سید علی اصغر سلطانی

Novels, As cultural products, represent a society with various discourses. Each discourse, with its own configurations, is constantly trying to make its meanings hegemonic. The current research is an attempt to analyze the discourse semiotics of gender with an emphasis on the theory of Laclau and Mufehe in the two novels "This street has no speed bumps" and "Rahesh". The main issue in the current research is how "gender" is represented in these novels. Also, how gender thoughts are reflected through the author's mentality in writing the novel and what is the author's point of view towards them. In terms of methodology, it is a descriptive and qualitative research, which uses library method to collect data. According to this method, the analysis of the novel includes three levels: textual analysis, intertextual analysis, contextual analysis. Textual analysis is dedicated to the semiotics of the novel's characters and finding the discourse order of the novel; In intertextual analysis, each novel is compared with novels of the same period; in contextual analysis, the relationship between the novel and larger social space is examined. Finally, the analysis of the propositions revealed that the main concern and theme of the novels; The obvious conflict between tradition and modernity lies in the social construction of gender, which is implicitly included in the inner layers of the text and lexical reflection, and the main character of the novels at all stages are in the conflict between the biological construction of gender and its social construction.

The higher education system of any country is one of the most important institutions because it trains the forces that take charge of the administration of the country, so wrong policies in this institution can cause serious damage to the country. One of these wrong approaches to science that has entered Iran's higher education in recent decades is the quantitative and economic view of science and the commercialization of knowledge. This research aims to show how the economic and commercial view of science is reflected in their speeches by examining the metaphor of science/knowledge in the speeches of three presidents. In terms of theoretical and methodological framework, this research is based on Lakoff and Johnson (1998) and Chartres-Black (2004). The results of the data analysis show that Mahmoud Ahmadinejad used more metaphorical discourse in his speeches compared to the other two presidents. Also, the conceptual fields of goods, place, and travel are the most frequently used conceptual fields as the origin of metaphors in the body of reference. The field of origin "goods" is the most frequently known field with 78% of the statistics extracted from conceptual metaphors. In addition, the prominence of the commercial and economic view of science in the speeches of all three presidents shows the mentality that has led to the current awkward situation in universities.

The university is a social organization with important social roles, and any change of attitude towards it can have serious consequences. In the last two decades, different approaches of governments have led to fundamental changes in higher education policies, which have had some negative consequences for higher education. As conceptual metaphor is a way to understand abstract concepts through concrete concepts, it is possible to reach the fundamental thought behind these policies through metaphorical analysis.Therefore, this article wants to examine the attitude of the three discourses of reformism, fundamentalism and moderation towards "university" and answer the question of how university as a place of higher education in the speech of the representatives of these three discourses. The cognitive landscape is conceptualized. To answer this question, an attempt was made to study their positions towards higher education by using the method of qualitative analysis of conceptual metaphors based on "university" and how they are used in all three discourses.In terms of theoretical framework, this research is based on Lakoff and Johnson (1980) and in terms of methodology, it is based on Chartris Black (2004).The ratio of the occurrence of the word "university" to the whole corpus was about 0.21% and the highest frequency of use was related to moderates.Among other findings, we can mention the one-dimensional field of origin of "human" in the conceptualization of the university in three political currents.The humanism of the university makes it possible to have an ideological view of the university.

IntroductionEducation plays an important role in identity formation and its amplification. As textbooks are suitable means to change or form beliefs, behaviors, and attitudes and students have limited access to other identity seeking sources in this period their lives, elementary training importance is more significant.Features such as identity sharing, the transfer of experience through lived one, socialization and any other latent structure that reflects the common values of a society are precisely the conceptual foundations that Bourdieu calls school nationalism (Bourdieu, 1397:327). Although school may distribute the obligated culture and identity of a society among students unbalancedly, but it widely distributes and places the recognition.Textbooks as something that shape the structure of emotion in the school setting, are the special characteristics of a country. Identity and specialness of a country are its logic and in fact its mental image. In fact, textbooks content is a stimulus that can be effective in shaping students’ national beliefs.In achieving identity various factors such as family, educational institution, socio-political and cultural systems governing society, media and press, etc. are influential. In this regard, the institution of education after the family is the most effective factor in the development of people identity.Students in each country are considered to be the best human resources in social (collective) life and have an effective share in ensuring the cultural and national life of their country. Undoubtedly, the identity crisis is the most important social damage in today’s world, the signs of which can be seen in all socio-cultural, economic and political relations. From this perspective, identity as one of the major categories in social and cultural processes is affected by the process of globalization and its consequences.Materials and MethodsThis investigation has been done based on Laclau and Muffe Theory. Data analysis was done based on conceptualization and discourse semiotics proposed by Soltani (2014). There are two semiotic systems, i.e., image and text in textbooks; therefore using the above method for analyzing and interpretation of text and images in social studies textbooks of elementary school (First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth and Sixth graders social studies textbooks) published in (2017) includes three stages: first, textual analyzing in which each book analyzed individually. In this stage, sampling and analyzing were done out of written text and images. Second, intertextual analyzing in which all mentioned textbooks analyzed in relation to each other based on Laclau and Muffe theory. In the third stage, contextual analyzing was done in which propounded discourses in textbooks were analyzed regarding to macro social and cultural discourses based on Laclau and Muffe theory. Soltani (2014) in his discourse semiotic method has tried to propose a model based on which long texts analysis be facilitated. Combining his method with Laclau and Muffe theory would result in one that has micro and macro explanations simultaneously.Discussion of results and conclusionsThe findings indicated that giving priority to religious discourse and presenting Iranian identity based on Islamic ideology, a critical picture of all governments before Islam development and Islamic Revolution, reinforcing Occidentalism and dividing the world to Islamic/non-Islamic is the all that students learn from social sciences studies textbooks till twelve. So, it seems that Iran government is based on Islamic culture; in this sense, Iranian identity is a reconstructed culture to restore the former societies against west culture. Therefore, in Iran, government is formed by defining a legitimated and Shia’-oriented culture and naturalizing it in a systematic way through tools such as education.Boosting traditional identification in educational textbooks is what is generally followed by textbooks authors in Iran; that is, the close connection of space, time, and culture in a given land that meets identity needs; in this sense human beings easily achieve the identity and the meaning they need within their small, stable, and united worlds. But the reality is that the media, advertising, and the globalization process in general have greatly reduced the possibility of traditional identification, and continuation of this practice in textbooks could lead to a kind of identity crisis

The representation of gender in male and female narratives and the use of conceptual metaphors and the schemas used by them in narratives have differences that indicate mental, spiritual, and cognitive differences. The purpose of this study is to examine the narratives of male and female authors to determine the extent of gender influences in the use of conceptual metaphors and schemas based on the theory of Lakoff and Johnson (1980). The research method of the article is qualitative content analysis. Eight war-themed stories, including four female- and four male narratives, were examined, resulting in about 3,021 metaphors. The results obtained from data analyses showed that in the works of female writers, the highest number of metaphors is related to ontological metaphor and the lowest is related to directional metaphor, while in the works of male narrators, the highest number of metaphors were structural and the lowest were directional. This difference in the use of metaphors in women compared to men indicates their attitude and ability or desire to objectify abstract concepts. The results of the research show that the above method can be a suitable method for narrative analyses from the point of view of critical analyses of metaphor in the literature of Holy Defense, because schemas, on the one hand, represent linguistic constructions and, on the other hand, indicate the formation of mental images as a result of conceptualization.

This is present in the context of setting the conditions for the possibility of starting a social affair in Iran. In order to understand this goal and perspective, it is a very important point to discover, and Foucault is very useful. Basically, there is no way to go anywhere in your country, and you can't find a place where you can go to social media. This is a historical cycle that coincides with the Pahlavi government forever, changes in the past, that is, in the Zandi clan, the agreement of the successor to it, and with it, these changes followed, social problems are good and bad. Because of this historical cycle, the government of Dergir-Freund Urbanization and its expansion in Buda Est, Haranche In the course of this goal, you will have a different goal, an issue and a social issue, the definition of what is meant and the state of pursuit that will not last forever, and different goals will come to you in the course of the investigation of the Imran program. 

Hate speech can be expressed as a hatred expression toward an individual or a group of people-because of the characteristics they share with a group they belong. The social network proliferation has made it easy to spread hatred. This article has been written with the aim of analyzing the hate speech components through comments and posts of Iranian female users on Instagram. Referring to Glirdon’s views, a theoretical synthesis of hate speech production in cyberspace is presented and critical discourse of twenty female users active in the women filed has been analyzed. In accordance with Van Dayek’s discourse analysis approach, it has prepared a special work form for recording and extracting information from selected news texts. The results identify four components of hate speech that represent structural hatred of women against women. Women stand against each other in different political, cultural, and social contexts through hateful literature.There are similarities and differences among women about their legal demands and fight against hate speech. While all identified components of violence against women and forced marriage are identical, the secular and political users show the greatest opposition to religious modernist and traditional currents. They emphasize the priority of being a women and reject the family as an ideological and patriarchal institution. .

School is a mechanism, by which students gradually experience social-political issues and learn social behaviors. Therefore, school in general and textbooks in particular play a crucial role in students’ socialization. Textbooks as something that shape the structure of emotion in the school setting are the special characteristics of a country. Identity and specialness of a country are its logic and actually its mental image. In fact, textbook content is a stimulus that can be effective in shaping students' national beliefs. This study investigated national identity and how it was presented in Iranian Junior highschool the social science textbooks, as well as how educational discourse answered the question of collective identity in these books. The importance of such studies was to remind authors of the textbooks and educational planners so as to pay attention to identity components when designing the contents of these books and establish a balance in the texts in this regard. This differed from other studies on national identity since dealing with the issue differently. Researches on national identity have sought to answer the questions of what roles have textbooks in strengthening national identity or how religious identity is superior to other aspects of identity in the books under study, while there is less to do with reconstruction of identity.  

This investigation was done based on Laclau and Muffe Theory. Data analysis was done based on conceptualization and discourse semiotics proposed by Soltani (2014). There are two semiotic systems, i.e., image and text in textbooks; therefore, using the above method, the texts and images in the textbooks of social studies for guidance school students of the 7th, 8th, and 9th grades published in 2017 were analyzed and interpreted to include 3 stages: first, textual analysis, by which each book was analyzed individually. In this stage, sampling and analyzing were done through the written texts and images. Second, intertextual analysis, by which all the mentioned textbooks were analyzed in relation to each other based on Laclau and Muffe Theory. In the third stage, contextual analysis was done, by which propounded discourses in the textbooks were analyzed with regard to macro social and cultural discourses based on Laclau and Muffe Theory. In his discourse based on semiotic method, Soltani (2014) tried to propose a model, based on which analysis of long texts could be facilitated. Combining his method with Laclau and Muffe Theory would result in a model that provided micro and macro explanations simultaneously. 

The findings indicated that giving priority to religious discourse and presenting Iranian identity based on Islamic ideology, making a critical picture of all governments before Islam development and Islamic Revolution, reinforcing Occidentalism, and dividing the world into Islamic/non-Islamic societies were the all things that students learnt from the textbooks of social science studies. Thus, it seemed that Iranian government was based on Islamic culture; in this sense, Iranian identity was a reconstructed culture to restore the former societies against the western culture. Therefore, in Iran, government was formed by defining a legitimated and Shia’-oriented culture and naturalizing it in a systematic way through such tools as education.Boosting traditional identification in educational textbooks was what was generally followed by authors of the textbooks in Iran. In  fact, there was a close connection of space, time, and culture in a given land that met identity needs. In this sense, human beings easily achieve the identity and the meaning they need within their small, stable, and united worlds. However, the reality is that the media, advertising system, and the globalization process in general have greatly reduced the possibility of traditional identification and continuation of this practice in textbooks could lead to a kind of identity crisis.

Discursive psychology considers body as a construct of discourse, and discourse is action-oriented in this approach. The increasing number of cosmetic surgeries in the country and its consequent risks, changed the study of the beauty phenomenon and its new concept into a serious problem. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to study warrants in Iranian female’s discourse based on discursive psychology approach. This analytic theoretical approach focuses on speech and writing and considers the understanding of psychological phenomenon in the social context possible. This study is qualitative, and the data were analyzed based on Ruth Wood Dock’s (1985) warrants and Talmin's (1995) model. The data were collected from blogger's interviews and lives on Instagram. The interviewees are ten female bloggers between twenty to thirty from homogeneous areas in Tehran. The results confirm that the female body and the embodied identity are produced, understood and validated through simple and everyday practices and human physics plays an essential role in formation of myself or identity. The use of warrants such as being beautiful, making money and buisiness success in the bloggers' discourse is a guarantee for the realization of appreciation of the operated body, complaining about the current body and accepting responsibility for surgeries.

Identity is classically assumed a crucial part of one’s psychological state that guides how we behave and how we fit into society. Identity in discursive psychology is a dynamic construction which is attained through social interaction and discourse. The latter has definite role in construction of embodied identity. This paper shows the possibility of discursive psychology for understanding embodiment and identities in different research setting. Then, a second goal is to challenge the boundaries of embodiment and the limits of a Cartesian Model of bodies and identities. Discursive psychology is an analytic and theoretical approach to discourse, which focuses on speech and writing, believing that psychological phenomena should be understood in social contexts. This study is a qualitative method of data analysis. The interviewees are ten female bloggers between the age of twenty to thirty, from homogeneous areas in Tehran. The data are collected through blogger's interviews and live broadcasts on Instagram. The results demonstrate that the embodied identity are formed through every day and simple practices and that human physics plays a crucial role in the construction of embodied identity. It has also emphasized the significance of subject-object construction in identity work and the consequences of this discursive constructions that blur the boundary between self (subject) and bodies (object). Blurring this boundary could at times decrease the agency of the speaker, where physical or bodily processes are oriented as beyond the conscious or active control of the individual.

Many scholars have researched “War” in the Holy Qur'an and Islam, and there is much disagreement about it. Since the Holy Qur'an is a divine book and contains valuable messages for human beings, with the help of conceptual metaphors, we can understand some of the Qur'anic conceptualizations to some extent. The present study is an attempt to study the conceptual metaphors of “Harb” in the sample bodies of the verses of the Holy Quran and its purpose is finding and understanding the conceptual metaphors of Harb in the Qur'an, their clarification and classification and then description, interpretation and explanation them. In fact, the question of this research is what kind of conceptual metaphors the Qur'an has used to objectify the abstract concept of War and how can they be explained?

The research is in the framework of the Charteris-Black metaphor critical analysis approach which is a qualitative research method. Therefore, with the help of the third version of the “Jami Tafasir Nour Software”, a sample body of 11 verses consisting of 9 keywords is extracted from the root of Harb. Then their conceptual metaphors were examined. Based on the findings of this study, two conceptual metaphors have been extracted in the source domain of travel and fire, from which the conceptual keys of “war is travel” and “war is fire”.

Therefore, according to the above findings and research on the conceptual metaphors of “Selm”, it is clear that the approach of the Qur'an is peace-oriented.

The semiology considers all the signs which are used in language and literary works. The main tool of literature is language and language is the united set of signs. The poet or writer deals with the language signs because of his/her usage of the language. This article tries to explore the semiology of mystique and mythological elements in Manṭiq-Al-Ṭayr by the analytical-descriptive method. The present research has concluded that Aṭṭār has used the birds as signs or mystique and mythological elements to express the concepts of mystique. The main important element is Simorgh which is used for the truth of the essence of God. Also, other birds are signs of the class of mystics

There are many characters such as Zahed, Sufi, Old Magi and etc, in Hafez poems. The social identity of these chraracters is reppesented in Hafez poems from his point of view. The question of the present study is: what is the social identities of sufi and old magi in Hafez poems and which one of these two characters is foregrounded and is considered as the dominan and accepted character and which one is backgrounded and is considered as non – dominant and rejected one. Theoritical framework is based on Laclau and Mouffe discourse theory and discourse semiotic approach by Soltani (2014). According to the pattern of discourse semiotics approch and by analyzing the value signifiers related to "Old Magi" and "Sufi", and by analyzing their signifieds, it is concluded that the Sufi’s identity is a set of negative attributes and Hafez, via the assignment of these negative signifieds to Sufi, has backgranded the Sufi’s character and has considered him as a negative and non-dominant character. On the other hand, by attributing positive signifies to Old Magi, he has foregrounded the identity of the Old Magi and has considered him as a positive or dominant character.

Controversy over Hafez's religiosity or apostasy has a long background. The problem in the present article is to identify the discourse order in Hafez's lyric poetry, and to determine which discourses are insider and highlighted in this discourse order and which discourses are outsiders. Thus, a better understanding of Hafez's approach to religion can be gained through a fundamental and objective data method. The theoretical basis of the research is Laclau and Moffe theory of discourse and the research method is based on Soltani discourse semiotics model (2014). Accordingly, it was determined that the discourse order in Diwan of Hafez includes governmental, religious and Sufism. The alignment of Hafez's wisdom discourse with his love to Qur'an shows that this discourse does not contradict real religious values. The central signifier in wisdom’s discourse is the prescriptive signifier which is opposed and hypocritical to religious discourses.

This study examines the acting system of The Deer and Crime, made by Kimiai. Although many scholars have considered narratives limited to stories, and believe that these are the texts of a virtual nature, texts that have their own actants, but the fictional nature of the movies that excite their audience are full of the actants who have the power to change the status of the stories from the balanced to unbalanced and vice versa. Every fictional character has physical, psychological, and social characteristics, and makes this character in the narrative context a dramatic character. In fact, the value of each narrative depends on its latent beauties, and the right structure can add to these beauties. So, understanding the narrative structure of the story characters are among the most important points in literary studies. Researchers try to explain the relationship between the fictional characters through the use of semantics. One of the efficient ways of explaining the relationship of the characters is “actantial model” developed by Greimas. We have compared the actants of The Deer and Crime using the “actantial model”. In these narratives, the word “actant” goes beyond the fictional character and ultimately, the heroes convey important social and moral messages to the viewer with their death. The nature of these movies are similar in illustrating the pattern of Kimiai’s thought before the 1979 Islamic Revolution and the movement of the society to achieve a transcendent status from the individual subject to the social subject.

The leading article has been written with the aim of analyzing the critical discourse of women's hatred against women on the pages of female users on Instagram. Based on this, referring to Glirdoneh's views in the field of combating internet hatred, the critical discourse of the pages of four female users active in the field of women was analyzed. To this end, according to Theon E.'s discourse analysis approach. Vandik was considered a special work form for recording and extracting information from the text of selected news the results show that the analysis of the examined posts indicates three types of violence: Against discrimination and patriarchy, against the institution of the family and the traditional role of women, and finally redemption towards feminist and modern values through the lens of destruction, and against traditional values and the attempt to break the cage of traditions. In the overall result of the study of the discourse of the studied pages, it was found that the central signifier is the sum of the studied posts. In the discourse order, female identity is "social." Women must be present in society. The presence of women in society leads to female awareness. Gender equality will occur. Other peripheral signs such as "denial of collectivism", "sexual relations" and "gender equality" form the discourse of female users in the discourse of female identity. This discourse also implies others for itself, often in the form of petrified identities. Patriarchy, inhumanity, sexual dysfunction, polygamy, historical discrimination, etc. appear.

Charles Lindblom‎ argues that the relationship between rulers and people is possible by the three ways: coercion, exchange, and persuasion. Imaginary schemata are important in cognitive linguistics. Therefore, three 'DISEASE', 'WAR', and 'PATH' schemata have been studied. Thus, conceptual metaphors such as "Politics as a war", "Politics as an illness" and "Politics as a PATH" have been analyzed. Studies showed about political metaphors used by Iran’s presidents, from all political factions including conservatives, reformists, moderate, and fundamentalists, that all emphasize the inseparability of religion and politics. In other words, the moderation slogan from Rouhani’s view, dialogue among civilizations from Khatami’s view, justice and spirituality from Ahmadinejad’s view all refer to the concept of “religion is politics” and “politics is a religion”.

The story of " Abu Moslem Nameh " has been the scene of confrontation of religious-cultural and intellectual stands and views following political power since its inception, i.e. the Seljuq period until the end of the Safavid era. At the beginning of the Safavids' rise to power, this story, while entertaining the Qizilbash supporters of the Supreme Murshid (Murshid –i kãmil), played a significant role as a creed of belief in their cohesion and encouragement to overcome internal and external opponents. The story of Abu Moslem Nameh, which best contained the elements and tools of discourse needed by the fledgling Safavid government, persuaded its listeners and narrators and acted as a charter in unifying the forces of the scattered Qizilbash tribes.
With the suppression and destruction of internal and external opponents and the consolidation of Safavid power, those interested in their Abu Moslem Nameh became a threat to the power of the Safavid kings. The Qizilbash's disregard for the Murshid - i kãmil due to the change of some beliefs and their disregard for the rules of Shari'a and religious rites due to their nomadic temperament and superficial acquaintance with the rules of Shari'a, paved the way for king Safavid by inviting Arabic Shari'a scholars from Syria and Iraq to Iran to promote and revive religious principles and teachings based on the Shiite school. Following the formation of a sharp contrast between the new and old discourses, Qizilbash beliefs and their propaganda tools were disregarded and the character of Abu Muslim was attacked by the Abbasids because of not trying to restore the rights of the Alawites and the story of Abu Moslem Nameh due to the inclusion of some improper Shiite teachings; consequently the followers, narrators and lovers of this view, were attacked, threatened and killed.

This article tries to emphasize the fatwas of the prominent scholars of the Safavid period (Mohaghegh Karak 1533 AD) and the Shiite scholars of the first and last centuries; meanwhile it represents the historical context of the Safavid rule, the reasons for the convergence of the proponents and the divergence of the opponents of Abu Moslem Nameh, by analyzing the discourse of Shari'a and Tariqat, according to the "Van Dijk" model; furthermore,  by using rhetorical-expressive arrangements, the article describes, interprets and explains how activists used the tactics of destruction, denial, intimidation and murder, to the extent that they succeeded in marginalizing the opponent in exchange for highlighting their positive characteristics.

 Material and Methods

 The purpose of this article is to use the story of Abu Moslem Nameh purposefully according to Van Dijk's ideological method and activist methods of discourses to advance religious goals and ideas in the two discourses of Shari'a and Tariqah in order to overcome the opponent. This article is based on descriptive-analytical method and uses library resources.

The purpose of this article is to represent the confrontation between the Shari'a discourse and the Tariqah in the first and last centuries of the Safavid dynasty, and how at first Morshid -i kãmil was able to reduce the power of the Qizilbash discourse by inviting a rival religious trend. Initially, this confrontation was formed by emphasizing the fatwa of the prominent scholar of the Safavid period Mohaghegh Karaki and Shiite scholars and limited the power of the Qizilbash. But in the last century, due to the acquisition of court positions and other interests by the discourse of the Shari'a and the desire of the Safavid kings for Sufi masters, not only did the power of Sufism not diminish, but some scholars were persecuted and some scholars were accused of Sufism. This article tries to examine the causes of convergence and divergence around this classic work while representing the historical context and explains how the new discourse of Shari'a was first formed by creating the ideological atmosphere of “We and Other” and how it was able to use rhetorical-expressive arrangements and techniques of destruction, denial, threats and assassinations, in contrast to highlighting their positive qualities, Fmarginalizing the opponents from the scene of power; although in the next stage it was not very successful. Analysis of the discourse surrounding the story of Abu Muslim on the issue of Shari'a and Tariqah leads to the conclusion that the sharp reaction of Shari'a scholars to the story of Abu moslem nameh, contrary to the views of some scholars who have reduced it to a pan Arab and non-Arab issue, shows the influence of Ahlul Tarighat, as the early Safavids supporters, who played important social roles in cultural and ideological structures and intellectual institutions. For this reason, the followers of Shari'a have tried to dominate the discourse of Shari'a by articulating and creating a new discourse, destroying the discourse of their favorite opponent and hero, and accusing the lovers of the story of Abu Moslem Nameh as followers of atheistic and non-Shiite ideas. To this end, they tried to make their conception of the Shari'a the truth by changing the historical character of Abu Muslim and de-texturing the mystical ideas and teachings that spread among the public in the form of epic and miraculous stories. Relying on the Qur'an and hadiths, they tried to marginalize Abu Muslim and the narrators and friends and even the listeners of Abu Moslem Nameh by using the techniques of negative attribution and uncertifying, nomination and classification, reference and decoupling.

Hafiz’ discourse efforts to represent his age’s transcendental discourse, and resistance to its semantic system, with the aim of creating otherness and delegitimization , can be explained under the title of resistance discourse model. This article tries to offer a discourse-based study of resistance literature in Hafez’ Ghazals based on the discourse theory of Laclau and Mouffe and Soltani’s discourse semiology model, by relying on a descriptive-analytical method. With this method, the work is explicated from textual, intertextual, and texture points of view. The main question is what the represented discourse systems in the text are and what relation they have with resistance discourse. It has become clear that there are four different sub-discourses in the text, namely domination, resistance, mysticism, and sufism, and the major existing semantic conflict of the text is the result of the confrontation between the sub-discourse of resistance and hegemonic discourse of the government of the time. The representation of identity specifications of socio-political strata related to the dominant discourse, with the aim of influencing the subjects’ minds, is among the discourse efforts of the author (Hafez) which has in its totality led to the explanation of the power image and its discourse identity.

The Nahj al-Balagha is among the most paramount Islamic texts after the Holy Quran, having caught the attention of many researchers in the light of new sciences. Thus, a linguistic analysis of this book can have useful outcomes. Although there are various analytical methods in the field of linguistics, one of the well-founded and common theories in communications analysis is the theory of discourse analysis. One of the widely-used terms in discourse analysis is meta-discourse (Hyland, 2017: 16). The concept of meta-discourse is formed on this view that a writing or speech is a social commitment (Hyland, 2005: 144). Meta-discourse is a new and interesting field, playing an important role in organizing and producing a convincing writing (Amiryousefi and Eslami Rasekh, 2010: 159). Hence, it can be seen as a tool for persuasion in texts. After giving a summary of the main variables, it needs to be noted that a variety of studies having been conducted on the Nahj al-Balagha using different frameworks and approaches such as the theory of speech act (Tabatabaei Lotfi and Ghasemi, 2004), functional approach (Sedighi and Seyesh Mehr, 2005), social psychology and communications (Karampoor et. al., 2005), and the linguistic theory of speech act (Kazemi, 2004). However, the author's examinations in databases show that the framework of meta-discourse markers has been less applied on the Nahj al-Balagha. Moreover, most of the conducted research into the role of meta-discourse markers in language studies has focused on educational aspects, especially on second language writing skills (like Pahlevannezhad and Alinezhad, 2012) and these markers have been much less examined in religious texts in regard to their importance. Hence, there is a research gap in the field of the relationship between discoursal and ideological processes and their interaction with the approaches of persuasion of audiences. Investigating the discourse of Nahj al-Balagha using common discourse models, the explanation of rhetorical principles and the interaction of this discourse and rhetoric can provide big help in developing the valuable principles of Nahj al-Balagha. On the other hand, it should not be forgotten that differences in using meta-discourse markers must be understood not only in connection with the writer's national culture but also in respect of the genre and the discourse community in which the text is written. This research aims to analyze the Shaqshaqiya sermon with the reliance on sociopolitical context, meta-discourse and the principles of rhetoric.

The theoretical framework of this study is based on a hermeneutic triangle Meta-discourse Markers, Principles of rhetoric and sociopolitical context. It relies on the sociopolitical context in which the sermon has been delivered, the determination of meta-discourse markers including interactive and interactional markers (based on Hyland's model, 2005) and the techniques used for the persuasion of persuasion in regard to the fundamental rhetoric methods (ethos, logos and pathos).

The first level of sociopolitical context in which the sermon will be delivered contains important lectures presented by Imam Ali (a.s) in different occasions. In the second level, Hyland's model (2005) is examined, which is comprised of two main interactive and interactional items. The interactive item of meta-discourse deals with the writer's awareness of the audience and his/her efforts to comply with their interests and needs and discuss and argue satisfactorily. On the other hand, the interactional part is related to the writer's efforts to clarify his/her intention and involving the reader through predicting objections and reactions to the text. The interactive part encompasses transitions, frame markers, endophoric markers, evidentials and code glosses while the interactional part includes boosters, hedges, attitudes, self-mentions and engagement markers. In the last level, the issue of rhetoric is analyzed. Aristotle considers rhetoric as the means of persuasion which include three appeals: ethos, logos and pathos.

The Findings of the Shaqshaqiya text showed that transitions with the frequency of 20 and frame and evidential markers with the frequency of 1 were the most and least repetitive interactive markers, respectively. Similarly, attitudes and self-mentions with the frequency of 7 and engagement markers with the frequency of 2 were the most and least repetitive interactional markers, respectively, with no endophoric markers and hedges seen in the text of the sermon. Also, interactive markers were more repetitive than interactional ones.

The results of the analysis indicated that in the Shaqshaqiya sermon transitions were more frequent than other interactive markers. When we look at the relationship between transitions and the topic of rhetoric, logos takes a leading role because the objective of delivering a speech is at first to present a coherent cluster of meanings. Drawing upon code glosses and boosters, Imam Ali (a.s) simultaneously provokes two items of logos and ethos since he both wants the text to be cohesive and he intends to strengthen his position as the speaker through creating strong semantic chains. Attitudes and self-mentions primarily focus on ethos because they are directly related to the individual traits of Imam Ali (a.s) and aim to paint a full picture of him. Such a proportion among the frequency of markers has highlighted the functional aspect of the sermon, the ultimate aim of which is to generate a motivation or psychological warning in the audience so that he/she is encouraged to do something. In the meantime, this sermon maintains its aesthetic features while politically talks of an issue which made Imam Ali (a.s) retreat into silence and keep patience for 25 years. Drawing upon the principles of rhetoric, Imam Ali (a.s) has delivered the speech so well that the audience is convinced he has not preferred his personal interests over the Islamic nations'. Using a wide range of words and laying the groundwork through the principles of rhetoric, he also conveys deep meanings directly or indirectlyDiscussion

The process of modernization and the resulting feminist social activities during the Pahlavi period in Iran (1941-1979) were confronted with the clerical thoughts and religious intellectualism. In this paper, the writers have selected four books on marriage written before the 1979 Islamic revolution and adopted a discourse analytical approach to identify the discourses on marriage and the features of an ideal woman for marriage at that time. The paper also is to answer the question whether socio-cultural changes of the time affected the discourses on marriage or not. To study the texts, Laclau and Mouffe’s discourse theory (1985) and the discourse semiotics methodology developed by Soltani (2013) were used as the theoretical framework. The findings show that the Islamic and religious discourse on marriage is rooted in an essentialist view of the concept of marriage and have considered “reproduction” as of one of the important goals of marriage. In addition, this discourse assumes an ideal woman for marriage to be self-controlled, sensitive and emotional, satisfier of men’s sexual needs, and a dedicated mother. Furthermore, the public discourse on marriage is also based on an essentialist view of marriage and characterizes an ideal woman as beautiful, dignified and a boss at home. Both of the discourses were heavily under the influence of the Islamic discourse and clerical thoughts common at that time in Iran.

Explaining how mind manages to objectify and conceptualize different subjects is an important issue in cognitive linguistics and narratology. In this connection, metaphors play a remarkable role in conveying concepts. Thus, based on M. Kimiaei’s “Protest”, this paper tries to find out how conceptualization realizes in the narration of this film and what concepts play a key role. As a restult, the paper tries to answer the question that whether the approaches used in cognitive linguistics for analyzing metaphor in political, religious, econimic, and journalistic texts, can also be used to study the process of conceptualization in films. To do so, the paper uses Critical Metaphor Analysis as a research method. The results show that the sequence studied in this paper is based on the metaphor “Amiralie Is a Gardener.” It was also shown that this method can easily be applied to analyze, interpret, and explain usage of linguistic metaphor in films' narration.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate foreign language instances in Iran, prioritize them in the future of the system, their educational background, the evolution of their future education process, and the most important foreign language roles in the future horizon of the system. In this regard, the roles of language, the national documents of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the problem of language, different approaches to describing and analyzing English language and applied research in the educational and cultural context of Iran were studied by descriptive-analytical method. The results show that foreign language is not limited to a particular language, although some languages ​​may have priority. The Arabic language has its own priority, independently of its special status. The most important linguistic roles in the future of the supply and demand system of knowledge and information will remain. Permanently monitor and modify foreign language educational policy and planning, in particular on the advice of the Supreme Leader in the Second Step Statement on Science and Research, updating teaching methods, the potential of experts in various disciplines, enhancing research processes and achievements in this field, The proliferation of translation activities, the use of modern technologies, and the role of internationalization of the functions of foreign languages ​​as human assets, not just a specific regional mother tongue, are areas that need attention in the future horizon of the system.

Political rhetoric is one of the new forms of rhetorical science or the use of persuasion’s means in speech. In this regard, the parliamentary rhetoric, which is one of the most prominent manifestations of the political discourse of the countries, needs to be studied substantially. The five main centers of Rhetoric as creativity (Ethos, Logos, Pathos), Disposition, Eloquence, Deliverance and Memorial, form the important phases of the Rhetorical study of lectures from traditional to current concept. In this study, with the aim of examining the strengths and weaknesses of the debates in the general speech of the Islamic Consultative Assembly’s members, the authors will find a new pattern of the parliamentary rhetoric in Iran. By examining the pattern of general speech in the representatives of the two political fractions, Omid and Velayat, the authors have found that in most cases, regardless of the difference in the type of Pathos, speakers are weak in Disposition and Deliverance section. Finally, based on the results obtained, the authors provide a model for achieving a principled speech based on rhetorical rules. Finally, based on the results obtained, the goal is to provide a model for achieving a principled speech based on rhetorical rules in order to provide a dynamic and efficient parliamentary rhetoric based on daily needs of country.