سید محسن نبوی کلات

In order to study the effect of deficit irrigation on RWC, proline concentration, antioxidant enzymes content, chlorophyll concentration and forage yield of five clover species, a field experiment was conducted during the cropping season 2019-2020.  The experimental design was split plots arranged based on randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) with three replications. Deficit irrigation  at three levels (0 (Full irrigation), 20 and 40% less than the irrigation requirement) were considered as main plots and  five clover species (Trifolium resupinatum ، T. alexandrium ، T. lapaceaum ، T. echinatum و T. diffusum) were allocated as sub plots.The results showed by increasing deficit irrigation up to 40%, proline concentration increased by 93% and the content of antioxidant enzymes catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase increased by 12, 98 and 83% respectively. However, RWC, yield of fresh and dry fodder decreased by 22, 24 and 29% respectively. The highest RWC, chlorophyll concentration and content of antioxidant enzymes were observed without significant difference in T. resupinatum and T. alexandrium species. The interaction effect of two factors (deficit irrigation × species) showed by increasing deficit irrigation, fresh and dry forage yield of all five species decreased significantly. In all three levels of deficit irrigation, the highest yield of fresh (20.39, 18.81 and 13.94 t/h) and dry forage (4.59, 4.25 and 3.06 t/h) were obtained in T. resupinatum species. In general, the results showed that all 5 species do not have the required stability under stress conditions. Therefore, deficit irrigation for the proposed species will be justified only if a 20 and 40 percent irrigation water reduction is more beneficial than the yield reduction.

In order to study the effect of deficit irrigation on antioxidant enzymes content, soluble carbohydrates, chlorophyll concentration and yield of two sweet corn cultivars a field experiment based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) arranged in factorial with three replications was conducted at the Education-Research Farm (With geographical position: 37°33' north, 59°11' east), Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran, during in cropping season 2018-2019. The experimental factors were included at three levels (0 (Full irrigation), 20 and 40% less than the irrigation requirement) and two sweet corn cultivars (Amylapop and Merit). The results showed that with increasing of deficit irrigation (increasing stress) content of catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase enzymes and soluble carbohydrates increased. However, concentration of chlorophyll a, b and total, husked cob yield, dehusked cob yield and conservable grain yield decreased. The content of catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, husked cob yield, dehusked cob yield and conservable grain yield were higher in Amylapop cultivar than Merit. In general, the results of this research showed that the tested cultivars do not have the necessary stability under conditions. Therefore, applying the method of deficit irrigation in the studied cultivars it will be justified only if a 20 and 40 percent reduction in the amount of water used for this product is more beneficial than the reduction in yield.

In order to study the effect of deficit irrigation and plant density on antioxidant enzymes activity, compatible ‎Osmolytes, relative water content and yield of baby corn (Pashan cultivar) a field experiment based on ‎randomized complete block design (RCBD) arranged in split-plot with three replications was conducted at the ‎Education-Research Farm (With geographical position: 37°33' north, 59°11' east), Mashhad Branch, Islamic ‎Azad University, Mashhad, Iran, during in cropping season 2018-2019. Irrigation deficit at three levels (0 (Full ‎irrigation), 20 and 40% less than the irrigation requirement) was considered as the main plots and plant density ‎at three levels (100, 150 and 200 thousand plants/ha) were considered at the sub plots. Analysis of variance ‎showed that the effect of deficit irrigation on all variables, effect of plant density on relative water content, ‎husked cob yield, dehusked cob yield and dehusked standard cob yield and interaction between of two factors ‎on all variables (Expect: relative water content and superoxide dismutase activity) were significant. The results ‎showed that with increasing deficit irrigation (increasing stress) and increasing plant density, the relative water ‎content decreased. Also, with increasing deficit irrigation, superoxide dismutase activity increased. Mean ‎comparison of traits under influence of two factors showed that with increase of deficit irrigation and plant ‎density proline content, soluble carbohydrates and the activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes increased ‎due to increased drought stress and intraspecific competition. Husked cob yield, dehusked cob yield and ‎dehusked standard cob yield decreased due to of deficit irrigation. But at all levels of deficit irrigation, cob yield ‎increased with increasing plant density. In general, the results showed that drought stress increased the content ‎of compatible osmolytes and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the tested cultivar, but this increase was ‎not sufficient to reduce the effects of stress on yield.‎

In order to study the effect of accelerated aging and priming with gibberellic acid on germination characteristics, lipids peroxidation, soluble protein, total phenol and electrical conductivity of wheat seed (Pishtaz Cultivar) an experiment in factorial laid out completely randomized design with three replications was conducted at Seed Technology Laboratory, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad, Iran, in 2016. Factors were included of seed aging(100% relative humidity at 40°C) in three levels [low deterioration (4 days), medium deterioration (6 days) and high deterioration (7 days)] and priming with gibberellic acid in four levels (0, 25, 50 and 100 ppm). Analysis of variance showed that the effect of seed aging, priming with gibberellic acid and interaction between two factors on all traits were significant. Based on the means comparison of the traits germination percentage, germination rate, soluble protein and total phenol decreased with increasing aging time. But, the level of malondyaldeid and electrical conductivity increased due to damage to cell membrane with increasing aging time. Investigation of interaction between two factors showed that the priming with gibberellic acid reduced the negative effects of seed aging on all traits.

In order to study effect of seedling age and plant density on yield and yield components of rice (Sadri cultivar), a field experiment was conducted at the Ordukhan Agricultural Research Center, Heart Province - Afghanistan (Geographical longitude: 62°11'29" east and geographical latitude: 34°20'35" north) during the cropping season 2017-2018. The experiment was laid out in complete block design with three replications. Seeding ages with three levels (20, 30 and 40 days) were considered as main plots and plant densities with four levels (13, 17, 22 and 33 plants/m2) were allocated as sub plots. Analysis of variance showed that the effect of seedling age on number of tillers per plant, numbers of grains per panicle and grain yield was significant. The plant density had significant effect on all traits (expect, 1000grains weight). Interaction of two factors had no significant effect on any of the traits. The means comparison showed that the highest of number grains per panicle and grain yield were obtained for 30 days seedling age. Also, the highest of number of tiller per plant, number of fertile tiller per plant, number of grains per panicle and percent of unfilled grain were obtained by 13 plants per m2. But the highest biological yield, harvest index (HI) and grain yield obtained by 33 plants per m2. Based on simple correlation coefficient of traits, grain yield had significant positive correlation with biological yield, number fertile tiller per plant and number grains per panicle.

In order to study effect of deficit irrigation and cultivar on yield and yield components of soybean, a field ‎experiment was conducted at the Ordukhan Agricultural Research Center, Heart Province-Afghanistan ‎‎(Geographical longitude: 62°11'29" east and geographical latitude: 34°20'35" north) during the cropping ‎season 2017-2018. The experiment was conducted in a split-plot arrangement based on randomized complete ‎block design with three replications. Deficit irrigation with three levels (70 (no stress), 90 (moderate stress) and ‎‎110 (severe stress) mm evaporation from class A evaporation pan) were considered as main plots and ‎cultivars with four levels (Glway, Stine, Hong and LD04) were allocated as sub plots. Analysis of variance ‎showed that the deficit irrigation had significant effect on number of pods per plant, number of grains per ‎pod, 100 grains weight, biological yield, grain yield and harvest index The effect of cultivar on all traits and ‎the effect of interaction between two factors on 100 grains weight were significant. The results showed that ‎the deficit irrigation at 110 mm evaporation (severe stress) cased of significantly reduced of all traits. The ‎lowest number of pods per plant (109.8 pods), number of grains per pod (2.4 grains), 100 grains weight ‎‎(15.27g), biological yield (7363 kg/ha), grain yield (2899 kg/ha) and harvest index (35.5%) were obtained in ‎‎110 mm evaporation. The means of traits at 70 mm (no stress) and 90 mm (moderate stress) evaporation had ‎no significant difference. The LD04 cultivar had the highest grain yield (3793 kg/ha), because this cultivar had ‎optimum yield components. Simple correlation coefficient of traits showed that the grain yield had positive ‎significant correlation with biological yield, number of pods per plant, plant height, number of grains per pod. ‎Based on, these results deficit irrigation up to 90 mm evaporation can be considered.‎

In order to study the effect of two factors of irrigation deficit (drought stress) and superabsorbent polymer ‎application on morphological characteristics, plant yield and yield components of green bean, two experiments ‎were conducted in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement in greenhouse conditions in ‎Educational- Research Greenhouse, Faculty of Agricultural, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, ‎Mashhad, Iran during in cropping season 2017-2018. In both experiments: experimental factors were included, ‎superabsorbent polymer in 4 levels (0, 3, 5 and 7 g per kg of soil) and irrigation deficit in 4 levels (20, 40, 60 and ‎‎80 % decrease of soil water weight based on Field Capacity). In the first experiment 3 and in the second ‎experiment, 6 replications were considered. The results of analysis of variance showed that in the first ‎experiment, effect of irrigation deficit, superabsorbent polymer and interaction between two factors had ‎significant effect on the plant height, number of leaf, fresh and dry weight of plant, leaf area, number of pod ‎per plant and fresh pod weight. In the second experiment, effect of irrigation deficit and superabsorbent ‎polymer on number pod per plant, number of grain per pod, grain yield per plant and biomass were significant. ‎But, in the second experiment, interaction between to factors had only significant effect on number of pod per ‎plant, grain weight per plant and biomass. In both experiments, means comparison under the influence of ‎irrigation deficit and superabsorbent polymer showed that with decreasing of 40% moisture from field capacity, ‎all traits were decreased. In general, the results of this study showed that application of superabsorbent polymer ‎caused of decreases the negative effects of drought stress.‎

In order to evaluate the effects of medicinal plants (Thymus vulgaris L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., Lavandula angustifolia Mill., Mentha piperita L.) with melon intercropping on pests control and fruit yield in melon, and to reduce the use of chemical pesticides, a factorial experiment was performed based on a completely block randomized design with three replications in 2017. Experimental factors included two melon cultivars ("Khatoni" and "Khaghani"), chemical control and four medicinal plant species (thyme, rosemary, lavender, and peppermint) that were cultivated as additive intercropping among melon bushes. The ANOVA results showed that the effects of cultivar on weevil (Acythopeus curviostris) population, number of healthy and damaged fruit and fruit weight, the effects of intercropping on weevil, whitefly and aphid population, number of healthy and damaged fruit and fruit weight, and the interaction effects of two factors on weevil and aphid population and number of healthy and damaged fruit were significant at 5% probability level. Based on the results of the experiment, chemical control had the greatest effect on pest population control in both melon cultivars. Among the intercropping treatments, peppermint had the greatest effect in reducing the weevil population in both melon cultivars. Moreover, intercropping of "Khatoni" with peppermint and "Khaghani" with peppermint, lavender, and rosemary had positive effects on reducing the aphid population. However, intercropping of both melon cultivars with all four medicinal plant species had no effect on whitefly population control. Based on the results of this study, and in order to keep the sustainability of crop ecosystems, intercropping of melon with some medicinal plants such as peppermint can be considered to reduce the population of some pests on melon.

In order to understand the response mechanism of corn (Zea maize 704 single cross) seed germination and seedling growth to acid rain stress, this study in a randomized complete design with six treatments were performed and then examined by nineteen adjective related to seed germination and seedling growth. Simulated acid rain at pH2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and control (distilled water-pH7) and then examined by nineteen adjective related to seed germination and seedling growth. The results indicated water absorption in all treatments was lower than control except pH4. the germination percentage (GP), germination energy (GE) and seedling vigour index (SI) was not changed by acid rain higher at pH2. However, was stopped all germination characteristics in pH2 (PIncreased acidity with a decline in pH2 reached zeroSeedling growth was affected by acid rain so that the control showed better results than other treatments. According to the results, water reduction acidity and toxicity of acid rain can inhibit seed germination, development and establishment of the corn

In order to study، the effects of hydropriming and osmopriming on germination characteristics of Nigella sativa L. under salt stress an experiment was conducted in factorial laid out in completely randomized design with four replications at Research Laboratory، Faculty of Agriculture، Mashhad Branch، Islamic Azad University-Mashhad Iran، in 2014. Factors were included of priming treatment in six levels [control (Non-priming)، hydropriming with distilled water، osmopriming with KNO3، KCl، CaCl2 and NaCl] and salinity treatment in four levels [0، 50، 100 and 150 Mmol]. Analysis of variance showed that the effects of salinity and seed priming on all measured indices and interaction between two factors on germination percentage and rate، radicle and plumule length and seed vigor were significant at the probability level of 1%. The results showed that with increasing salt concentration all measured traits were decreased. This decreasing started from the 50 Mmol concentration. Under salt stress condition، osmopriming with KNO3 and then hydropriming and osmopriming with KCl improved all germination indices compared with control.

In order to study the effects of vermicompost and biological fertilizers on vegetative yield and essential oil of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)، an experiment was conducted based on a complete randomized block design with nine treatments and three replications at Mashhad during growing season of 2009-2010. The treatments were: 1) vermicompost، 2) Nitroxin (included: Azotobacter sp. and Azospirillum sp.)، 3) biophosphorus (Included: Pseudomonas sp and Bacillus sp)، 4) Vermicompost+ Nitroxin، 5) vermicompost+ biophosphorus، 6) Nitroxin+ biophosphorus، 7) vermicompost+ Nitroxin+ biophosphorus، 8) chemical fertilizer (N. P. K)، 9) control (no fertilizer). Two harvests were cut at similar phonological stage during growing season. The results showed that at both cutting of basil، biological fertilizer combined with vermicompost were better compared to chemical fertilizer and control. In the first harvest، the highest fresh (11377. 8 kg. ha-1) and dry yields (1895. 6 kg. ha-1) obtained in vermicompost+ Nitroxin+ Biophosphorus treatment. Also، vermicompost+ Nitroxin and vermicompost+ biophosphorus produced the highest leaf dry yield (1164. 7 and 1166. 8 kg. ha-1 respectively). In second cutting، the highest fresh yield (11333. 3 kg. ha-1) obtained in vermicompost+ Nitroxin+ biophosphorus and the highest dry yield (2017. 8 kg. ha-1) and leaf dry weight (1103. 4 kg. ha-1) obtained in vermicompost+ Nitroxin treatments. In both cuttings، the highest essential oil percentage obtained in control. The results of this study showed that vermicompost and bio fertilizers alone or in combination had no effect on essential oil but increased vegetative yield.

To evaluate the effect of humic acid and phosphorus on the quantity and quality of marigold yield an experiment was conducted at Research Field of Islamic Azad University, Mashhad Branch, Mashhad, Iran, in cropping season 2010-2011. The experiment was in split plot based on randomized complete block design, with four replications. The main plots were humic acid in four levels (0, 5, 10 and 15 kg/ha) and sub plots were phosphorus (P2O5) in three levels (40, 60 and 80 kg/ha). The result showed that the highest dry flower yield (158.4 g/m2), flower number (1356 per m2), essential oil (0.55%), active ingredient of flower (0.31%), obtained in humic acid (10 kg/ha) and phosphorus (60kg/ha). The results also revalued that highest grain yield (133.8 g/m2) and seed oil (0.41%) obtained when (5 kg/ha) humic acid and 80kg/ha phosphorus were used. Based on this study, humic acid (10 kg/ha) and phosphorus (60kg/ha) may result in higher yield.

To study the effect of vermicompost and biological fertilizers on seed yield and yield components of basil, an experiment based on complete randomized block design with three replications was conducted in Mashhad during cropping season of 2009-2010.The treatments were: vermicompost, nitroxin (Azotobacter and Azospirillum), bio phosphorus(Pseudomonas and Bacillus), vermicompost nitroxin, vermicompost bio phosphorus, nitroxin bio phosphorus, vermicompost nitroxin bio phosphorus, chemical fertilizer (N.P.K), and control (no fertilizer). The results showed that the highest of plant height (57.66cm), lateral branch in plant (17.6 branch), number of flower per plant (38 flower), number of flower cycle per plant (231.6 cycle), number of seed per flower cycle (16 seed), 1000 seed weight (1.89 g) and seed weight per plant (10.22 g) were obtained with vermicompost nitroxin treatment. But, the difference of this treatment with vermicompost nitroxin bio phosphorus treatment, except lateral branch per plant, was not significant. The highest of seed yield (1939.1 kg/ha) and biological yield (15183.3 kg/ha) obtained by using vermicompost nitroxin bio phosphorus treatment. This study showed that the effect of biological fertilizer combined with vermicompost on seed yield and yield components of basil was higher than chemical fertilizer and control (no fertilizer).

A pot experiment laid out in factorial arranged in completely randomized design with three replications was implemented to evaluate the effects of seed priming in ameliorating salinity stress in sesame (Sesamum indicam L.) during seedling development and the early vegetative growth. Factors included five priming treatments: control (non priming), hydropriming, halopriming with NaCl, KCl, CaCl2 + 2H2O and five levels of salt stress: zero, 4, 8, 12, 16 dS/m. Results showed that the effects of seed priming and salt stress on emergence percentage, time taken to 50% emergence of seedling (E50), root and shoot length, root to shoot length ratio, dry weight of root and shoot, dry weight of leaf, leaf number and area were significant (P

In order to evaluate the effect of Metham Sodium and Sulfosulforon dosages on broomrape control and tomato yield an experiment was conducted using randomized complete block design with 4 replications in Mashhad Iran. Treatments were Metham Sodium and Sulfosulforon at the rates of 26.5, 53, 79.5, and 106 gr.ha-1, at the rates of 400, 600.800, and 1000 kg.ha-1. The results showed that Metham Sodium was more effective than Sulfosulforon. The highest dry matter, number of broomrape foliage and tomato yield were obtained by using 1000 and 800 kg. ha-1 of Metham Sodium. Sulfosulforon was applied as post emergence once in this experiment. It seems that because of this reason efficiency is less than that of comparison with Metham Sodium. Thus pre and post multi – applications of the herbicide was suggested during cropping season.

In order to evaluate the effects of plant density and nitrogen on quantity and quality of forage corn an experiment was conducted in Daregaz region in cropping season 2008 – 2009. The experimental design was a split – plot based on randomized complete block with three replications. The main plots were four levels of nitrogen (0 , 75, 150 and 225 kg/ha) and sub plots were three levels of plant density (75000, 100000 and 125000 plant/ha). The results showed that increasing nitrogen levels and plant density, plant height, percentage crude protein and total protein production (ton/ha) were increased. By increasing plant density, stem diameter, leaf and ear weight decreased while they increased with increased nitrogen levels. The highest forage yield obtained at nitrogen level 150 kg/ha (46 ton/ha) and 100000 plant per hectare (40.27 ton/ha). The highest total protein production (7 ton/ha) obtained at nitrogen level of 150 kg/ha and plant density of 125000 plant/ha.

In order to study the effects of aqueous extracts and shoot powder of rye (Secale Cereal L.) on germination indices and seedling growth of three canola cultivars, two factorial experiments in a completely randomized design with three replications were conducted at a laboratory and a green house in 2009. In the first experiment, the factors included three cultivars of canola (Okapy, Zarfam and Modena) and five levels of aqueous extracts (control, 25,50,75 and 100%) obtained from shoot of rye. The second experiment factors included three cultivars of canola mentioned above and five levels of shoot powder (control, 0.5, 0.75,1 and 1.25% of soil pots). The results of both experiments showed that cultivar, aqueous extracts and shoot powder had significant effects on all variables. The highest percentage, germination rate, hypocotyls and epicotyls length and seed vigor were obtained at control treatment (distilled water) and all indices were increased by increasing aqueous extracts concentration. Moreover, the highest number of leaf, leaf area, root and shoot length and fresh and drought weight of seedling were obtained in control treatment (soil with no shoot powder). All traits were decreased by increasing shoot powder percentage in soil pots. Modena cultivar had the highest and Zarfam had the lowest resistance to allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts and shoot powder of rye.

This study was conducted to determine the efficacy of sulfosulfuron WG 75% (at doses of 13. 25, 26. 5, 53 and 106 g/ha), rimsulfuron DF 25% (at doses of 10, 20, 40 and 80 g/ha) and nicosulfuron SC 4% (at doses of 0. 25, 0. 5, 1 and 2 l/ha) to control broomrape in tomato in Chenaran, Khorasan Razavi province, Iran, in 2009. The layout was a completely randomized block design with 12 treatments plus hand weeding control, weedy check and broomrape check with four replications. The tomato cultivar was "Mobil majar. "Three weeks after transplanting tomatoes (by 25 cm intervals in row), herbicides were sprayed by a "Matabi" sprayer calibrated to spray 400 l/ha. Plot size was 3. 75m×8 m. Results showed all herbicide treatments decreased significantly the dry matter of broomrape compare to the weedy check. Sulfosulfuron at doses of 26. 5, 53 and 106 g/ha and rimsulfuron at doses of 20, 40 and 80 g/ha had the maximum tomato biomass and fruit weight. Nicosulfuron, although decreased dry matter of broomrape significantly, however caused severe damage on tomato leading to remarkable yield loss.

In order to determine the effect of planting date and plant densities on light extinction coefficient, light interception and grain yield, this research was conducted in Jovain-Sabsevar in Season (2004-2005). The experimental design was a split – plot based on randomized compelet block with three replications. The main plots were planting dates (Sep16,Oct7 and Oct27). Sub plots were plant densities (6,8,10,13,20 and 40 plant.m-2). The results presented that planting date had no significant effect on LAI,K,LI. But effect of planting date on number of capitul per plant, number of grain per capitul, grain yield per plant and grain yield (ton/ha) were significant. The largest number of capitul per plant, number of grains per capitual, grains yield per plant, grain yield (ton/ha) were obtained in 3th planting (Oct27). The effect of plant population on plant height, the height of first branch from the ground, LAI,K,LI, number of capitul per plant, number of grains per capitul, grain yield per plant and grain yield (ton/ha) were significant. The results showed that the largest plant height, the height of first branch from ground, LAI,K,LI and grain yield (ton/ha) were obtained in 20 and 40 plant per m2. Hence, the largest number of branch, number of capitul per plant, number of grain per capitul and grain yield per plant obtained in 6 and 8 plant per m2. But, both factors had no effect on 1000 grains weight. Plant densities had positive and significant correlation with grain yield (ton/ha), LAI, K and LI. Although plant population had negative and significant correlation with number of capitul per plant, number grain per capitul and grain yield per plant. So, LAI, LI correlation’s with of grains yield (ton/ha) was positive and significant. These factors showed linear relitionship with grain yield (ton/ha). In this investigation, LAI and LI raised with plant population increment simultaneously. Maximum light interception obtained in 40 plant per m2 (LI=92%). however, optimum light interception (LI=95%) had not obtained.