سید حمید آتش پور

The objective of the current study was to examine the effectiveness of positivist psychotherapy in enhancing the perfectionism and psychological coherence in married, childless women. The study was quasi-experimental in nature, utilizing the control group method, pre-test, and post-test. The statistical population of the research consisted of married women who were childless and residing in the city of Isfahan during the spring of 2022. The purposive sampling method was employed to select thirty-five married women who were infertile. The women were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups, with 18 women in the experimental group and 17 in the control group. Ten ninety-minute sessions of positivist psychotherapy were administered to the women in the experimental group over a period of two and a half months. The applied questionnaires in the study included Perfectionism Questionnaire (PQ) and Psychological Coherence Questionnaire (PCQ) were implemented in the investigation. The SPSS23 software was used to analyze the data from the study using a mixed ANOVA and post hoc Bonferroni test. The results showed that positivist psychotherapy has significant effect on the perfectionism (F=60.20; Eta=0.64; P<0.0001) and psychological coherence (F=39.66; Eta=0.54; P<0.0001) of married childless women. According to the findings of the study it can be concluded that positivist psychotherapy can be used as an efficient method to decrease perfectionism and improve psychological coherence of married childless women through employing techniques such as positive vision toward the life, training optimism and hope to the future.

The present research aimed to compare the effectiveness of a combined treatment based on virtual reality and mindfulness with a short-term mindfulness intervention on beliefs of fear and anxiety sensitivity in individuals with panic disorder. The research method was semi-experimental, involving two experimental groups and one control group, with a pre-test, post-test, and 45-day follow-up design. The statistical population of the study included all individuals exhibiting symptoms of panic disorder who were referred to counseling centers in regions 6 and 11 of Tehran in the year 1401. The research sample consisted of 45 individuals with panic disorder selected purposefully and randomly assigned to three groups (15 individuals in each group). The treatment groups, namely the combined treatment based on virtual reality and mindfulness, and the short-term mindfulness treatment, underwent 8 sessions. Data were collected using the Greenberg Fear Beliefs Questionnaire (1989) and the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (Taylor and Cox, 1998) and analyzed using Multivariate analysis of covariance and Bonferroni post-hoc tests in SPSS23 software. The results indicated that both treatments had a significant impact on reducing beliefs of fear and anxiety sensitivity in the post-test and follow-up stages. However, the combined treatment based on virtual reality and mindfulness demonstrated greater effectiveness and stability in both stages (p<0.05). In conclusion, based on the findings of this study, psychologists and therapists can utilize both the combined treatment based on virtual reality and mindfulness, as well as short-term mindfulness treatment, in their psychological interventions to reduce beliefs of fear and anxiety sensitivity in individuals with panic disorder.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of adolescent-centered mindfulness training on academic burnout and symptoms of social anxiety in female high school students. The study method was quasi-experimental, utilizing a pre-test-post-test design. The control group underwent a baseline assessment after the intervention, followed by a three-month follow-up. The statistical population comprises all female high school students who were enrolled in the 2019-2020 academic year and exhibited symptoms of social anxiety. Purposive sampling was employed to select 30 female students, who were subsequently randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups, each consisting of 15 individuals. The instruments of this study were researcher-made demographic questionnaire, Social Anxiety Questionnaire (SAQ) and f Maslach Burnout Inventory Student Survey (MBI-SS) and Adolescent-Centered Mindfulness Protocol (ACMP). The spss variance21 was analyzed using repeated measures. The results showed that adolescent-centered mindfulness training had a significant effect on reducing academic fatigue and symptoms of social anxiety in female high school students (p <0.001). Consequently, female high school students who engaged in mindfulness training sessions that were centered around adolescents experienced a decrease in their levels of social anxiety and academic burnout. Therefore, adolescent-centered mindfulness training has a significant effect onacademic burnout and students’ social anxiety symptoms.

 Chronic and incurable diseases, such as celiac disease, significantly impact the quality of life of patients and their families. The diagnosis of celiac disease in a child can pose a threat to the mental well-being of their caregivers, especially their mothers, as these individuals often endure considerable anxiety and psychological stress. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to compare the effectiveness of solution focused therapy and narrative therapy on distress tolerance in mothers of children diagnosed with celiac disease.

The present study is a semi-experimental intervention research with a pre-test, post-test, and three-month follow-up design, consisting of two experimental groups and one control group. The statistical population included mothers with at least one child diagnosed with celiac disease who are members of the Celiac Association of Iran in Isfahan. Among them, 60 individuals were selected through purposive sampling and randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group (20 participants in each group). The first experimental group received solution-focused therapy, while the second experimental group underwent narrative therapy in the form of eight90-minute sessions. The control group received no intervention. Data were collected using the Distress Tolerance Questionnaire by Gaher and Simon (2005). The data were analyzed in SPSS version26 using repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc tests.

Both interventions led to a significant increase in distress tolerance among mothers of children with celiac disease (P<0.01). Additionally, there was no significant difference in the effectiveness of the two interventions on distress tolerance between the two experimental groups at the post-test stage. These results remained stable during the follow-up phase (P<0.01).

Both solution-focused therapy and narrative therapy can be utilized as beneficial interventions to enhance distress tolerance in mothers of children with celiac disease

The aim of the present research was to investigate the mediating role of distress tolerance in the relationship between marital status and conflict resolution methods with marital compatibility in married women of Shahin Shahr city. The correlation research method is structural equation modeling. The research population was all married women living in Shahin Shahr city, of which 200 participated in this research voluntarily and available. The research tools included marital compatibility scale, Golombok-Rust marital status questionnaire, Rehim's conflict eesolution styles questionnaire, and distress tolerance questionnaire. The analysis method of this research was structural equation modeling and Pearson correlation coefficient. The results showed that distress tolerance is the mediator of the relationship between required conflict resolution style and marital adjustment in such a way that by reducing the required conflict resolution style, distress tolerance increases in married women and as a result, marital adjustment increases. Distress tolerance is the mediator of the relationship between reconciliation conflict resolution style and marital adjustment in such a way that with the increase of reconciliation conflict resolution style, marital adjustment in married women increases directly and also indirectly distress tolerance increases in them and as a result Marital compatibility increases. The relationship between integrative, dominant and dominant avoidant styles with marital adjustment with the mediation of distress tolerance was not significant (p≤0/05).

The present study aimed to predict the quality of life based on the perception of suffering, meaning of life, social support, and psychological flexibility in irritable bowel syndrome patients and by a correlational descriptive method.

Methods and Materials: 

The study's statistical population comprised 140 patients with irritable bowel syndrome in Isfahan in 2022-2023. To collect information from the quality of life questionnaires of Patrick and Drasman (IBS-QOL), the experience and perception scale of Scholz et al, the meaning in life questionnaire of Steger, Fraser, Avishi and Kaler, the acceptance and action questionnaire of the 2nd edition and colleagues and the background of the study of the medical consequences of social support (Sherborn and Stewart) were used.

The results showed that among the variables studied in the regression, the best predictor of quality of life was social support in the first step, the meaning of life in the second step, and the perception of suffering in the third step. Accordingly, in the first step, the coefficient of social support accounted for 52.6% of the variance of the quality of life, in the second step, the coefficients of social support and meaning of life accounted for 55.6% of the variance of the quality of life, and in the third step, the coefficients of social support, the meaning of life, and the perception of suffering accounted for 57/2%.

Considering the significant role of the perception of suffering, the meaning of life, social support, and psychological flexibility in predicting the quality of life, a comprehensive care program for irritable bowel syndrome patients is proposed by developing and increasing the above variables to improve their quality of life.

Approximately one-third of adolescents who have suicidal ideation, plan to commit suicide in teenage years. The aim of the current research was the comparison of the effectiveness of existential therapy and rational-emotive behavior therapy on meaning of life and anger management of high school male students with suicidal ideation. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test-follow-up plan with a control group. The statistical society included all male high school students with suicidal thoughts during the 2022-2023 academic year in the city of Izeh. Among them, 45 individuals were selected through a multi-stage cluster random sampling method, taking into account the criteria for entering the research. They were then randomly assigned to three groups: the existential therapy group, the rational-emotive behavioral therapy group, and the control group (each group consisting of 15 individuals). Research tools included the Beck Suicide Scale Ideation (Beck, 1979), the Meaning of Life Scale (Stiger et al., 2006) and the Spielberger's State–Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (1999). The participants attended existential therapy (10sessions) and rational-emotive behavior therapy (8 sessions) in parallel and simultaneously. Research data were analyzed through multivariate covariance analysis and Bonferroni Post Hoc test in SPSS software 26 version. The results showed that existential therapy and rational-emotional behavioral therapy were affected on the meaning of life and anger management (p≤0.01). And they indicated the stability of the interventions in the follow-up stage on the scores of the meaning of life and anger management. The results of Bonferroni's Post Hoc test showed that there was no significant difference between the effectiveness of both treatments (p>0.05). Furthermore, the results of this research support the positive effect of educational interventions on the meaning of life and anger management of adolescents with suicidal ideations.

The current study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a combined treatment based on virtual reality and mindfulness on trait-state anxiety in individuals with panic disorder.

Methods and Materials:

 The research employed a semi-experimental design with two experimental and control groups, utilizing pre-test, post-test, and a 45-day follow-up. The target population included all individuals exhibiting symptoms of panic disorder seeking counseling and psychotherapy services in Tehran during the years 1401-1402. The sample size consisted of 30 individuals diagnosed with panic disorder, selected purposively, and randomly assigned to the experimental (15 individuals) and the control groups (15 individuals). The experimental group underwent eight sessions of combined virtual reality and mindfulness-based therapy. Both groups answered the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) questionnaire in three phases (pre-test, post-test, and 45-day follow-up). The research data were analyzed using SPSS23 statistical software, employing mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA) and independent and dependent t-tests for analysis.

The results showed that the average scores of trait and state anxiety in the experimental group at post-test and follow-up stages compared to the control group had a significant decrease (p<0.001). This means that the combined treatment of virtual reality-based therapy and mindfulness has been effective in reducing trait-state anxiety in individuals with panic disorders.

Based on the results indicating the positive effect of the combined treatment of virtual reality-based therapy and mindfulness on trait-state anxiety in individuals with panic disorders, therapists can utilize the combination of virtual reality and mindfulness packages for treating individuals with panic disorders.

One of the foremost challenges that women face in their lives is the issue of becoming a mother, which can influence their mental well-being. The present study aimed to Comparison of the Effectiveness of a Motherhood Role Acceptance Training Package with Group Positive Psychotherapy on the Social Competence of Married Women Childless.

Methods and Materials: 

The research method was a quantitative and semi-experimental method with a pretest-posttest-follow-up design employed. Fifty-three women from the statistical population of all married women without children in Isfahan City who did not want to have children were selected by purposeful sampling and randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group. The experimental groups received a training package on the acceptance of the maternal role and positive psychotherapy. The participants were assessed using a social competence questionnaire.

The findings indicate that the educational package of Motherhood Role Acceptance and positive psychotherapy both had an effect on the social competence of married women without children. However, based on the findings, the effectiveness of the training package Motherhood Role Acceptance was more than that of group-positive psychotherapy.

The findings indicate that the educational package of Motherhood Role Acceptance and positive psychotherapy both had an effect on the social competence of married women without children. However, based on the findings, the effectiveness of the training package Motherhood Role Acceptance was more than that of group-positive psychotherapy.

The present study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of schema therapy and cognitive therapy based on mindfulness on sexual self-esteem, sexual self-expression and self-confidence in prostituted women. The method of the present research was semi-experimental and applied, with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group and a three-month follow-up phase. The statistical population included all prostitutes with files in the women's rehabilitation center of Kermanshah welfare organization in 1400-1401, 60 people were selected from the mentioned population by purposive sampling and randomly assigned to four equal groups, 15 people in each group. They were replaced and selected through entry and exit criteria. The Yang et al. 2013) Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics and statistical assumptions, including the Kolmograph-Smirnov test, Shapiro-Wills test, Levin test, Box test, and Machelli's sphericity test using Spss24 software. The results showed that the F value of the within-subject effects of time and group interaction and time and group effects in the variables of sexual schema, sexual self-expression, sexual self-esteem, and self-belief are significant and the scores of the experimental groups are compared with the control group in the post-test phase and Follow-up is improved. The mean scores of sexual schema variables and sexual self-expression in the schema therapy groups in the post-test and follow-up stages had a significant change compared to the pre-test stage. Also, both schema therapy and cognitive therapy based on mindfulness were effective on sexual self-esteem, and schema therapy and cognitive therapy were effective on the self-esteem variable.

In recent years, due to the change in people's lifestyle and the introduction of staying at home and remote working, people are forced to spend many hours at home .For example, the spread of infectious diseases such as the Covid-19 disease caused education in schools to take place in absentia for a long time. But this trend, in addition to reducing the academic performance of students, has caused mental disorders such as post-traumatic stress and stress caused by virtual education in students. In the studies conducted on the causes of these consequences, the quarantine environment of people (residential environment) has played the most important role in the emergence of these consequences . Therefore, investigating the relationship between people and the quarantine environment becomes doubly important. Therefore, considering the importance of the home environment on the individual, the present study was conducted with the aim of explaining the stressful factors in the residential environment of quarantined students and also to identify the prominent components of the association of meaning effective in reducing the stress of those quarantined in the residential environment. The present qualitative (exploratory) study was conducted with a descriptive phenomenology approach. In this method, information is available from reliable sources and semi-structured interviews were conducted with the students of district (3) of Isfahan city, who were selected based on the purposeful sampling criteria, and the sampling continued until saturation was reached. In order to analyze the findings using the Collaizi analysis method, the data have been categorized and described using Atlas-TI software. The research findings include (3) main themes and (11) sub-themes with 57 evidences. The results indicate that in order to reduce the stress of students due to home quarantine due to the outbreak of disease and virtual education due to the long time of quarantine, it is possible to improve the vitality index in the environment and create different environmental layers in the space, the individual tension of knowledge It reduced the learner in layering the environment and better spending a long time in quarantine.

The aim of this study was to examine effect of adolescent-centered mindfulness training on resilience and academic engagement in second-year high school girl students with symptoms of social anxiety. The quasi-experimental research method with a pre-test-post-test design along with a follow-up period with the control group was used. The statistical population included all female high school students in Tehran in 2020. In order to select the sample, cluster sampling method was used and four schools were randomly selected from among girls' secondary schools in Tehran. The social anxiety questionnaire was administered to the students. Those students who scored one standard deviation higher than the average in this questionnaire and volunteered to participate in the research, 30 students were randonly selected and were assigned to the experimental and the control groups (15 students in each group). The experimental group received eight sessions of adolescent-centered mindfulness training, while the control group did not receive any. The data collection tools in the pre-test, the post-test, and the follow-up phases included Connor-Davidson Resilience scale, the Academic Engagement, and the Social Anxiety scale for adolescents. The research data were analyzed by repeated measures method. The results showed that the adolescent-oriented mindfulness training package had a significant effect on improving students' academic resilience and academic engagement in the post-exam phase, and the effect remained in the follow-up phase. It is concluded that adolescent-oriented mindfulness training is a suitable method for improving academic resilience and academic Engagement among female students with social anxiety symptoms.

Codependency is a communication pattern characterized by controlling others and intense anxiety about intimacy. Considering the negative consequences and the creation of marital conflicts due to the problems of codependency of couples, it is necessary to take steps to reduce it. This research was conducted to examine the effectiveness of the educational package of the integrative self-analytical approach for couples in the codependency of conflicted couples. In terms of objectives, this study was practical and in terms of method, it was a quasi-experimental of pretest-posttest-follow-up type with a control group. The statistical population included all conflicted couples who were referred to counseling centers in Isfahan. Thirty couples were selected through available sampling method and random selection. They were assigned randomly into two experimental and control groups according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The research instrument was Holyoke’s Correlation questionnaire (Dear & Roberts, 2000). Before the sessions, a pretest was taken from both groups. The experimental group was subjected to 12 150-minute sessions of a package training on integrative self-analytical approach for couples and the control group did not receive any training. At the end of the sessions and two months after them, a posttest and a follow-up were taken from both groups. Data analysis was done through repeated measures analysis of variance using SPSS software (version 24). The results showed that the educational package of the integrative self-analytical approach for couples was effective in reducing the dimensions of couples’ codependency (i.e., external focus, self-sacrifice, and reactivity) and had lasting effects in the follow-up phase (P>0.001). It seems that the integrative self-analysis training package for couples can be effective in reducing their codependency due to having an integrative perspective on couples’ issues.

Introduction and purpose of the research: 

Today, in the conditions of the implementation of home quarantine caused by crises such as the outbreak of diseases, classes are held in absentia; This process has many consequences for them, and mental disorders are one of them.The present research will move forward after investigating the causes of stress caused by long-term home quarantine with the aim of explaining the behaviors, attitudes and prominent processes of associating meaning in order to reduce the stress of students in their residential environment and identifying the relationship between the prominent components of associating meaning in the residential environment of quarantined people. be

The current qualitative (exploratory) study was conducted with a descriptive phenomenology (Collaizi) approach.In this method, information is available from reliable sources and semi-structured interviews with students in Isfahan city are conducted based on purposeful sampling.In order to analyze the findings, the data have been categorized and described using the Claysey analysis method using Atlas TI software.According to the evaluation of the results using the Claizian method, by revisiting each of the participants in a dialogue-oriented process with them about the findings, the final validation of the findings has been done.

The findings show that based on the components of the association of meaning in the place and considering the effect of the sensory perception of the students in home quarantine, it is possible to improve the communication of the students with the home environment by improving the components of the sensory perception in the space;In fact, a person in home quarantine, by controlling body movements through creating a multi-layered and complex environment, will spend the long time of home quarantine better and will have less mental fatigue for him.

The student will have a better understanding of his environment by creating correlation in his senses, which improves the semantic connection between the space and the user, and as a result, individual stress is reduced.

The present study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of positivist psychotherapy on the psychological capital and social competence in married childless women. It was a quasi-experimental study with pretest, posttest and control group method. The follow-up stage was a two-month period too. The statistical population of the study included married childless women in the city of Isfahan in the spring of 2022. Thirty five married childless women were selected through purposive sampling method and randomly accommodated into experimental and control groups (18 women in the experimental group and 17 in the control group). The women in the experimental group received ten ninety-minute sessions of positivist psychotherapy during two-and-a-half months. The applied questionnaires in the study included psychological capital questionnaire (Luthans, Avolive, 2007) and social competence questionnaire (Felner, et.al., 1990). The data from the study were analyzed through mixed ANOVA via SPSS23 software. The results showed that positivist psychotherapy has significant effect on the psychological capital (F=58.96; Eta=0.64; P<0001) and social competence (F=34.39; Eta=0.51; P<0001) of married childless women. According to the findings of the study it can be concluded that positivist psychotherapy can be used as an efficient method to improve psychological capital and social competence of married childless women through employing techniques such as positive vision toward the life, training optimism and hope to the future.

Adolescence research is a life stage of an individual's life cycle in which a teenager experiences all-round physical-cognitive-moral and behavioral changes and transformations. This life stage is when changes in the roles and responsibilities of a person occur based on society's expectations of him as an adult. This study was conducted with the aim of developing a special psychological safety training package for adolescents suffering from psychological insecurity.

This research was qualitative and content analysis based on the method of Heish and Shannon (2005). The research environment was all the texts related to psychological security and psychological insecurity of adolescents, 17 texts were selected and analyzed based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria.

The results of content analysis showed five main concepts, which were: 1) security based on self-perception and acceptance, 2) spiritual security, 3) perceived moral and legal security, 4) security based on social capacities and 5) communication and family security.

School counselors and adolescent counselors in behavioral correction centers can use this method to improve the mental health of adolescents.

The purpose of this research was to analyze the components of marriage counseling based on the methods and marriage counseling based on the theory of intergenerational integration of Bowen's theory and the constructivist theory of Savikas career counseling theory (constructivist premarital counseling).

The environment of this research was all the texts in the field of the mentioned theory. The method of selecting the texts was among the texts of Bowen's intergenerational family therapy theory and Savika’s career counseling theory in the range of years (2013-2022). The criterion of the number of texts was based on the principle of data saturation. The method of collecting information was line by line study of texts, based on questions related to relevant components for premarital counseling in these two theories. The data obtained from the review of the texts were analyzed using the traditional content analysis method of Heish and Shannon (2005).

The results of the content analysis showed that in the constructivist theory of Savikas, the concept of life designning and the concepts derived from it are suitable for matching with premarital counseling, and in the intergenerational theory, the seven concepts of self-differentiation, family projection, nuclear family emotional system, emotional breakdown, intergenerational transfer process and social regression are suitable for marriage counseling. Then, these concepts were combined according to Yousefi's and Golparvar’s method (2023) for theoretical integration, and finally the premarital counseling model was designed based on the integrated model.

  In general, according to the process of extracting this model, it can be said that this model is qualitatively valid and can be evaluated at the level of designing an educational package and testing the variabels related to marriage.

Low sexual satisfaction and sexual intimacy are among the functional consequences of erectile dysfunction that necessitate psychological interventions. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy combined and moderating negative cognitive bias on sexual satisfaction and sexual intimacy in men with erectile dysfunction. The method of this research was quasi-experimental (pre-test-post-test with control group).

The statistical population of this study included all men with erectile dysfunction in Isfahan in 2020 that among them, 30 people received a diagnosis of erectile dysfunction based on the entry criteria were selected as a statistical sample using available sampling and thay were randomly assigned to one experimental groups and one control group (15 people in each group) all two groups completed the International Index of Erectile Function (1997), Larson Sexual Satisfaction (1988), Botlani & et al Sexual Intimacy (2010) as a pre-test and post-test. The intervention includes eight sessions of 60 to 90 minutes (two sessions per week for four weeks) cognitive-behavioral therapy and four sessions of 60 to 90 minutes (1 session per week for four weeks) moderating negative cognitive bias in the experimental group, the control group did not receive any intervention. Data were analyzed using univariate analysis of covariance in SPSS.23.  

Based on the findings, it was found that cognitive-behavioral therapy combined and moderating negative cognitive bias was effective on the increase sexual satisfaction and sexual intimacy in men with erectile dysfunction (p = 0.001).

Considering that combined cognitive-behavioral treatment and cognitive bias adjustment is effective in improving sexual satisfaction and sexual intimacy of men with erectile dysfunction; it seems that this method can be used as an effective intervention method in improving sexual satisfaction and sexual intimacy of men with erectile dysfunction.

The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the combination of systemic and solution-focused couple therapies on marital satisfaction and family relationships of couples in Isfahan. The present study was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test, post-test and follow-up and with experimental and control groups. The statistical population of the study included all married couples who had conflict and referred to counseling centers in District 12 of Isfahan 2019-2020. Among them, a sample of 40 people was selected by using a convenience sampling and they were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire and the Barnes and Olson Family Relationships Questionnaire (FRQ) were used to collect data. Both research groups were evaluated by research tools three times before, after and 45-day follow-up. The control group did not receive any intervention, but the experimental group received the combination of systemic and solution-focused couple therapies. The collected data were analyzed by using analysis of variance with repeated measures, Tukey post hoc test and SPSS-23 software. The results showed that the combination of systemic and solution-focused couple therapies had a significant effect on improving marital satisfaction and its dimensions and family relationships (P <= 0.05). Based on the present results, this combined method can be used to improve marital satisfaction and family relationships.

The aim of this study was to compare early maladaptive schemas in women’s suffering from personality disorders and normal women’s in Isfahan. The research method was descriptive comparative causal. The statistical population of the study includes two groups; Women with borderline personality disorders were dramatic, obsessive, dependent, and avoidant, and normal women in year 2019. In this study, purposive non-probabilistic sampling method was used, in which 60 women aged 20 to 40 years with personality disorder referred to counseling centers in Isfahan and 60 healthy individuals were purposefully selected and answered the research questionnaires. The assessment tool included a questionnaire of early traumatic schemas (Young, 1998). Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance The results showed that there was a significant difference between primary traumatic schemas among women with borderline, dramatic, obsessive, dependent and avoidant personality disorders with normal women (P <0.01).Thus, people with personality disorder had higher scores than normal people in the components of cut and rejection, autonomy and dysfunction, other directionality, inhibition and excessive ringing and impaired constraints. Based on these results, it is necessary to pay attention to the psychological, social, emotional and family processes of people with personality disorder and to help their psychological health by using appropriate intervention methods such as schema therapy.

Depression is a common psychiatric disorder in adolescent girls, and lack of meaning in the life is an effective factor in its occurrence. Thus, this study is conducted to compare the effectiveness of existentialism acceptance and commitment therapy and compassion-focused therapy on meaning in the life of depressed adolescent girls. The statistical population of this semi-experimental study included depressed adolescent girls in Isfahan in 2021. Among them, 45 people were selected by the purposive sampling method and randomly assigned to two experimental and one control group. Subjects completed the Steger Life Meaning Questionnaire. The experimental groups underwent ten sessions of the two therapies. Further, data were analyzed using univariate, multivariate analysis of covariance and the Bonferroni post-hoc test. The significance level of the tests was considered 0.05. The results showed that both therapies significantly increased the life meaning, as well as two components of its search and presence (p<0.05). In addition, a significant difference was observed between the two therapy methods concerning the meaning of life (p<0.05); thus, existentialism acceptance and commitment therapy had a greater increasing effect on the meaning of life. The findings of this study were experimental support for these two therapies to increase the meaning of life in depressed adolescent girls. Awareness of psychotherapists of these approaches in the health field can help overcome depression and experience a meaningful life.

The present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of existentialism acceptance and commitment therapy and compassion-focused therapy on psychological capital and selfcompassion of depressed adolescent girls. The study was a quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design. In the study, 45 depressed adolescent girls aged 15 to 19 years were selected through purposive sampling and were randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group (15 people in each group). Then experimental groups were treated with existentialism acceptance and commitment therapy and compassionfocused therapy for 10 sessions. Each group was assessed before, after, and one month after the interventions with the Psychological Capital Questionnaire and the Self-Compassion Scale. The data were analyzed using the multivariate analysis of covariance. The results showed that in the post-test stage, the groups of existentialism acceptance and commitment therapy and compassion-focused therapy were significantly different from the control group in terms of their psychological capital. However, in the follow-up phase, only the existentialism acceptance and commitment therapy was significantly different from the control group. In regards to self-compassion, both therapies were significantly different in both post-test and follow-up stages from the control group. The results showed that the difference between the two therapies was significant only in the self-compassion variable in the post-test stage. According to the findings, both existentialism acceptance and commitment therapy and compassion-focused therapy are suitable options for increasing psychological capital and self-compassion in depressed adolescent girls.