سید مهدی حسینی

Family health is a critical factor in creating a healthy society, playing a significant role in the life of every individual. Consequently, fostering healthy families is considered a fundamental priority in any culture or community. This study aims to examine the components of family health in Nahj al-Balaghah within the context of advancing the second phase of the Islamic Revolution in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

This applied research was conducted in two stages to achieve its objectives. •Stage One: A qualitative descriptive-analytical approach was employed. The three-pronged method (triangulation) was used to extract and compile data, which involved studying the foundational principles derived from Nahj al-Balaghah, as well as drawing upon relevant research and theoretical frameworks. •Stage Two: Content analysis was utilized to assess the frequency and significance coefficients of family health components in Nahj al-Balaghah. The content was analyzed based on the source text (Nahj al-Balaghah ) and seven primary components related to family health.

An examination of family health components from the perspective of Nahj al-Balaghah revealed the following frequencies: affection and compassion (9), parenthood (3), consultation (6), male guardianship (3), reconciliation and kindness (3), family economy (16), stress management (7), life skills education (46), commitment and appreciation (21), marriage (6), purity (9), appropriate attire (3), the prohibition of adultery (2), child-rearing (4), happiness and interaction (10), participation and cooperation (15), moderation in family dealings (1), importance of family authenticity (5), family religiosity (5), respecting family boundaries (9), respecting family members’ rights (3), and maintaining family limits (9).

The highest significance coefficient was attributed to “life skills education” with a frequency of 46, while the lowest significance coefficient was for “moderation in family dealings,” with a frequency of 1.

This study examines the relationships among environmental sustainability thoughts, greenwashing practices, generative leadership styles, and environmental performance within Iranian small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The research is motivated by the growing recognition of the critical role SMEs play in achieving overall environmental sustainability, alongside increasing societal and regulatory pressure on these firms to adopt environmentally responsible practices. Unlike large corporations, which often possess dedicated sustainability units and substantial resources, SMEs typically face limitations in financial capacity, expertise, and organizational infrastructure, making the integration of environmental considerations into daily operations more challenging. Accordingly, this study seeks to clarify how internal organizational factors—particularly leadership styles and environmental mindsets—shape environmental outcomes in resource-constrained SME contexts. It addresses an important gap in the literature by focusing specifically on Iranian SMEs, an economically significant and rapidly evolving sector that has received limited attention in sustainability research. Iran’s distinctive socio-economic and regulatory environment offers a valuable empirical setting, with insights that may be applicable to other developing economies confronting similar structural constraints. A central objective of this research is to examine the mediating role of generative leadership in the relationship between environmental sustainability thoughts and environmental performance. It is proposed that a strong organizational commitment to environmental sustainability, reflected in a shared environmental mindset, fosters the emergence of generative leadership practices. Such leaders are expected to cultivate innovation, collaboration, and environmental stewardship, thereby enhancing environmental performance. At the same time, the study acknowledges the potential role of greenwashing—defined as the misleading promotion of environmentally friendly initiatives without substantive commitment—in weakening this relationship. Accordingly, the research investigates whether greenwashing moderates the link between environmental sustainability thoughts and environmental performance, potentially undermining the positive effects of a strong environmental orientation.

This research adopts a quantitative approach and utilizes a survey-based methodology. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire administered to a sample of Iranian SMEs. The instrument was designed to measure the key constructs of environmental sustainability thoughts, greenwashing practices, generative leadership style, and environmental performance. Measurement scales were adapted from validated instruments in prior studies to ensure reliability and consistency. To enhance data quality, the questionnaire was carefully reviewed for clarity and coherence and was pre-tested through a pilot study to identify and resolve potential ambiguities. The final sample consisted of SMEs drawn from a range of industries, ensuring diversity in organizational activities while adhering to the study’s definition of SMEs as firms employing fewer than 250 employees. This criterion was applied to ensure consistency with international SME classifications and to facilitate effective data collection. Descriptive statistics were employed to profile the sample and provide an initial overview of the participating firms. The hypothesized relationships were subsequently tested using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), which enabled the examination of both direct and indirect effects among the variables. This analytical approach provided a robust assessment of the proposed mediating and moderating relationships and allowed for a comprehensive analysis of the interactions among organizational mindset, leadership, and environmental performance.

The results reveal several significant relationships among the study variables. First, environmental sustainability thoughts were found to have a positive and statistically significant effect on the adoption of generative leadership styles. This finding indicates that a strong, organization-wide commitment to environmental sustainability creates favorable conditions for the emergence of generative leadership. Second, generative leadership was positively and significantly associated with improved environmental performance, highlighting the pivotal role of leadership in translating sustainability-oriented values into concrete environmental actions. This result underscores the importance of leadership practices that emphasize employee empowerment, collaborative decision-making, and a shared vision for environmental responsibility. In contrast, the hypothesized moderating effect of greenwashing on the relationship between environmental sustainability thoughts and environmental performance was not supported. The findings suggest that, within the surveyed Iranian SMEs, greenwashing practices do not significantly weaken or alter the positive impact of a well-established environmental sustainability mindset on environmental performance. Finally, the analysis confirms a significant mediating role of generative leadership in the relationship between environmental sustainability thoughts and environmental performance. This indicates that the influence of environmental sustainability thoughts on performance is partially transmitted through generative leadership, which serves as a critical mechanism for converting environmental intentions into improved environmental outcomes.

The findings highlight the central role of internal organizational factors in improving environmental performance within SMEs. In particular, they demonstrate that environmental sustainability thoughts alone are insufficient unless they are effectively enacted through appropriate leadership practices. Generative leadership emerges as a key conduit through which environmental values are operationalized, reinforcing the importance of leadership development in sustainability-oriented SMEs. Several limitations should be acknowledged. The focus on Iranian manufacturing SMEs and the specific size threshold applied may limit the generalizability of the results to other sectors, organizational sizes, or national contexts. Future research could extend this model to non-manufacturing SMEs, larger firms, or different geographical settings to enhance external validity. Additionally, while this study controlled for selected organizational characteristics, future studies may incorporate external factors such as stakeholder pressure, regulatory intensity, and market dynamics to provide a more comprehensive understanding of environmental performance drivers. Moreover, the exclusive reliance on quantitative methods may overlook deeper insights into leadership behaviors and organizational processes. Future research employing mixed-methods designs, including qualitative interviews or case studies, could enrich understanding of how generative leadership is enacted in practice. Despite these limitations, this study contributes to the literature by providing empirical evidence on the interplay between environmental sustainability thoughts, generative leadership, and environmental performance in Iranian SMEs. The findings offer meaningful implications for policymakers, managers, and researchers seeking to promote effective and authentic environmental sustainability practices in developing economies.

This study examines the effect of oil prices and economic policy uncertainty on inflation over the period 2008 to 2023. The main objective of this research is to analyze the complex dynamics between these variables over different time horizons and under different market conditions (such as bull and bear markets). In this study, the wavelet quantile transformation method is used and the effect of oil prices and economic policy uncertainty on the distribution of inflation over different time horizons is simultaneously examined; the use of quantile transformation allows for a more detailed analysis of the relationships between variables over different time horizons and shows that the impact of economic and policy shocks on inflation is different in different quantiles. The results show that oil prices have a significant impact on inflation, but this impact is different in the short, medium and long term. The impact of oil prices on inflation is greater in the short term and decreases over time. Economic policy uncertainty also has a significant effect on inflation, especially when the market is facing high policy volatility. This effect is particularly pronounced in the upper quantiles (i.e., when inflation is at higher levels). Using the quantile wavelet transform has allowed researchers to more accurately analyze the relationships between variables over different time horizons and under different market conditions. This method shows that the impact of economic and policy shocks on inflation varies across quantiles. The results of this study help economic policymakers better understand the effects of key variables such as oil prices and economic policy uncertainty on inflation and adopt more effective strategies in the face of these challenges.

In recent years, tourism development has played a very important role in the development of any society. Today, industrial tourism, as a branch of tourism, simultaneously benefits from the capabilities of both industry and tourism for the development of any society. A review of the literature on the subject shows that despite the importance of this field, it has not received significant attention in recent years. Therefore, to fill this research gap, the present study focuses on the aforementioned issue. Since the best way to develop any field is to examine its supply chain. Therefore, to achieve the research objective, the industrial tourism supply chain network has first been studied and designed. One of the important issues in the field of tourism is the issue of sustainability. To consider the issue in question and examine the proposed supply chain, a bi-objective mathematical model including maximizing the profit of the supply chain and maximizing the its level of responsiveness has been designed and presented.

Given the nature of the mathematical model, which is a bi-objectives model, the Revised Multi Choice Goal Programming (RMCGP) method has been used to solve the desired problem. RMCGP method is an extension of the classical goal programming method designed to solve Multi-Objective Decision-Making (MADM) problems with flexible and multi-option goals. This method allows decision-makers to express their preferences in an interval or multi-option form and has greater flexibility in modeling real problems. In this method, instead of defining a single goal and trying to optimize it, several goals with different levels are defined and the goal of planning is to achieve the closest possible state to these goals.

The proposed bi-objectives mathematical model, which includes maximizing supply chain profit and maximizing the level of responsiveness in the proposed chain, has been solved using the RMCGP method based on data from a case study in Mazandaran province, Iran and the optimal value of the first Objective Function (OF) was 154,690,000 Tomans and the value of the second objective function was 0.6086. To solve the proposed model using the RMCGP method, the ideal and anti-ideal values ​​for the OF1 are 154,690,000 and zero respectively, and for OF2 are 0.6086 and zero respectively. Also, the importance degree of OF1 and OF2 are considered 0.6 and 0.4 respectively. The results of implementing the RMCGP method indicate that the value of OF1 does not change with the above assumptions and according to the proposed method, and OF2 is reduced to 0.3695.

In this research, industrial tourism has been studied by examining and designing its supply chain and presenting a mathematical model for the proposed supply chain for the first time. The proposed chain includes the customer group, the center providing industrial tourism services (facilitator), and industrial units and accommodation centers. The proposed model is a bi-objectives model including maximizing the chain profit and maximizing the level of responsiveness of the proposed chain. The proposed model has been solved using the RMCGP method and based on data from a case study in Mazandaran province,Iran. Considering the one-month planning horizon, the demand value and the the capacity limitations, the optimal value of the OF1 is 154,690,000 Tomans and OF2 is 0.6086. Also, to examine the proposed model more precisely, a sensitivity analysis is performed on some key parameters including the demand value of the facilitator center, the percentage of profit exchange between the facilitator center and industrial units, and the maximum allowable distance for allocating customer groups after visiting industrial units to accommodation centers, and its effects on changes in each OF have been examined.

The COVID-19 pandemic and the widespread adoption of online education have highlighted the importance of educational supervision. During this time, educational supervisors have played a crucial role in enhancing the quality of education and promoting professional development for teachers. Recognizing the significance of supervision in online education, this qualitative study, employing a phenomenological approach, explores the experiences of educational supervision during the era of online education. The participants of this study were educational supervisors, instructional leaders, school principals, and assistant principals in the Kurdistan province of Iran who were involved in online educational supervision during the 2020-2021 academic year. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews using a purposive sampling method until theoretical saturation was reached. Data analysis and theme extraction were conducted using the Attride-Sterling (2001) method and MAXQDA software version 2020. The three overarching themes of the research were: 1) the enhancement of educational supervision, 2) the modernization of educational supervision, and 3) the professional development of educational supervisors. The findings of the study demonstrate that at the outset of online education, supervisors faced confusion and challenges in supervising virtual classes. They applied the supervisory structures of face-to-face classes to monitor online instruction and sometimes neglected the supervision process. Over time, supervisors gradually adapted to this new form of supervision and adopted new strategies for it. Supervisors recognized their new role in the supervision and education process during this time. Additionally, virtual supervision can contribute to the professional development of teachers and supervisors in the post-COVID-19 era.

Trade liberalization is one of the important principles in evaluating the economic development of countries. Considering the importance of KOF trade liberalization, it is necessary to examine the macroeconomic variables including growth and trade in the agricultural sector as one of the strategic sectors in the economy. In the present study, the effect of the uncertainty of trade liberalization on the growth and agricultural trade of Iran has been investigated using fuzzy regression model with symmetric and asymmetric coefficients for the time period of 1992-2021. According to the flexibility of the three-boundary phase regression model, high, medium and low exports, imports and the growth rate of the agricultural sector were calculated under conditions of uncertainty. Examining the impact of high export bounds and the growth rate of the agricultural sector at the membership level of 0.9 indicates that the uncertainty in trade liberalization and the real exchange rate and other factors have a significant impact on the growth and trade of the agricultural sector, this issue is sensitive to the agricultural sector. It stands out in the face of economic policies. The results of this study show that the KOF trade liberalization index variable in the upper bound among other factors has the greatest impact on import, export and growth rate of agricultural products with coefficients of 2.978, 1.963 and 0.002, respectively. Also, the added value of the agricultural sector has the greatest effect on the imports of agricultural products in the upper band with a coefficient of 5.492, and its effect on the exports of agricultural products is the same in all bands and is equal to 0.095. The real exchange rate also has the greatest effect on the exports in the upper band with a coefficient of 0.013 and 0.001 in imports and growth rate of the agricultural sector.

In this research, the influencing factors on the willingness to pay for organic honey have been investigated using the spatial Tobit model in Zahedan city. Its statistics and information were collected through a researcher's questionnaire and using cluster sampling in 2021-2022. The result shows that he variables of age, education level, household income, organic certification and mark of the product, the level of trust in the product distributed in the market and the degree of customer satisfaction with the distribution and sale of the product has a positive and significant effect on the probability of willingness to pay for organic honey, According to the results, it is suggested that producers and marketers in selecting the target community and valuing organic honey. The above effective variables should be taken into account in order to have a correct estimate of the consumer's willingness to pay, finally, the producer should use direct sales methods in order to gain the trust and satisfaction of the customer.

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of group positive thinking training on social-emotional competence and the quality of friendship among primary school students in Birjand city. The method of the current research was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design as well as with a control group. The statistical population of the research consisted of all the male students of the sixth grade of Birjand city who were studying in the academic year of 2023-2024. Among the statistical population, 30 students were selected by the available sampling method, and all of them were replaced in the form of two experimental (15) and control (15) groups. The experimental group underwent positive thinking training for ten 50-minute sessions. The Social-Emotional Competence questionnaire (Zu and Jessi, 2012) and the Friendship Quality questionnaire (Zohrevand and Hijazi, 2001) were used to collect research data. The data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance. The results showed that group positive thinking training had a significant effect on social-emotional competence and friendship quality (p<0.005). In other words, social-emotional competence and friendship quality improved significantly because of group positive thinking training. According to the obtained results, one of the constructive educational approaches to improve and strengthen the emotional-social and communication variables is the positivist educational approach

Implementing groundwater management strategies from other countries is often ineffective due to the distinct characteristics of each plain. In volcanic–alluvial aquifers like the Ardabil Plain, effective groundwater governance requires a localized approach because of structural heterogeneity, significant secondary porosity, and sensitivity to climate variability. This study developed a tailored strategy for sustainable groundwater management specific to the Ardabil Plain. During the 2017–2018 hydrological year, the aquifer experienced an average water level decline of 0.57 meters and a storage deficit of 20.09 million cubic meters. To support targeted decision-making, the aquifer was divided into three management zones based on water level decline severity and surface–groundwater interactions. A MODFLOW-NWT model was developed, calibrated, and validated to simulate aquifer behavior. Management scenarios initially focused on reducing groundwater extraction and were later refined to consider varying climatic conditions. A five-year planning horizon was adopted to account for increasing unauthorized withdrawals and climatic shifts. Results indicated that under the optimal scenario—featuring a 10% extraction reduction in supercritical zones and 5% in critical zones—annual drawdown was limited to 0.4 meters and the storage deficit was reduced to 15.5 million cubic meters. This strategy not only alleviates pressure on the aquifer but also maintains agricultural productivity, promoting greater public acceptance of sustainable policies. The approach presented here offers a replicable framework for other regions facing similar hydrogeological and climatic challenges, supporting integrated policy development that balances environmental, economic, and social sustainability in water-scarce settings.

With an average rainfall of 260 mm per year, Iran is one of the dry countries in the world with limited water resources, which factors such as population growth, the need for more food, the need to improve the level of health and social welfare, industrial development and ecosystem protection. increases the water demand for these limited resources day by day (Taghizadeh et al., 2013). Also, considering the recent droughts, the importance of water as a vital input becomes clearer. Today, humanity is facing many problems for water supply in the rapid development process. This situation in dry climates with low rainfall, where the ecosystems involved in water supply are more fragile, with the occurrence of droughts and indiscriminate harvesting of water reserves, has made the planners face more critical conditions. The rapid growth of the population and the need for more production has caused the agricultural sector to have a greater demand for consumption than other sectors that consume water, so the most important challenges of the agricultural sector of these regions in the current situation is how to produce more food with less water (Saghafi et al., 2018).Considering the limitation of available water resources in the country and the increasing demand for various uses of water in all its aspects and as a result reaching the critical limit of using renewable water resources, demand management is the basis of consumption control and water resources management. In order to ensure water security, written laws will be created based on this to create a balance between water consumption and supply. Managers' awareness of available water resources and, in general, all relevant layers of different methods of demand management decision, and especially the determination of its influencing factors, is considered one of the most necessary things in water management (Ansari et al., 2017).The fact is that in the empirical studies of spatial models of technology distribution and efficiency, one region cannot be considered independent from other regions, because according to Tobler's first geographical law, each place is dependent on another place and the places that are closer to each other They have the greatest effect on each other compared to distant places. In the econometric literature, the lack of spatial dimension in statistical and econometric experimental modeling leads to estimation errors and incorrect statistical conclusions (Seyef and Hamidi Razi, 2016). In this research, the effective factors on the efficiency of Iran's water resources have been investigated with regard to the effects of spatial overflow and using a spatial Durbin model, which is novel from this point of view compared to domestic studies.

This research examines the role of piety in the sermons of Imam Ali (AS) and its impact on improving mental health. Piety, in the thought of Imam Ali (AS), is not only a moral virtue but also a comprehensive strategy for achieving psychological balance, inner peace, and improving the quality of life.

This research, using a descriptive-analytical method and based on religious sources, especially Nahj al-Balagha, extracts and categorizes Imam Ali (AS)'s practical approaches in the field of mental health.

The results show that piety is influential in five key areas: (1) insightful approaches that, by strengthening self-awareness and awareness of the impermanence of the world, reduce unhealthy dependencies and increase mental tranquility; (2) behavioral approaches such as piety, patience, and contentment that improve social interactions; (3) motivational approaches including encouragement of good deeds and warnings about the consequences of sin, which strengthen a person's motivation for spiritual growth; (4) devotional approaches such as prayer and remembrance of God, which strengthen faith and reduce anxiety; and (5) intellectual approaches that, by inviting reflection on death, the afterlife, and divine wisdom, free a person from unnecessary anxieties.

The teachings of Imam Ali (AS) can be used as a valuable framework for promoting mental health. These teachings, alongside scientific psychological methods, play an effective role in reducing stress and improving the quality of individual and social life. Utilizing these teachings in educational and counseling programs can enhance the mental health of society.

In recent decades, the rapid expansion of digital technologies has deeply transformed not only the structural dimensions of economics, politics, and culture but also the foundations of everyday life—especially among the emerging generation. The digital generation has introduced new modes of awareness, knowledge production, and identity formation, challenging traditional systems of governance and social order. However, the specific relationship between these transformations and the future of governance in Iran has received limited scholarly attention.In an age characterized by "real competition of minds" and the rise of "digital literacy", the boundary between truth and falsehood, good and evil, or reward and punishment is increasingly determined by a mere click—either physical or cognitive. This blurring of lines constructs a lived reality that is simultaneously digital and physical, requiring a new theoretical lens to comprehend how power, legitimacy, and identity are being reshaped.

This research adopts a qualitative-descriptive methodology grounded in Heideggerian phenomenology to investigate how the digital phenomenon deconstructs traditional modalities of "interest in awareness and knowledge production" in the daily lives of Iran's new generation. Phenomenology, particularly in the Heideggerian sense, offers a way to engage with the existential and ontological dimensions of the digital experience—how individuals perceive, embody, and respond to this new digital environment.The theoretical framework is built upon David Apter’s typology of political systems—namely, liberal secularism, cumulative-sacred authority—and is complemented by Fred Riggs’ concept of the “prismatic society”, which is especially apt for analyzing transitional or hybrid societies like Iran. In addition, the concept of “Thermidor”, as explored by Trotsky and Brinton in the context of revolutionary cycles, is employed to frame the potential political outcomes of Iran's current digital-cultural transformation.

The study reveals that the digital phenomenon in Iran is not merely an instrumental development but a paradigm of consciousness that has the power to redefine knowledge, legitimacy, and social identity. In the digital lifeworld, traditional binaries—such as real vs. simulated, private vs. public, or knowledge vs. belief—are constantly being restructured. The increasing influence of "mental clicks" and "manual clicks" reflects a new form of interaction that determines preferences, consumption patterns, political participation, and even religious engagement.Emerging concepts such as “personalized truth,” “fluid digital identity,” and “quasi-public participation” point to deep structural contradictions within the existing sociopolitical order. Technology has come to occupy the core of awareness, action, and even emotional life. As a result, the digital sphere has introduced new tensions within the four core dimensions of societal power: accumulation, hegemony, legitimacy, and identity.Moreover, the Iranian youth simultaneously engage with aspects of liberal-secular logic and deeply rooted sacred traditions, leading to a hybrid identity that matches Riggs’ characterization of a “prismatic society.” This duality intensifies the challenge forexisting systems of authority, as legitimacy becomes harder to maintain in a context where algorithms shape awareness and global platforms mediate culture.At the same time, history shows that many large-scale political transformations go through a phase referred to as “Thermidor”—a stage in which the initial ideals of a movement are either diluted or re-appropriated by power structures. The central questionthen becomes: Is Iran undergoing a similar phase of digital Thermidor, where technological adaptation is used to preserve rather than challenge existing systems of control Or are we witnessing the early signs of a broader socio-political rupture—one in which the new generation's digital sensibility could reshape Iran’s power structures fundamentally

The Heideggerian phenomenological analysis presented in this study reveals that digitality in Iran operates as a new mode of being, reshaping how people think, live, and relate to authority. The digital experience is not merely about communication or access to information—it transforms the very logic of subjectivity and governance.This transformation generates ambivalence: on one hand, it can serve as a tool for the re-legitimization of existing regimes (a technological Thermidor); on the other hand, it opens the door to new demands, new failures, and new discourses of power. The distinction between the real and the virtual is no longer adequate to understand the social world of Iranian youth. As such, future research and policymaking must move beyond surface-level assessments of technology and engage with its ontological, political, and existential implications.The digital world is not an external factor imposed upon Iranian society—it is now internal to its consciousness, politics, and future. Whether this leads to passive adaptation, structural resistance, or revolutionary change depends on how various actors—from youth to state institutions—navigate this rapidly evolving terrain.

Accurate prediction of groundwater levels is of great importance in water resource management, especially in arid regions. This research, with the aim of replacing traditional models with machine learning methods, has examined two algorithms: Support Vector Machine and Random Forest for predicting groundwater levels. Modeling was conducted using 20 years of data on precipitation, air temperature, evaporation, groundwater extraction, and groundwater level as input variables. After examining the normality and correlation of the data, 70% of the data were used for training and 30% for testing. The evaluation results of the R², RMSE, MAE, and MSE metrics showed that the Support Vector Machine -RBF algorithm had values of 0.57, 1.05, 0.61, and 1.11 in the training phase, and values of 0.74, 0.84, 0.61, and 0.71 in the testing phase, respectively. The Random Forest algorithm, using all hyperparameters, provided values of 0.85, 0.61, 0.44, and 0.37 in the training phase and 0.71, 0.93, 0.66, and 0.86 in the testing phase, and showed better performance due to its high accuracy and resistance to multicollinearity. Additionally, using the Permutation Feature Importance method, the number of input variables for the Random Forest model was reduced from six to one, and its results, without a significant decrease in model accuracy, included values of 0.83, 0.66, 0.45, and 0.43 in the training phase and 0.71, 0.93, 0.66, and 0.86 in the testing phase. The research findings indicate that machine learning models, particularly the Random Forest algorithm, can be a suitable alternative to traditional methods for predicting groundwater levels and managing water resources sustainably.

In discussions of religious propagation, public attention is predominantly focused on the preacher as the primary actor, who is expected to fulfill multiple religious, cultural, and social roles. However, the preacher is merely one component of a broader propagation system. The prevailing global conditions, coupled with the proliferation of anti-religious propaganda leveraging modern communication technologies, have created significant obstacles for preachers to achieve effective influence. Meanwhile, passive, traditional, and weak responses to these pressures have exposed religious societies to fundamental cultural disruptions and vulnerabilities. These circumstances underscore the necessity for organized and institutionalized religious propagation, immediate attention to the propagation system, and the improvement of its functionality.The challenges of planning religious propagation stem from its distinct characteristics compared to conventional forms of communication. Both intra-discursive and extra-discursive alternatives in today’s globalized world, reinforced by communication sciences and technologies, have posed serious challenges to the development and dissemination of Islamic culture. The emergence of religious vulnerabilities and non-religious tendencies has further intensified the significance of this issue. Empirical evidence indicates that many people perceive the current state of religiosity as weaker than in the past and consider the institutions and management systems responsible for religious propagation as inefficient.This study seeks to identify and analyze the structural and operational obstacles that undermine the efficiency of religious propagation in Iran. Its ultimate objective is to diagnose weaknesses in order to reform flawed practices and enhance the effectiveness of the system. By precisely identifying factors that contribute to inefficiency and disruption, targeted interventions can be designed to address these gaps and strengthen the propagation framework.

Given that the primary sources of information in this study—including scholarly documents and interviews—are symbolic and media-based, thematic analysis was employed to systematically examine the data, with MAXQDA software utilized for coding and analysis. To ensure research reliability, the test-retest method was applied, and the consistency of the two coding rounds was measured using a holistic formula:PAO= 2M/(n1+n2)  =2*114/(125+125)=0/91Since conventional thresholds for coding reliability typically exceed 70%, the resulting value of 0.91 is considered highly acceptable.The research proceeded through the following stages:Selection and Collection of Data: The units of analysis in this study were scholarly documents and expert informants. Document selection was based on intrinsic criteria, and among the extensive corpus, 21 documents were deemed appropriate for inclusion. Data extraction forms were the main tools at this stage. For interviews, expert participants were selected according to elite criteria, employing theoretical sampling. Twelve experts were interviewed, with selection guided by research gaps and needs. Interviews continued until data saturation was reached.Extraction of Themes and Integration of Dual Sources (Documents and Interviews): Instances, claims, and texts were initially coded into primary codes and subsequently abstracted into higher-order themes. All extracted codes and themes are detailed in the findings section.Mapping of Thematic Networks: The extracted themes were organized into network structures to illustrate relationships and hierarchies.Interpretation and Explanation of Networks: The thematic networks were analyzed to provide insight into structural and operational barriers and to derive actionable conclusions.

The study identified obstacles to the efficiency of religious propagation in five domains, with statistical analysis indicating that the largest proportion of barriers relates to propagation management (42%), followed by preacher-related factors (27%). The main barriers are summarized as follows:Managerial Barriers: The most frequently observed issues include policies lacking scientific foundation, the dominance of traditional thinking, neglect of modern communication tools, unplanned and uneven distribution of preachers, poor coordination among propagation institutions, deficiencies in training and supervision, and financial and structural dependence of propagation on governmental authorities.Preacher-Related Challenges: Preachers face four major categories of obstacles:o Methodological: Reliance on reductive, emotional, or unsubstantiated methods.o Behavioral/Ethical: Violations of clerical propriety and lack of professional commitment.o Cognitive: Limited contemporary knowledge and negative attitudes toward cyberspace.o Interactional: Inability to effectively communicate with diverse audiences and lack of awareness of audience language and context.Message-Related Challenges: These include weak or poorly structured content, overemphasis on ritualistic worship, neglect of addressing public doubts or misconceptions, and a lack of alignment between message content and audience needs or comprehension.Contextual Barriers: These encompass powerful cultural competitors (e.g., secular ideologies), weak cyber infrastructure, negative media representation of religion, and economic and political conditions that hinder receptivity to religious messages.Audience-Related Challenges: Audience obstacles include negative perceptions of the clergy, identity crises, and attributing governmental inefficiencies to the essence of religion itself.In summary, the primary reasons for the inefficiency of religious propagation in Iran are structural weaknesses in management and individual and skill-based deficiencies among preachers.

This study highlights the nature of religious propagation as a systematic, sacred, and communicative process and emphasizes the necessity of transitioning from traditional to modern, efficient structures. Although multiple institutions have been established for religious propagation since the Islamic Revolution, forward-looking evaluations indicate significant weaknesses in the structure, management, and performance of the clergy as primary actors.The findings demonstrate that propagation management is the cornerstone and vulnerability of the system. The majority of observed inefficiencies (over 40 variables) stem from flawed policy-making, parallel efforts among multiple agencies, deficiencies in preacher training and distribution, and lack of systematic feedback mechanisms. Decision-makers often implement policies that, due to inadequate understanding of cultural and social realities, are not only ineffective but may also hinder the dissemination of religious values. Fragmented institutional operations and the absence of a systemic perspective have severely undermined the effectiveness of traditional propagation in confronting global communication trends and the modern societal context.The principal strategy to overcome these challenges is to halt isolated operations and establish a unified command center. This center should focus on training specialized managers, applying contemporary social sciences (e.g., sociology and psychology), and achieving full coordination among propagation institutions.Finally, broader strategies include standardizing the propagation framework, employing ethnographic and qualitative approaches for workforce development, reforming evaluation systems, emphasizing audience analysis, and enhancing the production and dissemination of religious content. These measures aim to achieve sacred objectives while bridging the gap between propagation institutions and the actual needs of society.

Rural schools face numerous challenges, particularly in attracting and retaining high-quality teachers. Student teachers who are motivated and possess a positive attitude can mitigate some of the negative impacts stemming from inadequate facilities and other issues prevalent in rural education. However, a lack of information about teaching in rural settings can diminish student teachers' motivation and attitudes. This research aims to explore how selective dissemination of information influences the knowledge, attitudes, and motivation of student teachers preparing to teach in rural areas.

The study employed a quantitative, quasi-experimental design. Initially, key dimensions of rural teaching were identified through literature review and converted into a questionnaire, which was validated by experts. A pre-test was administered to assess the current knowledge and attitudes of student teachers. Over two months, selective information was shared via a blog and a Telegram channel with the student teachers involved in the pre-test. The research targeted first-year students from Farhangian University of Sanandaj who participated in the summer semester of 2023. After the intervention, a post-test was conducted with 81 male and 37 female students. Data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS software.

Pre-test data indicated that student teachers had below-average knowledge regarding various aspects of rural teaching, including parental literacy, economic conditions, village culture, and the challenges posed by multi-grade classes and insufficient resources. The average scores for attitude components (emotional and behavioral dimensions) and motivation components were similarly low. In the post-test, scores for both attitude and motivation components improved significantly, indicating a positive shift in perceptions after the information dissemination. Notably, the statistical analysis confirmed these changes were significant, and gender differences were found to influence attitudes and motivation.

The selective dissemination of relevant information regarding rural teaching positively impacts student teachers' knowledge, attitudes, and motivation. This approach enhances the likelihood of student teachers voluntarily choosing to teach in rural environments and remaining in these settings for extended periods. By improving awareness and understanding of the rural teaching context, the study suggests a pathway to address some of the critical challenges faced by rural education systems.

The purpose of this study was to identify and prioritize managerial strategies that contribute to achieving social discipline among the employees of the Judiciary of East Azerbaijan Province.

This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of methodology. The statistical population consisted of 25 employees of the Judiciary of East Azerbaijan Province, selected through a fully purposive sampling method. The study employed a mixed‑method research design. To prioritize the identified managerial strategies effective in achieving social discipline, the MCDM decision‑making framework was applied using the AHP statistical technique.

The results of variable ranking indicated that duty consciousness and responsibility, with a weight of 0.395, ranked first; job motivation, with a weight of 0.390, ranked second; employee social control, with a weight of 0.387, ranked third; personal and professional development, with a weight of 0.386, ranked fourth; proper enforcement of laws and regulations, with a weight of 0.331, ranked fifth; strategic planning and purposeful management, with a weight of 0.283, ranked sixth; and employee participation in decision‑making, with a weight of 0.274, ranked seventh.

Social order requires individuals to demonstrate personal discipline, and a healthy social life within systems and institutions is achieved when individuals respect the laws, rules, regulations, boundaries, and rights of one another.

The agricultural sector is an important source of CO2 emission. In recent years, the increase in energy consumption of agricultural inputs has led to an increase in energy consumption and the CO2 emission Therefore, optimizing energy consumption and thus reducing environmental pollutants in the form of considering water-energy and food nexues (WEFN) in an agricultural cycle can be of special importance. The goal of this study is to develop a sustainable agricultural program to reduce CO2 emission and environmental pollutants in the Sistan watershed.

This study has determined the amount of energy consumption of agricultural inputs and the CO2 emission in order to protect sustainable agriculture using a non-linear multi-objective planning model. The model is coded using GAMS software. 

The results of the proposed model showed that with the implementation of the WEFN nexues, in addition to reducing the energy consumption of inputs by 0.25%, the amount of CO2 emission in the entire studied basin has decreased to 0.49%. 

In the one-dimensional approach, due to the lack of political coherence and low productivity in the use of resources, nexus approach has become more prominent. The nexus approach can promote the comprehensive security of water, energy and food resources, which is combined with sustainable and equitable access to resources. Therefore, a comprehensive planning should be done in line with the sustainable development of agriculture, so that expert measures can be taken by changing the structure of the basin's cultivation pattern in order to reduce environmental pollutants.

Lifestyle encompasses a set of preferences, values, norms, consumption patterns, and perceptions that, as a shared and collective phenomenon, symbolically contribute to the identity formation of individuals and societies. Given this, a comparative study of Islamic and Western lifestyles—where the latter is rooted in Western civilization—gains significance. This study employs a descriptive-analytical method and a library-based approach to examine the similarities and differences between Islamic and Western lifestyles based on Quranic verses and the hadiths of Ahl al-Bayt (A). The findings reveal that both lifestyles emphasize principles such as justice, freedom, human rights, peace, and humanitarianism. However, significant differences exist between the two, as Islamic and Western lifestyles represent two distinct models in moral, cultural, social, economic, and political aspects. Islam places greater emphasis on moral and human values and actively promotes them, whereas the Western lifestyle focuses more on the development of technology and economy, prioritizing individual values over collective ones. This research demonstrates that despite these differences, the mutual development of shared human and social values, as well as the improvement and enhancement of societal conditions and human excellence, remain possible. The results of this study can contribute to structuring and formulating appropriate policies to achieve these objectives.

Importance of awareness about morphological characteristics as one of the key indicators in evaluating the status of fish species and understanding the dynamics of their populations, measurements were conducted in this study regarding morphometric parameters as well as counting characteristics related to the species Trypauchen vagina (Bloch & Schneider, 1801). Although in previous studies, only a small number of this species were reported in the waters of the Persian Gulf, including Musa bay, Qeshm Island, the coasts of Kuwait, and Iraqi marine waters, in this study, a greater number of samples of this species were observed in the Lifeh region in the coastal waters of Khuzestan province during the autumn of 2017 and the summer of 2018. The results showed that the minimum and maximum lengths in this study were 10 and 15.7 cm, respectively. Moreover, the results showed that this species exhibited isometric growth. Given the potential environmental impact of invasive species, particularly competition with native species, confirmation of the presence of a new invasive species should be viewed with concern. Of course, confirmation of this hypothesis requires further investigation and confirmation of the ability of this species to create living populations on the Khuzestan coast.