statistical population including 121 companies listed to the Tehran Stock Exchange for the time period of 2013 to 2023 are using multivariate binary logistic regression. The results of the research show that audit opinion shopping has a negative and significant relationship with the choice of a female auditor. Also, the independence of the board of directors has a negative and significant relationship with the probability of choosing a female auditor. Since female auditors have more accuracy and audit quality compared to male auditors. Therefore, it can be said that the companies that engagement of opinion shopping are less inclined to choose a female auditor to confirm their financial statements.

The aim of this paper is to compare the impact of national culture on financial health considering Hofstede's cultural dimensions. For this purpose, the nonlinear cross-sectional soft transition threshold (CS-STR) model was used based on cross-sectional data for 50 developing countries and 58 developed countries in 2023. The results of estimating the nonlinear part of the model (second regime) for developed countries show that for a one-unit increase in power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism, masculinity, long-term orientation, and judicial effectiveness, financial health increases by 0.11, 0.07, 0.04, 0.0003, 0.05, and 0.08 units in developed countries, respectively. For developing countries, for every one unit increase in uncertainty avoidance, individualism, long-term orientation, and judicial effectiveness, financial health increased by 0.02, 0.03, 0.05, and 0.003 units, respectively. Also, the power gap and government debt lead to a decrease of 0.08 and 0.06 units in financial health in developing countries, respectively. In countries with a higher power gap, conflicts arise between the powerful and the powerless. In contrast, societies with a lower power gap are more harmonious, with an average power gap of 54% for developed countries and 74% for developing countries. Uncertainty avoidance through reduced uncertainty (uncertainty) and high individualism through greater participation in the market and more efficient contract enforcement lead to increased financial health. Long-term orientation towards thrift and seriousness in achieving individual goals and judicial effectiveness leads to improved financial health

Ethical leadership has gained substantial scholarly attention over the past two decades as a leadership approach grounded in integrity, fairness, accountability, and moral decision-making. Unlike traditional leadership styles that primarily emphasize performance outcomes, ethical leadership integrates normative conduct with managerial practices, thereby influencing not only organizational effectiveness but also employees’ psychological and professional orientations. In highly trust-sensitive professions such as auditing, ethical leadership is particularly critical. Auditors operate within environments characterized by regulatory scrutiny, stakeholder expectations, and public accountability. Consequently, the ethical tone set by leaders plays a decisive role in shaping auditors’ professional attitudes and behaviors. Professional commitment, defined as an individual’s identification with, involvement in, and loyalty toward their profession, is a fundamental determinant of audit quality and independence. High professional commitment strengthens auditors’ adherence to ethical standards, enhances their willingness to report irregularities, and improves resistance to client pressure. However, organizational contexts often include negative behavioral phenomena that may undermine such commitment. Two of the most critical detrimental workplace conditions are organizational silence and workplace bullying. Organizational silence refers to employees’ intentional withholding of opinions, concerns, or information about work-related issues due to fear, futility, or perceived risks. In auditing firms, silence may prevent the disclosure of ethical concerns, technical disagreements, or procedural weaknesses, thereby reducing professional accountability. Workplace bullying, on the other hand, involves persistent hostile behaviors such as verbal aggression, humiliation, intimidation, or exclusion. Such behaviors can create psychological distress, reduce motivation, and weaken professional identity. Although prior research has examined the direct relationship between ethical leadership and various positive outcomes—including job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and whistleblowing intentions—limited attention has been given to the mechanisms through which ethical leadership strengthens professional commitment in the auditing profession. In particular, there is a scarcity of empirical studies that simultaneously investigate the mediating roles of organizational silence and workplace bullying within a structural model. Therefore, this study aims to address this gap by examining how ethical leadership enhances auditors’ professional commitment both directly and indirectly through reducing silence and bullying behaviors.

This study is applied in purpose and follows a descriptive–survey research design. The statistical population consisted of auditors employed in both public and private auditing firms in Iran during 2021. Using random sampling procedures and considering the requirements of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), a sample of 361 auditors was selected. Data were collected through validated and standardized questionnaires measuring four latent constructs: ethical leadership, professional commitment, organizational silence, and workplace bullying. All items were assessed using a five-point Likert scale. Prior to hypothesis testing, the measurement model was evaluated using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Factor loadings were statistically significant (p < 0.05), indicating adequate construct validity. Reliability was confirmed through Cronbach’s alpha and Composite Reliability (CR), with all values exceeding the recommended threshold of 0.70. Convergent validity was supported by Average Variance Extracted (AVE) values above 0.50. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) using Amos software was employed to test the hypothesized relationships. To evaluate indirect effects and mediation pathways, the Bootstrap resampling technique was applied. This non-parametric procedure generates multiple resamples to estimate confidence intervals for indirect effects without assuming normal distribution.

The structural model demonstrated excellent goodness-of-fit indices (CFI = 0.98, TLI = 0.98, RMSEA = 0.03), indicating strong model adequacy. The results revealed that ethical leadership exerts a significant and positive direct effect on professional commitment (β = 0.933, p < 0.001). This finding confirms that ethical leaders foster professional loyalty by promoting fairness, transparency, and moral accountability within auditing firms. Furthermore, ethical leadership significantly reduced organizational silence and workplace bullying, both of which negatively influence professional commitment. Bootstrap analysis confirmed that both silence and bullying play partial mediating roles in the relationship between ethical leadership and professional commitment. This indicates that ethical leadership strengthens professional commitment not only directly but also indirectly by minimizing harmful organizational behaviors. These findings are consistent with social learning theory and social exchange theory. From a social learning perspective, employees model the ethical behavior demonstrated by leaders. From a social exchange standpoint, fair and ethical treatment by leaders fosters reciprocal commitment and loyalty among employees. By reducing fear-based silence and hostile interactions, ethical leaders create psychologically safe environments where auditors feel valued and professionally supported.

This study contributes to the literature by providing empirical evidence of the mechanisms through which ethical leadership enhances professional commitment in the auditing profession. Specifically, it demonstrates that ethical leadership operates both directly and indirectly by reducing organizational silence and workplace bullying. The findings carry important practical implications. Auditing firms should prioritize the development of ethical leadership competencies through training programs, ethical role modeling, and accountability systems. Creating transparent communication channels and anti-bullying policies can further strengthen professional commitment and improve audit quality. Given the cross-sectional nature of this study, future research is encouraged to adopt longitudinal designs to better capture causal relationships. Additionally, examining other potential mediators—such as organizational justice, psychological safety, or emotional intelligence—may provide deeper insights into the leadership–commitment linkage. Overall, promoting ethical leadership within auditing firms is not merely a managerial choice but a strategic necessity for safeguarding professional integrity, enhancing public trust, and sustaining long-term organizational performance.

Recruiting and hiring human resources with appropriate professional qualifications for audit firms is an important issue. Perceptual biases may influence this in employment-related decisions. One bias in attracting and hiring employees is the attractiveness of applicants' faces. Therefore, the current research aims to study the effect of attractiveness on trustworthiness and the attractiveness of the partner.

The research methods in this study are library research and a questionnaire survey. The statistical sample includes 203 audit partners and CPAs working in private auditing firms who are members of the Chartered Accountants Society. Research hypotheses have been tested using path analysis and PLS software.

This research shows that audit partners and CPAs evaluate the attractiveness and trustworthiness of a female job seeker's face less than those of a male job seeker and are more inclined to attract a male audit partner than a female one. The results of the research hypothesis test indicate that, in both male and female applicants, facial attractiveness has a positive and significant effect on the audit partner's attraction and the applicant's trustworthiness. Finally, this research confirms that the applicant's trustworthiness can have a positive and significant effect on attracting audit partners.

 This study confirms that the facial attractiveness of an applicant for partnership in audit firms is influential in the analysis of audit partner recruitment decisions. This issue can expand and expand the theoretical foundations of studies in the field of behavioral research on human capital in the audit profession.

High audit fees can create economic dependence between the auditor and the client. This issue may create a fundamental doubt about the auditor's independence. Because the auditor may provide a more favorable audit opinion to maintain the client and earn more fees. This paper aims to investigate the effect of opinion shopping on abnormal audit fees in the private sector. The time period of the research is a ten-year period including the years 2012 to 2021. Theoretical foundations and research data were collected through library studies and the research hypothesis was tested based on multivariate regression. The results of the research show that there is a significant relationship between the opinion shopping, ration of Inventory and accounts receivable, the ratio of liabilities to assets, the size of the company and the independence of the board members with the abnormal audit fees. Based on the findings of the research, the opinion shopping has a positive and significant relationship with the abnormal audit fee. That is, the higher the opinion shopping, the higher the probability of paying an abnormal audit fee. Therefore, it can be said that the companies that opinion shopping tend to pay more audit fees to audit firms. Also, the debt ratio and the size of the company have a direct and significant relationship with the abnormal audit fees, and the independence ratio of the board members and ratio of Inventory and accounts receivable have an inverse and significant relationship with the abnormal audit fee. Also, sales growth, the company’s loss in the last year, return on assets, and the company’s age have no significant relationship with abnormal audit fees.

The consequence of a criminal conviction is typically the infliction of suffering upon the offender or the deprivation of their liberty and social rights. Given the severity of this outcome, ensuring that only the truly culpable are punished is paramount; thus, preventing the wrongful conviction of the innocent is a foundational concern across legal systems. A well-known standard in the U.S. legal system for achieving this goal is “proof beyond reasonable doubt,” regarded as a golden rule and the cornerstone of American criminal procedure. According to this standard, the prosecutor must prove the defendant’s guilt beyond any reasonable doubt to the jury; the presence of a logical doubt obligates the jury to acquit. Islamic jurisprudence and the Iranian legal system employ a cognate rule known as the dar’ rule. By virtue of this principle, if doubt arises concerning the occurrence of a crime or the conditions for criminal responsibility, the crime or the condition in question is deemed unproven and hence suspended. A comparative analysis reveals that the dar’ rule roughly encompasses all the functions of its American counterpart and is, in certain respects, more comprehensive. Nevertheless, its application in criminal proceedings faces practical challenges. This paper argues that elevating the dar’ rule to a formal standard of proof and applying it consistently across all criminal proceedings could more effectively prevent the wrongful conviction of the innocent.

Waste management resulting from human activities and its socio-environmental effects has been a worldwide challenge in recent years. One of the options for processing wet waste is the compost production from it, which has had positive and negative economic, environmental, and social consequences. This study aimed to determine the social and environmental effects of the Pahneh-e-Jahad compost station in District 19 of Tehran Municipality and the corrective measures to mitigate its negative effects using the rapid impact assessment matrix along with the Simpson impact representation method. To collect information, interviews, document studies, and field visits were used. Then, the identified socio-environmental effects were examined qualitatively using the Simpson representation matrix method and quantitatively using the rapid assessment matrix method. Results of the evaluation of the categories in physical-chemical components were -293, socio-cultural 181, biological-ecological -24, and economic and operational +200. Among the matrix impact categories, the most positive outcomes were economic-operational effects, and the most negative and destructive outcomes were physical-chemical effects. Based on the rapid assessment matrix, the overall station score was -298. Based on the results of the RIAM matrix and scoping, the negative effects of the station prevail over its positive effects. This means that the existence of the studied station under current conditions has had destructive effects on the environment and local community. The compost station is not environmentally sustainable and will ultimately lead to social problems. Therefore, the continuation of the study station is socio-environmental unacceptable and will result in destructive environmental and social damage in the not-so-distant future. It is recommended to modify the waste management process by adopting an active aeration system equipped with a filtration unit to further minimise odour emissions. Additionally, relocating the station to a more suitable site, distant from residential and agricultural zones, is advised to mitigate potential environmental and social impacts.

Marginalization, a prominent challenge in Iran’s urbanization, manifests through the expansion of informal settlements on the urban periphery and significantly impacts residents’ quality of life. This multifaceted phenomenon, rooted in economic and social inequality and weak planning, has led communities to construct substandard housing lacking basic infrastructure. This study proposes vernacular architectural solutions to improve living conditions by identifying key challenges, critically analyzing the role of architecture, and formulating urban development models. Employing a qualitative, descriptive-analytical methodology, the research draws on a systematic review of 23 reputable sources from Iranian and international databases. Data were analyzed through thematic analysis using Maxqda, incorporating open coding to extract core concepts, axial coding to classify issues such as physical, environmental, and socio-cultural challenges, and interpretation of themes within a critical theoretical framework. Findings reveal that housing in these areas suffers from physical deficiencies (instability and overcrowding), environmental problems (pollution and poor site selection), and socio-cultural issues (isolation and erosion of identity), all stemming from structural inequities and inadequate planning. A critical perspective interprets these challenges as consequences of discriminatory policymaking and unjust systems, emphasizing the need to reimagine power relations and empower residents as agents of change. Proposed solutions include the use of local materials such as adobe and brick, incorporation of traditional courtyards, application of wind catchers for natural ventilation, and participatory design—strategies that respond to climatic and cultural conditions while reinforcing identity and interaction. Urban development models such as integration into the formal city, community empowerment, and land re-parcellation are also proposed to facilitate the spatial and social inclusion of marginalized areas. The study underscores the transformative potential of indigenous architecture in reimagining urban spaces, while noting that its success depends on revised macro-level policies and active collaboration between residents and institutions.

The presence of asphaltene in oil reservoirs causes formation damage, deposition in the pipelines, and serious complications in guaranteeing runoff and reducing oil recovery. Therefore, a complete investigation of the structure and characteristics of asphaltene types is necessary to control this issue. In this regard, this paper presents a comprehensive review for better understanding and management of asphaltene, which in turn helps to understand the governing mechanisms in oil reservoirs. In this article, cases include prevention methods using nanoparticles and low salinity water, industrial case studies to understand the application of theories in practical problems and fill the gap between theory and field conditions, providing perspectives and new technologies, and review of recent progress on asphaltene are discussed. The results indicate that achieving maximum efficiency in hybrid methods of low-salinity water and nanoparticles for controlling asphaltene deposition requires simultaneous optimization of three key factors: precise chemical formulation, comprehensive laboratory evaluations, and implementation of continuous monitoring programs under field conditions. This critical triad essentially forms the foundation for developing effective industrial solutions to overcome challenges posed by asphaltene deposition in oil reservoirs. Overall, this study provides new insights while ensuring continuous flow in oil well operations.

Ethical conflict refers to employees performing their job duties according to organizational orders or pressures that conflict with their ethical beliefs and values. This issue has undesirable organizational consequences, including job turnover. Therefore, the aim of this study is to examine the role of ethical conflict and the desire to leave the job in auditors working in audit firms.

The research method is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive and correlational in terms of data collection. The statistical population includes auditors working in private audit firms. A sample of 245 auditors was selected from this population. The sampling method is also random. The instrument used to measure the variables is a questionnaire. Data analysis was performed based on descriptive statistics and multivariate regression.

The results of this study show that ethical conflict has a significant and positive relationship with the job turnover intention in auditors. Therefore, ethical conflict between auditors and audit firms will increase auditors' job turnover.

Developing an ethical climate based on ethical behavior in audit firms leads to a reduction in ethical conflict and, as a result, a reduction in auditor turnover.

The crime of bank employees is usually committed with financial motivation, such as money laundering, embezzlement, bank robbery, document forgery, etc., which leaves negative effects on the banking system. Court cases in Afghanistan also show that bank employees have committed various crimes amounting to hundreds of millions of US dollars. This high rate of crime has exposed the Afghan banking system to a serious threat. Therefore, the analysis and investigation of bank employees' crime prevention based on Ronald Clark's four techniques (increasing effort, increasing the risk of committing a crime, reducing the benefits of crime and eliminating excuses) is of great importance in the banking system of Afghanistan. The technique of increasing the effort and effort to commit crime: Clark has put five strategies under this technique, two of which (hardening the purpose of the crime and controlling the tools that facilitate the crime) are used in preventing the crime of Afghan bank employees. For example, in order to make it difficult for employees to commit crimes, the Afghan banking system has obliged them to report to their superiors and register their assets in the asset registration department. But in the field of controlling the tools that facilitate employees' delinquency, it has not made an effective effort. For example, he has not paid serious attention to the financial situation and salary increase of employees, which has an effective role in preventing their crime. The technique of increasing the risks of crime: Clark considers this technique to include a surveillance solution such as formal, natural, etc. surveillance. When establishing banking laws, the Afghan legislator has considered all the solutions of this technique in order to prevent the crime of bank employees. For example, in the first step, despite the inspection by the central bank, the banks have been obliged to create an internal review unit, supervise employees, etc. Then, he emphasized on effective preventive measures such as adopting short-term approaches such as forming a mentoring room, changing network passwords, etc., that the application of this technique has been able to prevent the crime of bank employees to a large extent. The technique of reducing the benefits and proceeds of crime: Clark has put four solutions under this technique, according to the banking laws of Afghanistan, two of them (removing the purpose of the crime and depriving the person of benefits) are used in the prevention of crime in Afghanistan. has it. For example, in order to prevent the crime of bank employees, nepotism is prohibited in Afghan banks. This means that in this way the employees are deprived of their benefits and the amount of their crime should be reduced. The fourth technique is the elimination of excuses. In the Afghan system, the training and empowerment of bank employees has been emphasized. But an important issue that can be investigated in this technique is that the banking system of Afghanistan should, like the banking system of other countries, develop codes of conduct for employees in order to reduce their crime rate.

Carbon monoxide poisoning remains a major public health concern, especially during peak travel periods such as the Nowruz holidays in Iran. This study investigates the epidemiologic characteristics of carbon monoxide poisoning in Mazandaran Province during the Nowruz holidays from 2021 to 2024.

This descriptive-analytical study used pre-hospital emergency data from Mazandaran and Babol Universities of Medical Sciences, covering all missions related to carbon monoxide poisoning that occurred between the 1st and 13th days of the Nowruz holidays each year from 1400 to 1403. The study results are presented using descriptive and analytical statistics.

A total of 213 cases of carbon monoxide poisoning were reported, with a significant majority (60.1%) being female. The highest rates of poisoning were observed in Mahmudabad and Noor counties. The greatest number of poisonings occurred on the fourth day of the holiday, particularly between 1:00 AM and 9:00 AM. There was a significant difference in poisoning rates in 1400 compared to subsequent years. Statistical analysis revealed a significant association between poisoning incidents, female gender, and the 26–31-year age group.

Given that a significant proportion of carbon monoxide poisonings occur during the Nowruz holidays each year, efforts to raise public awareness, improve housing conditions, and enhance monitoring of heating appliances are essential. This study underscores the importance of preventive measures and recommends further research to explore the underlying environmental, behavioral, and socioeconomic factors contributing to carbon monoxide poisoning.

In recent decades, much research has been conducted in the context of domestic violence, especially violence against women and children; But in related to another form of domestic violence, or sibling abuse, not only has little attention been paid by researchers, but most parents also ignore their children's violent behavior toward each other as a common childish behavior. However, most of these cases have profound and destructive effects on children's social development and cognition, and consequently increase the likelihood of committing criminal behaviors. Among these, social and cultural factors are a hidden phenomenon that determines the shape of individual relationships in families. The present study describes the prevalence of sibling abuse with the aim of examining the economic, cultural and social contexts of student families. The survey study was conducted among 600 high school students in districts one and six of Mashhad using a researcher-made questionnaire in two sections: self-reported victimization and delinquency with Cronbach's alpha 0.918, and was conducted in the academic year 2020-2021. Data analysis shows that the cultural and social characteristics of families such as inadequate parental education, poverty and unemployment, affect the prevalence of sibling violence, and violence among students with lower levels of family background was more prevalent in compare to others. This study shows that social factors and cultural level within families affect the level of violence between children; therefore, if a society can strengthen the normative and cultural components of families through education and the media, it can improve the health of families. The Iranian legislature has taken an important step to combat this type of behavioral violence by passing the Child and Adolescent Protection Act 2020.

The Bábí (or Bayání) faith is a religion that emerged in 1260/1844 by Seyyed Ali Muhammad Shirazi, nicknamed Bab or Hushidar, in Iran. It succeeded in attracting followers from among various social groups, professions, and strata within Iranian society. In the same year, at the age of 25, Báb first claimed to be the Báb (Gate) and shortly thereafter, near the Ka'aba, claimed to be the Mahdi [the Promised Savior]. However, he did not stop there and later claimed prophethood and even divinity. These claims at that time caused deviations in the Islamic world and triggered reactions from scholars. In this article, the researcher tries to answer the question of how the reaction of Uṣūlī scholars was to Bábism and to what extent these reactions were effective in controlling and confronting this movement. The research method is to use a targeted and saturated statistical population; in the sense that data has been collected to the point where no new information is obtained. The research findings show that factors such as a misunderstanding of religious teachings such as the uprising of Imam Mahdi (may God hasten his reappearance) and anticipation of relief, superstition, economic poverty, cultural weakness, widespread illiteracy in society, and foreign support for subversive movements were effective in the emergence of Bábism. Also, the type of encounter of the scholars with Bábism varied depending on individual circumstances and their individual attitudes; especially in relation to the role of this movement in inciting society and attracting the masses to the emerging Bábí faith.

The objective of this paper is to introduce the concept of the "attention economy" and examine its implications within the media economy. In today's world, media serves as a crucial tool for the transmission of information and content, which directly or indirectly contributes to economic objectives. With the exponential increase in media outlets and the volume of information available, audience attention has become a scarce commodity. This paper aims to explore these changes and the challenges they present, while also providing strategies for effectively managing audience attention in media contexts.

The research method employed in this study is a documentary review, which allows for a comprehensive analysis of existing literature related to media economics and audience attention management. This approach enables a thorough exploration of key concepts such as media economy, audience engagement, and the challenges associated with capturing audience attention. By utilizing credible sources and scholarly articles, this research identifies patterns and trends in the attention economy and its impact on media organizations. The documentary review method is particularly effective in synthesizing diverse perspectives and providing a holistic understanding of the subject matter.

 The findings of this research indicate that audience attention has become a rare resource in the media landscape. In the digital age, the overwhelming volume of information and intense competition for engagement compel media organizations to adopt innovative strategies for attracting and retaining audience focus. This paper examines various methods used by media outlets to capture attention, emphasizing that persuasive techniques and tailored content are critical in this process. Additionally, the study highlights the importance of empathy and connection among users, especially during the creation and dissemination of virtual campaigns, which can significantly enhance audience engagement compared to traditional media approaches.The research also reveals that the effectiveness of media management practices varies across platforms. Media organizations must recognize the unique characteristics of each platform and adapt their strategies accordingly. The findings suggest that successful media management requires a deep understanding of audience preferences and behaviors, along with the implementation of targeted engagement strategies that resonate with diverse segments.

In conclusion, the results of this research suggest that effective media management necessitates the implementation of robust programs that prioritize participation, diversity, and creativity. The success of media management practices is closely linked to the establishment of adaptable and multi-directional policies. Advertising strategies that align with audience needs, the integration of modern virtual media, and proactive foresight are identified as critical components that can significantly influence the attention economy. Ultimately, this paper proposes that media organizations, by recognizing the value of audience attention and employing effective management practices, can better navigate the complexities of the modern media landscape and achieve their economic goals.By understanding the dynamics of the attention economy and implementing strategies that foster audience engagement, media organizations can enhance their performance in the competitive media market. This research contributes to the ongoing discourse on media management and offers valuable insights for practitioners seeking to thrive in an increasingly attention-driven environment.

Analyzing the relationship between criticism and genius in the humanities is one of the notable issues in the collection of critical studies that has not been taken into consideration so far. The main question of the following article is what activities or behaviors, especially those related to criticism, can lead to the strengthening of genius in the humanities And can genius be used to open a path to criticism in the humanities and improve the strategy and methods of scientific criticism in this field The article here mentions a concept called “critical genius” and for this purpose, after going over the concepts of criticism and genius and presenting aspects of philosophical analysis and their surrounding components, eleven scientific-social strategies or contexts are mentioned: the role of critical confrontation, questioning, the power of conjecture, a holistic abstract mind, a methodical approach, logical and mental order, changing the angle of view of the problem, a source of inspiration, departing from common scientific traditions, self-reliance, and also a creative social space. The author concludes in the end that transformation in the humanities is not possible without establishing a kind of creative relationship between criticism and genius.

Iran, with its unique geostrategic location, climatic conditions, and unparalleled natural attractions, has the potential to become a major hub for nature tourism worldwide. Nature tourism globally is growing rapidly and is expected to constitute a significant portion of the tourism industry in the future. However, only 2.5% of the tourists who enter Iran are traveling for nature tourism purposes. The aim of this study is to design a nature tourism marketing model under sanctions. To achieve the design of this model, the study utilized a qualitative research method, specifically grounded theory by Strauss and Corbin. The statistical population of the study consists of experts and professors in commerce and management (brand management, marketing, management,etc.), from whom interviews were conducted. In order to collect data, in-depth interviews were used. The results showed that key causal conditions include the development of social networks and digital media usage, promotion of creative tourism programs, utilization of virtual reality technology and virtual tours, and the development of tourist safety measures. The core category involves the diversity of tourism products, development of local community participation, expansion of hotels and accommodation networks, and promotion of affordable tour options. Intervening factors are the development of tourism infrastructure, provision of adventurous tourism programs, and effective crisis management under different circumstances. Contextual conditions include emphasis on environmental sustainability, promotion of local and historical cultures in various regions, and development of quality, up-to-date services. Strategic initiatives involve developing digital marketing, focusing on alternative markets, and fostering local tour operators. The expected consequences of these strategies are increased economic diversity and sustainability, local employment development, and the enhancement of travel infrastructure.

Fraud in financial reporting is one of the unethical behaviors in the decision-making process of firms’ managers. Ethicalizing and justifying fraud is a more reprehensible act than committing fraud. Studies show that facial features are an important sign in detecting unethical behaviors in individuals. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to study the relationships between facial attractiveness of managers, antisocial behavior, and ethicalizing financial fraud.

The research method is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive and correlational in terms of data collection. The statistical population includes employees and branch managers of Karafarin Bank. A sample of 486 people was selected from this population. The sampling method is also random. The instrument used to measure variables is questionnaire. Data analysis was performed based on descriptive statistics and structural equations.

The results of this study show that facial attractiveness, measured by the ratio of facial width to height, has a positive and significant relationship with antisocial behavior and moral justification of financial fraud. Evidence also confirms that antisocial behavior has a positive and significant effect on the moral justification of financial fraud.

Unethical behaviors can be identified based on the facial features of individuals. With an increase in the ratio of facial width to height, individuals are more inclined to engage in unethical behaviors.

Within criminal justice systems, the accurate classification of offenses holds paramount importance for judicial actors, media entities, commercial enterprises, and civil society. This study posits that offense categorization must derive from a principled juridical framework to ensure both doctrinal soundness and equitable application. Employing doctrinal legal analysis through descriptive-analytical methodology, this research develops a novel taxonomy model grounded in the constituent elements of criminal offenses. The proposed jurimetric model requires systematic examination of both actus reus and mens rea components, supplemented by distinguishing juridical characteristics, to establish proper offense classification. To demonstrate this model's application, the study conducts a substantive legal analysis of the material and mental elements constituting the offense defined under Article 1(e) of the Economic Disruptors Punishment Act. Through this jurisprudential examination, the research identifies two discrete offense categories emerging from the statutory definition and criminal description. This contribution advances legal scholarship by: (1) establishing a replicable methodology for statutory offense classification; (2) providing judicial clarity regarding the application of Article 1(e); and (3) proposing an evidence-based framework for legislative drafting. The findings hold particular significance for prosecutors applying economic crime provisions and legislators drafting penal statutes.

There is no doubt that the field of criminalization and adjudication of crimes against security creates conditions that inevitably lead to significant conflicts between the priorities of the governing authority and the rights and freedoms of citizens. In this tension between preserving fundamental freedoms and maintaining public order and security, there are compelling arguments for the necessity of criminalizing and addressing behaviors that disrupt public security and welfare.Despite accepting criminal interventions in this area, adherence to the general principles of criminal law—which should be given special and appropriate consideration by legislators and the criminal justice system—remains questionable. The findings of this study indicate a general lack of compliance with these essential and practical principles during the stages of criminalization and punishment. For example, ambiguity in legal definitions in this field and the corresponding tendency toward over-criminalization violate the principles of legality of crimes and punishments and the minimalism of criminal law. Additionally, presuming guilt and the harsh treatment of offenders by courts clearly undermine the presumption of innocence and the proportionality between crime and punishment.Accordingly, it is recommended that legislators give much greater attention to the general principles of criminal law when criminalizing behaviors or establishing judicial institutions.

An analysis of specific laws enacted in recent decades reveals that while the legislator has generally adhered to the principles of criminal law in foundational legislation, these principles have often been overlooked in more detailed laws addressing particular crimes. The Law on Protection of “Amr bil Ma’ruf wa Nahy anil Munkar” is one such specialized law. This research specifically critiques Note 7 of this law, which establishes the general applicability of crimes against enforcers (“ameran va nahyan”) even in cases where the plaintiff has granted forgiveness.The primary objective of this study is to critically examine the formulation and implementation of this note, assessing its inconsistencies with general criminal law principles. The central research questions are:1. To what extent does Note 7 align with the general principles of criminal lawIn what ways does it conflict with these principles

The analysis of Note 7 was conducted in two stages:Legislative Stage: The phrasing of the note was evaluated for compliance (or conflict) with fundamental criminal law principles.Implementation Stage: By attending specialized Chastity and Hijab court sessions, interviewing judges, and reviewing judicial records, three distinct judicial interpretations of the note’s application were identified and critically assessed. The research employed a qualitative methodology, combining in-depth interviews and judicial document analysis.

Although the legislator sought to provide special protections for those combatting societal vices and upholding religious obligations, Note 7 fails to articulate this intent clearly and conflicts with several core criminal law principles, including:
The Principle of Legal Transparency: The note lacks clear criteria for classifying crimes under Articles 614 and Note 286, creating ambiguity.The Principle of Legality (Nullum Crimen Sine Lege): By disregarding the conditions and limitations specified in Article 614 and Note 286, the note violates the requirement for precise legal definitions.The Principle of Lenity (In Dubio Pro Reo): The broad application of the note to all crimes, without regard for contextual sensitivity, contradicts the presumption of innocence.Furthermore, the implementation of Note 7 has led to additional violations:Judicial Discretion: Divergent interpretations by judges undermine the Principle of Legality, leading to inconsistent rulings.Overextension of the Law: Sentences issued under this note often exceed its conceptual scope, violating both the Principle of Lenity and the Principle of Strict Construction (narrow interpretation in favor of the accused).

The primary cause of these violations lies in the ambiguous wording of Note 7, which has led to fragmented and contradictory judicial interpretations. Criminal laws must be explicit, clear, and transparent to ensure both public compliance and uniform judicial enforcement. To rectify this, the legislator should:1. Clarify the intent behind Note 7 through an official interpretation (inquiry law).Amend the note to align with Islamic criminal law principles, ensuring precision and consistency.By addressing these issues, the law can better achieve its intended purpose while upholding fundamental legal safeguards.

The Shavaz iron deposit, located in the southwest Yazd province in Central Iranian Block, near The Bafq metallogenic belt, is a significant and economically valuable iron oxide-apatite resource. It features hematite and a minor content of magnetite, detectable through potential field geophysical surveys. This study aimed to target magnetite mineralization within the deposit using constrained susceptibility inversion. We began by simulating a multi-source synthetic model with three identical cubes at different depths to evaluate the sparse norm inversion approach. The method was then applied to the case study after the essential magnetic data corrections. To refine the interpretation of residual magnetic anomalies and gain insights into their source and depth, the analytic signal and upward continuation methods were employed. Inversion results across different cross-sections revealed two distinct, shallow, lens-shaped magnetite mineralizations with an average vertical extent of 60 meters. Notably, one magnetite body lies approximately 30 meters deeper due to the Dehshir-Baft fault influence. Low normalized mis-fit values confirmed the successful minimization of the objective function during inversion. Additionally, the reconstructed susceptibility models align well with the previous geological studies and borehole data, demonstrating the efficiency of the sparse norm inversion algorithm.

In the last decade, with the expansion of the Internet, the number of online clothing stores in Iran has increased rapidly. This rapid development has been accompanied by challenges such as lack of differentiation between brands and reduced customer loyalty. This research aimed to identify the dimensions of online retailing based on brand storytelling in the Iranian clothing industry in a mixed (qualitative and quantitative) manner. Using the grounded theory method and interviews with 14 experts, 20 main concepts were extracted in the form of causal conditions, central categories, contextual conditions, intervening factors, strategies, and consequences. Then, the components were screened using the fuzzy Delphi method. In the next stage, the most important components were identified and weighted using the Swara method. The results of this study showed that engaging and relevant content, story coherence, customer emotion, and brand authenticity are key factors in the success of brand storytelling. Also, digital technologies, shopping experience personalization, and the use of social networks were identified as effective strategies. Intense competition and changes in consumer preferences were influential intervening conditions. The positive outcomes of this approach include increased customer loyalty, brand differentiation, and improved content engagement and sharing. This study suggests that Iranian clothing brands can establish a stronger emotional connection with customers and improve their position in the competitive market by utilizing storytelling and new technologies.