سید محمد حسینی

Drought is a natural hazard that annually causes significant economic, social, environmental, and life-threatening damage in vast areas of the Earth. The damages caused by this phenomenon are intangible but very extensive and costly.  In many circomstancs, modern remote sensing techniques can be a useful tool in monitoring drought due to high temporal accuracy, wide spectral coverage, ease of access, no need for atmospheric correction and ground referencing. In recent years, the province of Hamedan has faced many problems due to frequent droughts. Therefore, the present study focused on investigating and monitoring drought in Hamedan province using the Temperature Condition index and its impact on the vegetation cover of the province using Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) remote sensing data. First, the relevant data was extracted from the Nova star database, and finally, the spatiotemporal behavior of the vegetation cover drought index was examined on 1528 pixels in Hamedan province. The spatial resolution of the data used in this study is 4 kilometers. First, the relevant data were extracted from the Navstar database and ultimately, the spatiotemporal behavior of the drought index and vegetation cover was examined. The results indicate that drought has significantly increased the vegetation cover of Hamedan province based on remote sensing data. Kendall's coefficients indicate the presence of decreasing trends in vegetation cover at a 95 Percent confidence level. Only in May, June, and December has there been a slight decrease in vegetation cover within the extent of drought in the province. The spatial behavior analysis of the drought index on vegetation cover showed that February, March, as well as April have experienced more severe droughts within Hamedan province.

Social security is one of the noble goals of the Islamic law and the most basic foundations of social justice in Islam. which aims to examine welfare in Islam based on Imam Khomeini's point of view.

This article is descriptive-analytical. The materials and data are qualitative and the data collection method was used.

Ethical Considerations: 

In this article, the authenticity of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness have been respected.

Islamic teachings in this field contain legal, moral, value and special insight elements that were established in the society of Sadr Islam by relying on them as a successful model of social security. In this regard, Imam Khomeini (may God bless him and grant him peace) by emphasizing the need to pay attention to the welfare of the underprivileged in the society, has considered it possible to serve the government and able-bodied people to this oppressed class if all intentions and goals are based on the divine school and the idea of ​​monotheism with its lofty dimensions.

Social security and public welfare are directly related to cultural and economic development, and it is obvious that planners, designers, and implementers should, in order to create prosperity and eliminate poverty, and remove any kind of deprivation in the fields of nutrition, housing, work, health, and the generalization of insurance. Cultural and moral categories should be taken into consideration so that they can play a committed and compassionate role in the realization of public welfare and social security intended by Imam Efai.

The abundance of high dimensional datasets and the computational limitations of data analysis processes in applying to high-dimensional data have made clear the importance of developing feature selection methods. The negative impact of irrelevant variables on prediction and increasing unnecessary calculations due to the redundant attributes lead to poor results or performance of the classifiers. Feature selection is, therefore, applied to facilitate a better understanding of the datasets, reduce computational time, and enhance prediction accuracy. In this research, we develop a composite method for feature selection that combines support vector machines and principal component analysis. Then the method is implemented to the -nearest neighbor and the Naïve Bayes algorithms. The datasets utilized in this study consist of three from the UCI Machine Learning Repository, used to assess the performance of the proposed models. Additionally, a dataset gathered from the central library of Ayatollah Boroujerdi University was considered. This dataset encompasses 1,910 instances with 30 attributes, including gender, native status, entry term, faculty code, cumulative GPA, and the number of books borrowed. After applying the proposed feature selection method, an accuracy of 70% was obtained with only five features. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed feature selection method chooses appropriate feature subset. The approach yields enhanced classification performance, as evaluated by metrics such as accuracy, -score and Matthews correlation coefficient.

Subsidence poses a significant management challenge, causing damage to infrastructure, energy transmission lines, buildings, soil stability, and leading to the formation of sinkholes. This study employed the Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) neural network to evaluate and model the extent of subsidence in the Dehgolan Plain aquifer, located in Kurdistan Province, Iran, between March 23, 2022, and September 24,2023. A subsidence model was constructed using groundwater level data, changes in transmissivity, alluvial thickness, and results from radar interferometry. Regression analysis comparing predicted and observed values confirmed the model's high accuracy in forecasting subsidence. Furthermore, the model successfully estimated missing subsidence rates. The maximum subsidence calculated using radar interferometry over the 552-day period was 154 mm, while the maximum uplift was 16 mm. In comparison, the MLP model estimated a maximum subsidence of 145 mm and a maximum uplift of 12 mm. Subsidence was found to be more pronounced in the western and central regions of the plain compared to the eastern areas. Considering the ongoing progression of subsidence in the Dehgolan Plain aquifer, it is imperative to implement strategies to reduce the over-extraction of groundwater and establish continuous monitoring systems.

 Human food sources are always threatened by countless harmful factors, including residues of toxins and pesticides used in agriculture; in the meantime, the systemic fungicide Tricyclazole (TCZ) has received much attention due to its cytotoxic effects.Hence, the purpose of the present study was to determine and evaluate the histopathological changes of tricyclazole toxin on brain tissue in Wistar rats.

The present experimental study conducted in 2022 which lasted for 28 days to qualitatively examine pathological lesions and quantitatively count brain neurons, 32 male Wistar rats were divided into four groups of eight, including: a control group,and groups receiving toxin orally at doses of (A) 50, (B) 37.5, and (C) 25 (mg/kg body weight). After sampling the brain tissue, the slides were examined with Nissl and hematoxylin-eosin staining and then the data were analyzed using SPSS-26 statistical software, followed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's multiple comparison test.

Investigations carried out in the groups receiving the poison indicated pathological lesions, including necrosis of neurons and an increase in microglia cells in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, followed by the results of cell counting indicating a significant decrease in the number of neurons in the cerebral cortex A (157/20 ± 4/68), B(167/20 ± 4/94) and C (186/60 ± 5/46) and different hippocampus areas (CA1-4, DG) in all groups compared to the control group (p<0.05).

The results of the present study revealed that the antifungal combination of tricyclazole caused damage and pathological death of neurons in the cerebral cortex and different areas of the hippocampus and decreased the number of cells in these areas; that the severity of the lesions was directly related to increasing the dose.

As materials with porous network structures and tunable chemical properties, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) provide a wide range of possibilities for water treatment processes. These materials can be effectively used in the removal of pollutants and water purification, especially under visible light radiation, due to their unique abilities to absorb and convert light into chemical energy. However, the main problem of MOFs lies in their powder form, which limits their practical application. Especially, the separation and recovery processes of these powder materials are difficult and time-consuming. To solve these limitations, the method of stabilizing MOFs on polymer substrates has been proposed as an innovative solution. This immobilization allows MOFs to be used as photocatalyst membranes. Photocatalyst membranes containing MOF can be effectively used in the water purification process. These membranes have the ability to destroy organic pollutants and remove metal ions through photocatalysis processes under visible light irradiation. These features are especially important in the treatment of water contaminated with chemicals and heavy metals. This study has comprehensively investigated the performance of photocatalyst membranes containing MOF in various fields of water treatment. The analyzes carried out include the investigation of different effects on the degradation of organic pollutants and the removal of metal ions using these membranes. In particular, this research focuses on optimizing the use of solar energy and increasing the long-term stability of these membranes in separation processes.

with the advent of the Islamic Revolution in Iran, issues such as the creation of a new Islamic civilization and the critique of Western modernity have become increasingly prominent in Islamic societies. In this article, with a civilizational approach and a descriptive-analytical method, the thought of Imam Musa Sadr has been analyzed as a successful model in the field of civilizational theorizing and activism, and the civilization-building components of Islam from his perspective have been presented. a) Islam, with its sublime culture, guides humans to a rational life and, as it has been civilization-building in the past, it can also be civilization-building in the future. b) Moral and spiritual relationships, by creating social cohesion, will lead to the formation of civilization. c) Science, meaning the discovery of the laws and facts of existence to achieve peace and comfort in life, complements religion in building a truly human civilization. d) The effective, efficient, and human-centered presence of women in society and the family for the construction and elevation of society and civilization building. e) Justice, meaning balance in the system of existence and the alignment of society with the divine order of creation and creating equal opportunities for the development of human talents as one of the main foundations of Islamic ideology that must be extended in society to lead to the formation of civilization. f) Freedom, meaning simultaneous liberation from the domination of others and from one's own desires, which has no limit and will be the creator of civilization.

"occult affairs" is a way to acquire science and knowledge through unconventional methods, which in addition to "occultism" i.e. the five sciences of "Kimyia", "Limia", "Himia", "Simia" and "Rimia", it also includes other things such as "Al-jafr", "Raml", "Zikr", "Ilm Al-Horuf" and so on. Despite the disagreement of religious jurists about whether these things are "real" or "imaginary", according to the verses and traditions, it can be confirmed that they are real. The "religious Jurisprudential judgment" of occult affairs is based on verses and traditions and indicates that it is "prohibited" Unless it does not cause harm and repels harm. Some religious jurists have considered it permissible to learn and practice magic to ward off the harm of magic and invalidate it. From the legal point of view, since occult affairs are informative, their application by the judge can help the judiciary in justice. In this research, using the "descriptive and analytical" method, we intend to, by presenting a clear picture of occult affairs, look at the various aspects of these affairs in religious jurisprudence and jurisdiction.

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. Although there are many medications available to control epilepsy, drug resistance and drug toxicity still pose significant challenges for managing this condition. Combination therapy and targeting different pathways involved in seizures can be a suitable strategy to reduce drug side effects and increase its efficacy. There are multiple reports on the relationship between epilepsy and melatonin, a neurohormone secreted by the pineal gland involved in regulating circadian rhythms. This review article will discuss recent advances in stimulating the melatonergic pathway with melatonin and melatonin agonists in the treatment of epilepsy. A comprehensive understanding of the relationship between melatonergic pathways and seizure could pave the way for future studies in treating epileptic disorders.

Regarding the motivation for moral actions, three scenarios are conceivable. Moral behavior arising from an individual's internal drive or from an external factor is termed autonomy and heteronomy respectively. The third scenario known as the “submission to wilāyah” or “divine submission” is presented. This third state, while enabling man to become self-sustained in terms of autonomy, frees him from heteronomy and establishes him as a follower of divine guidance (wilāyah). Kant, the proponent of the theory of autonomy, centers humanity as the ultimate purpose and asserts the independence and intrinsic freedom of reason and will from any causal system. This study employs an analytical-critical method to explore Kant’s principle of autonomy in light of the themes of divine submission in the Quran and al-Ṣaḥīfa al-Sajjādiyya, aiming to highlight similarities and differences between Kant’s view and the Quranic perspective of submission to wilāyah and divine guidance. The findings reveal that both perspectives reject internal motivations inconsistent with reason and domination by external factors other than God. However, their differences include Kant's belief in the sufficiency and authority of rational will, individualism, prioritization of self-understanding, the promotion of moral plurality, the neglect and denial of divine submission themes, and the impossibility of practically achieving true autonomy.

Nowadays “due diligence” is considered one of the controversial issues in international law. The effectiveness of this provision in various fields of international law, including human rights, humanitarian law, international investment law, state responsibility, environmental law, and other fields of international law, has sparked many papers and research on it. Due diligence is a deliberately flexible standard in international law that requires states and intergovernmental organizations to act with utmost care in meeting their contractual and customary commitments. This maximum commitment for each country or intergovernmental organization will be different and subject to change depending on the situation and conditions of the case, the ability of the country or intergovernmental organization, the importance of the interests that are at risk of damage, and other effective components. In terms of its nature, due diligence is not only the primary rules of behavior and not the secondary rules of responsibility, but like good faith, it is a quality with which primary obligations must be fulfilled.

The rapid advancements in science and technology in today's world have significantly altered many legal and social concepts. One of the emerging phenomena is "media terrorism," which refers to the destruction of the real and legal personalities of individuals through media and cyberspace. This concept acts as an indirect tool for harm, differing from traditional terrorism that manifests through physical acts. Media terrorism necessitates a reevaluation of legal and jurisprudential concepts. Given the roots of the legal system in the Islamic Republic of Iran in Shiite jurisprudence, examining the possibility of criminalizing this type of terrorism from a jurisprudential perspective is essential.This research employs a descriptive-analytical method, utilizing credible jurisprudential sources and existing laws to analyze the potential for deriving jurisprudential rulings related to media terrorism. The primary objective of this study is to elucidate the jurisprudential foundations for criminalizing this phenomenon and to establish its legal frameworks in contemporary conditions. Initially, a precise definition of media terrorism based on jurisprudential principles is provided, followed by an assessment of its alignment with existing jurisprudential concepts such as "baghy" (rebellion) and "ifsad fil-ard" (corruption on earth).The findings indicate that while some jurisprudential concepts can be aligned with media terrorism, they may not sufficiently cover the complex dimensions of this phenomenon. The results emphasize that the current legal system requires specific laws to address media terrorism effectively. Additionally, the emergence of issues such as character assassination using artificial intelligence underscores the increasing necessity for lawmakers to pay special attention to cybercrimes and new technologies

The right to protest, rooted in principles of freedom and self-determination, is recognized within the Iranian legal system and Islamic tradition. However, violations of legal norms or attempts to cause harm during protests are condemned. A key requirement for addressing such actions is establishing liability for all involved parties. Legal scholars and policymakers often overlook the interplay between the responsibilities of government officials, the state as a whole, and protesters or rioters in managing protests. If government officials bear responsibility for excesses, omissions, escalating tensions, inciting protesters, or failing to prevent destruction, a central question arises: how can their political, criminal, and civil liabilities be precisely defined? This article focuses on the challenge of delineating civil liability, exploring legal and jurisprudential frameworks to assess the feasibility of holding officials accountable. It highlights principles such as "government as a trust," "systems jurisprudence," "contractual guarantee," "whoever benefits is responsible," and "the manager is responsible" as bases for establishing liability, particularly civil liability, in protest management. Additionally, it examines the role of "provocation" in proving officials’ liability, drawing on jurisprudential concepts like "prevailing power" and "conscience," and critiques the legislator’s stance by linking "public anger" to "danger." The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, relying on library sources.

The need of the army's ground forces, especially the mobile assault brigades, for the requirements of active defense that can protect them from enemy micro air vehicle has been the focus of this research. Based on this, the main goal of the research is to determine the defense requirements of the mobile assault brigades of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army against micro air vehicles, therefore, the main research question was raised as follows: what are the defense requirements of the mobile assault brigades of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army against micro air vehicles ?

The research conducted in terms of type is applied, and in terms of method, descriptive and in terms of mixed approach, it was done in two stages, qualitative and quantitative. The data collection of this research has been done by field and library methods using the tools of document study, interviews

In this research, based on the study of documents and interviews, the components of training, equipment, and command and control were determined as the requirements for the defense of mobile assault brigades in this study.

The results of the research indicate that active defense is one of the requirements of the mobile assault brigades of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army in dealing with micro air vehicles. we approved Based on the analysis of the questionnaire, the training component obtained a higher average than the equipment and command and control.

Exergame exercises have been increasingly used to improve postural control and balance in various populations. However, there is limited knowledge about the effect of exergame exercises on dynamic balance and craniovertebral angle in students with forward head posture. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of exergame exercises on dynamic balance and craniovertebral angle in male students with forward head posture.

In this quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group design, 30 male students with forward head posture (craniovertebral angle less than 45 degrees) within an age range of seven to 12 years were purposively selected to participate in the present study. The participants performed exergame exercises for eight weeks, two sessions per week, each session lasting 30 minutes, while the control group participants performed their daily activities. At different stages, the Y test was used to measure dynamic balance and the body profile photo method was used to measure the participants' craniovertebral angle. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 26 software at a significance level of 0.05 through paired t-tests and covariance.

The results of the present study showed that exergame exercises improved dynamic balance (P<0.05) and corrected the craniovertebral angle (P<0.01) of students with forward head posture.

Based on the results, exergame exercises can be used in clinical and home programs to improve balance and correct the craniovertebral angle of people with forward head posture, because they can stimulate interest in inducing active participation.

According to systemic functional grammar, a text is constructed in accordance with the situational and cultural context of its production. With this assumption, this paper attempted to explore the distinct linguistic features in the texts of the websites of Persian and English-language science and technology parks that must be considered in their translation. To this end, the texts of “About Us” sections on the websites of 6 Iranian and 6 British and American science and technology parks were comparatively analyzed using the transitivity system within the framework of systemic functional grammar. The findings showed that despite the higher frequency of material processes in both groups of texts, in the Persian texts the parks appeared more in the role of Goal than Actor due to the higher frequency of passive clauses. Significant differences were also observed between the two groups of texts in the number and frequency of certain Circumstantial elements. Finally, it was proposed that in the translation of such Persian texts into English adopting the accepted norms of the international discourse of such texts would lead to better communicative results.

 Forward head posture is one of the most common postural abnormalities among students, which affects their postural control (balance). Although there is a trend toward using exergames to improve balance, the effectiveness of exergames specifically designed to improve balance in students with forward head posture is unclear. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of exergames on the static balance of children with forward head posture.

 In this quasi-experimental study carried out using a pre-test, post-test, and a control group design, 30 boys with forward head posture in Takestan City with an age range of 7 to 12 years old were purposively selected and assigned to two groups, namely the Exergames and the Control groups. In the pre-test phase, the participants performed three attempts of the Stork test (static balance). The intervention phase was carried out over eight weeks with two sessions per week,each session lasting 30 minutes, during which the participants performed the relevant exercises. Following the training phase, the post-test phase was conducted, where the participants performed the static balance test as in the pre-test phase. The data were analyzed by univariate analysis of covariance.

 The results showed that exergames significantly improved the static balance of children with forward head posture (F=22.94, P=0.001).

 In general, the results of the present study highlight the importance of exergames in the static balance of children with head forward posture, and it is recommended that the benefits of these exercises should be used to improve static balance.

The process of exchanging human body parts and preserving the respectable soul has been the focus of Jafari jurisprudence for a long time. What is evident from the opinions of the jurists around this issue is the popularity of the banning of the buying and selling process and any type of ownership contract for the exchange of other parts of the human body, regardless of motivation. In the upcoming research, by expressing the opinions of Islamic schools of jurisprudence and mentioning the reasons and evidences of these rulings, a detailed criticism of the ban on the process of exchanging and transferring human body parts has been discussed, and by using the sources of issuing jurisprudence, the causes of the ruling on the permissibility of the process Transplantation of human body parts is provided. Because by violating the evidence of banning the said process and using the positive evidence of the ruling on the permission of the process of exchange and transfer of human body parts, there will be no other way but to accept the ruling on the permission in the said process. It is hoped that this jurisprudential research will save many lives from certain death and become an example of the 32nd verse of Ma'ida "And those who live will not live all the people".

Gender change is one of the most important issues that has attracted the attention of jurists and lawyers. The present study aims to answer this question, what is the consequence of gender change in dowry, alimony, and Marriage expenses? With the descriptive-analytical method, it has been concluded that transgender in a marriage, according to a theory called (discovery), if the husband changes gender after intercourse, the wife has the right to receive the Marriage Portion, and if the husband before intercourse, Gender reassignment, or if the wife changes gender, the wife is not eligible to receive the Marriage Portion. Also, the right to alimony depends on the marriage itself, and either husband or wife can take the marriage expenses from the other if they have the right.

Today, due diligence obligations have a special significance and undeniable role in international law. One of the first and most important fields of emergence of these obligations can be considered international investment law. This study attempts to locate the position of due diligence in international investment law and examine the protective obligations of host state in the light of this overarching concept and furthermore to establish the obligations flowing from due diligence on foreign investors jurisprudence with reference to arbitral tribunals.This article concluded that due diligence standard serves as a general obligation to impose a duty on the host state to protect foreign investment and at the same time it puts a duty on foreign investor to conduct responsibility to strike a balance between the interests of both sides. As a result, there is no field in international investment law in which due diligence has no role to play.

The present study aimed to investigate the scientific results of the studies on the strategies and exercises applicable to knee abnormalities, provide a convenient conclusion, and offer more comprehensive information so that researchers may have easier access to the related literature.

Several databases, including ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Scopus, Sport Discus, and PubMed, were searched from 1980 to 2022. The implemented keywords included knee injury, knee dislocation, anterior cruciate ligament injuries, medial collateral ligament, and return to sport.

After applying the entry and exclusion criteria, a total of 534 articles were investigated, out of which the systematic reviews, the repeated ones, and the articles that could not fulfill the entry criteria of the study were eliminated, and, finally, 33 studies were selected. The findings showed that the highest rate of injuries occurred in football (38%) , basketball (13%) , and volleyball (15%) , respectively. Moreover, ACL was the most prevalent injury (around 64%) to ligaments, while injuries to MCL ranked second.

The present study showed that the majority of knee injuries involved injuries to knee ligaments and typically took place due to running or jumping on rigid surfaces or experiencing severe blows. It was hard to conveniently summate the reports and make practical conclusions according to them due to their varying methods of reporting. Thus, future studies are recommended to homogenize the characteristics.

The wide concentration of facilities in the city of Tehran always provides the basis for attracting people from the surrounding areas into the urban area. The continuation of this situation, in addition to fueling the spatial inequalities and the wide gap between the center and the surrounding areas, has led to the fattening and increase of the population of the metropolis of Tehran. The 15th urban area of Tehran and especially the peripheral neighborhoods such as Mesgarabad and Masoudiyeh are among the places that are in an unfavorable situation compared to many urban areas of Tehran in terms of development level, wealth indicators, urban services and living facilities. Therefore, the development of tourism and recreational activities in this area will not only help to increase the urban living facilities for the deprived residents, but it will be very effective in terms of attracting investment and increasing local job creation platforms and infrastructure development. The general purpose of this research is to plan for the development of tourism and recreational activities in Mesgarabad or Narjes Khatun resort, which has been collected in the form of documents. This research is classified as applied research. The obtained results show that today despite having high potential as a resort, there is still a need for planning to create many infrastructures in the field of water supply, electricity, transportation network, parking, providing more access and entry and exit, resolving conflicts with Surrounding properties include fencing, further strengthening of existing dune mounds, recreational facilities

Pesticides and their residues are among the most important polluting factors of aquatic ecosystems. Vista is a combination fungicide used to control blast disease in rice. Despite the effective use of Vista fungicide in blast disease control, the environmental effects of this pesticide have not been investigated in aquatic animals. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of Vista fungicide on liver tissue and some blood serum parameters in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). For this purpose, 180 grass carp were divided into 4 groups in 3 replications. Group 1 was considered as the control group, and groups 2, 3 and 4 received 5%, 10% and 20% of the 96-hour LC50 of Vista equal to 1.56, 3.128 and 6.25 mg/l for 28 days, respectively. The results of the examination of serum parameters showed that the amount of total protein and albumin decreased with the increase of Vista concentration, and a significant decrease was observed in group 4 (6.25 mg/l of Vista) compared to group 1 (control) and group 2 (1.56 mg/l of Vista) (p˂0.05). The amount of glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides increased with the increase in the concentration of Vista, so that the highest amount was observed in group 4, which had a significant difference in the case of glucose compared to other groups (p<0.05), and in the case of cholesterol and triglycerides showed a significant difference compared to the groups 1 and 2 (p<0.05). The amounts ​​of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzymes increased with increasing Vista concentration. ALP and AST enzymes had a significant increase in group 4 compared to groups 1 and 2 (p˂0.05), and ALT enzyme had a significant increase in the groups receiving Vista compared to group 1 (p˂0.05). Histological examination showed that the livers of fish in group 1 had normal conditions. The symptoms were mild hyperemia in group 2, moderate hyperemia, vacuolar degeneration of liver cells, and necrosis of liver cells with a mild degree in group 3, and severe hyperemia, vacuolar degeneration of liver cells and necrosis of liver cells with a moderate degree in group 4 were observed. The results of this research indicate that increasing the concentration of Vista leads to increase hepatic tissue damages and biochemical changes in the blood serum of studied fish.