سید کیوان مرعشی

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of salicylic acid (Sa) and jasmonic acid (Ja) pretreatment hormones on germination and seedling growth of Chamran and Karkheh wheat cultivars under drought stress (St). The cultivars seeds were primed with Ja (100 μM) and Sa (10 mM). St was applied using polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000). The data were analyzed based on a factorial experiment with three replications in a randomized complete block design. The use of Ja and Sa reduced the effects of St on wheat germination indices and the use of Ja was more effective. St reduced germination by 33.45%, while the application of Ja and Sa improved it to 22.5%. Germination seedling stress and seed length vigor index were also decreased by 23.7 and 55% under St compared to the control, but with Ja and Sa application, these indices improved to 20 and 16%, respectively. The sensitivity of Karkheh variety with less accumulation of proline was higher in St conditions and it improved to a great extent with the application of Ja and Sa. It is recommended not to use the Karkheh for the southern and western parts of Khuzestan province, where there is a high probability of St occurrence. Considering the improving effect of Ja and Sa on the germination indices of wheat seeds tested in this study, it is suggested that during additional studies, other seeds of wheat cultivars should also be tested with these hormones for use in tropical areas.

90% of Iran's land area is in arid and semi-arid areas. It is expected that by 2025, about two-thirds of the world's agricultural lands will face a water deficit. The yield also decreases by 50 to 90% under drought stress conditions compared to non-stressed conditions. Among the different types of stress, drought stress at the end of the season is the most important stress in Mediterranean areas such as many areas of Iran. Therefore, the yield of small grains cultivated in these areas is affected by drought stress at the terminal of the season. Salinity and drought stress increases the concentration of dissolved solutes in the root environment, increases the osmotic potential of the soil, decreases the absorption of nutrients and decreases the mobility of zinc and iron elements in the soil solution. Elements in the plant can be compensated and tolerance to saline conditions can be increased. Researchers reported that the application of zinc increased the grain yield of wheat and barley cultivars. Researchers reported that the application of zinc increased the grain yield of wheat and barley cultivars. In stress conditions due to reduction of stomatal conductance and limited access to CO2 for carboxylation reactions, the rate of photosynthesis decreases and increasing stomatal resistance is a suitable defense strategy for the survival of wheat and barley. Due to the cultivation of barley in these moderate areas and the role of the micronutrient element zinc in reducing the effects of drought and salinity stress, this research was carried out in different varieties of barley using different amounts of zinc sulfate. This research was carried out in November of the agricultural year 2017-2018 in two areas: 1) Kobutrabad Agricultural Research Station (drought stress by removing water after spike emergence); 2) Rudasht Station (rrigation with salt water 10 dS/m). Planting was carried out by machine planter in November in both regions. In the dry area of Kabutrabad, the plots containing 6 rows of 6 meters with the distance between the rows of 20 cm (the planting area of each plot is 7.2 square meters) with a density of 400 grains per square meter were done. Data analysis and step-by-step regression were performed using SAS9.1 software and mean comparison was performed by LSD test at 5% probability level. If the interaction effect is significant, cutting (slicing) and comparison of means was done by Lsmeans test at 5% probability level. The results showed that barley cultivars under drought stress had higher thousand-grain weight, grain yield and biological yield and lower proline content than under salt stress. Drought stress at the end of the season compared to salinity stress during the growing season had higher thousand-grain weight, grain yield and biological yield and lower proline content. Foliar application of 0.5% zinc sulfate had higher grain yield (4763 kg/ha about 34%) and biological yield (4763 kg/ha about 26%) than without foliar application and is recommended. It should be noted that there was no difference in the amount of proline between cultivars in drought stress, but in salt stress, tolerant and semi-tolerant cultivars had more proline content than the stress-sensitive line. In drought stress, Armaghan (semi drought tolerant) and Goharan (drought tolerant) cultivars had more chlorophyll a in the application of zinc sulfate. It seems that the mechanism of increasing the tolerance and performance of Armaghan and Goharan cultivars under drought stress conditions is the increase in the amount of chlorophyll a due to the application of zinc sulfate. For this purpose, foliar spraying of suitable cultivars (Armaghan and Goharan) is recommended in drought stress conditions.Grain yield had positive correlation with traits of plant height (p = 0.01, r = 0.33), spike length (p = 0.05, r = 0.31), number of grain per spike (p = 0.01, r = 0.35), biological yield (p = 0.01,  r = 0.96), amount of chlorophyll a (p = 0.01, r = 0.44), amount of chlorophyll b (p = 0.05, r = 0.29) and zinc element (p = 0.01, r = 0.39), which is the highest correlation between grain yield and biological yield (r2 = 0.99). In terms of grain and biological yield, Armaghan and Goharan cultivars are recommended under drought stress and Armaghan and Mehr cultivars are recommended under salt stress with a concentration of 0.5% zinc sulfate. In salinity stress, the minimum and maximum grain yield and biological yield were obtained respectively in foliar spraying of 0.1 and 0.5% zinc sulfate in all genotypes. It seems that foliar application of 0.5% zinc sulfate is sufficient for all barley cultivars under salinity stress, and foliar application with a higher concentration of zinc sulfate is not recommended due to the decrease in grain and biological yield in this stress.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of supplementary irrigation and foliar spraying with salicylic acid and humic acid on the biochemical properties of dragon's head (Lallemantia iberica) under Khorramabad climatic conditions at Visian Research Station. The experiment was conducted as a split-plot-factorial based on a randomized complete block design for two years of 2017- 2018 and 2018-2019 in Khorramabad city.Experimental treatments consisted of supplementary irrigation at four levels (including control, budding stage, flowering stage, and budding stage + flowering stage) as the main factor; foliar spraying with salicylic acid at three levels (including control, 0.5 mM, and 1 mM) as the first subfactor, and foliar spraying with humic acid at two levels (including control and 1 mM) as the second subfactor. In this study, different characteristics such as shoot nitrogen content, shoot phosphorus content, shoot potassium content, shoot copper content, shoot iron content, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and chlorophyll total were evaluated. According to the results, various levels of supplementary irrigation and foliar spraying with humic acid and salicylic acid significantly affected the above characteristics. Mean comparison results revealed that the highest nitrogen content in the shoot (3.74%), shoot iron content (182.33 mg g-1), chlorophyll a (5.18 mg g-1 fresh weight), chlorophyll b (5.18 mg g-1 fresh weight) chlorophyll total (5.18 mg g-1 fresh weight) were recorded in the first year under treatment with supplementary irrigation at the budding stage and foliar spraying with salicylic acid (1 mM) and humic acid (1 mM).

Excessive use of chemical fertilizers has led to issues regarding health of humans and other organisms. In this framework, this experiment was designed.

The experiment was conducted based on a factorial experiment in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. The investigated factors included no foliar application of amino acid, 1, 2 and 3 kg/ha and urea fertilizer consumption in 3 levels as 100, 66 and 33% of the locally-recommended rates.

 The results showed that the maximum plant height, leaf area index, total dry matter, crop growth rate, net photosynthesis rate, chlorophyll index and grain yield was achieved under 100% urea fertilization and 3 kg/ha of amino acid application, while the minimum belonged to applying 33% of urea without amino acid foliar application of and the differences between them was significant. The maximum total dry matter and grain yield were observed under simultaneous application of 100% urea and 3 kg/ha amino acid, and the minimum was obtained under no foliar application of amino acid and 33% urea, which did not have a significant difference with 66% urea and the application of 3 kg/ha amino acid. Increasing grain yield, under 100% urea and 3 kg/ha amino acid compared to no foliar application of amino acid and 100% urea fertilizer (control) was equal to 76.8%.

In general, it is possible to achieve a desirable yield in wheat, in addition to saving chemical fertilizers consumption, by applying 66% of urea fertilizer along with 3 kg/ha of amino acids.

In order to manage cost reduction in saline land under wheat cultivation, a research was carried out as a split plot arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor included three soil moisture percentages during the initial plowing (10, 15, and 20%) and secondary factor was four methods of land preparation and sowings (non application of chisel piler + sowing with flat planter, non application of chisel piler + sowing with furrow planter, application of chisel piler + sowing with flat planter and application of chisel piler + sowing with furrow planter). In this research, before applying the secondary factor, a 24-blade disc was used for the initial plowing of the land. The results showed that the highest weight and volume of clods were found when non application of chisel piler with 20% soil moisture and the lowest one when chisel piler was applied with 10% soil moisture. The highest seed germination was with application of chisel piler + furrow planter and humidity of 20% and the lowest value was with non application of chisel piler + flat planter and soil moisture of 10%. The highest grain yield was obtained with application of chisel piler + furrow planter by 4593 kg/ha and the lowest value was obtained by 2797 kg/ha under non application of chisel piler and flat planter. In general, the results showed that the use of chisel piler and furrow planter with 20% soil moisture had a positive effect on improving germination, physiological and yield characteristics of wheat in saline lands, and it can be taken into consideration by farmers.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of soil moisture and tillage and sowing machinery on yield and yield components of wheat in the saline soils of Mahshahr, Iran. The experiment was carried out as a split-plot according to a randomized complete block design with three replications. Independent variables included soil moisture during tillage at three levels of 10%, 15%, and 20% as the main factor. Sub-factor included the type of tillage and sowing machinery at four levels including 1) without the use of chisel-piler and sowing with flat seeder machine, 2) without the use of chisel-piler and sowing with furrow seeder machine, 3) one time use of chisel-piler to a depth of 20 cm and sowing with flat seeder machine, and 4) one time use of chisel-piler to a depth of 20 cm and sowing with furrow seeder machine. In order to prepare the land, irrigation was done before tillage according to the region's customs to reduce the tensile strength of the soil against tillage machines. After the soil moisture was suitable according to the main factors, the tillage was done with a 24-bladed disk machine once to a depth of 15 cm. The maximum clod weight was obtained in the condition of not using a chisel-piler and soil moisture of 20%, and the lowest was obtained in using a chisel-piler and soil moisture of 10%. The maximum number of tiller/plant, number of spikes/m2, number of spikelet/spike, number of grain/spike, number of grain/spikelet, biological yield, and grain yield was under using chisel-piler and sowing with furrow seeder machine with 20% soil moisture, and the lowest in the treatment with no chisel-piler and sowing with flat seeder machine. In general, the results showed that the use of chisel-piler and sowing with furrow seeder machine under 20% soil moisture had the best results in terms of grain formation and yield in saline soils, which can be suggested to reduce the effects of salinity.

In order to investigate the effect of humic acidic and cycocel on yield, yield components, and remobilization of wheat photosynthetic materials under end-of-the-season drought stress conditions, a split factorial experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in field in Ahvaz during two years (2017-19). The main factor of drought stress at the end of the season with two levels of normal irrigation and cessation of irrigation in the post-pollination stage, cycocel with three levels of water as a control, 1.5 g/l, and 3 g/l, and humic acid with three levels of non-foliar application (water as control), 2 liters per hectare, and 4 liters per hectare were factorial sub-factors. Results showed that the interaction of end-of-the-season drought stress and cycocel on grain yield and number of grains per spike was significant. The highest grain yield (4840.5 kg ha-1) was obtained by applying 3 g/l cycocel under normal irrigation conditions, which did not show a statistically significant difference from the application of 3 g/l cycocel under drought stress at the end of the season. Application of humic acid had a positive and significant effect on all test traits. The highest grain yield, number of grains per spike, and 1000-grain weight were obtained from the application of 3 liters per hectare of humic acid under normal irrigation conditions. Under end-of-the season drought stress, the current photosynthesis and the share of current photosynthesis decreased by 29% and 10%, respectively while remobilization and contribution of remobilization increased by 16% and 34%, respectively. In general, to increase the rate of grain yield under optimal conditions and reduce the drop in stress conditions, growth regulators such as cycocel by a concentration of 3 g/l and organic acid fertilizer by the concentration of 4 liters per hectare are recommended.

This research was conducted as a factorial in a completely randomized design with four replications. The studied treatments include salinity stress in the form of irrigation with normal water (0.4) and with salinity of 4 and 8 dS/m of NaCl salt and seed priming with hydrogen peroxide, including no priming and seed priming in 25 and 50 mM solutions. In this experiment, the traits of germination percentage, germination rate, root length, stem length, root dry matter, stem dry matter and seed vigor index were investigated. In this research, the effect of salinity stress and hydrogen peroxide was significant on all investigated traits. The interaction effect of salinity stress and hydrogen peroxide on the studied traits was significant except germination rate. The maximum percentage of germination, length and dry matter of root and stem and seed vigor index was obtained under absence of stress (normal water) and application of 50 mM hydrogen peroxide and the minimum was under salinity of 8 dS/m and no application hydrogen peroxide. The maximum germination rate was obtained in the 50 mM hydrogen peroxide and no salt stress. In general, the results showed that the use of hydrogen peroxide in the presence of salinity stress was effective through the improvement of indices, and this can be considered as a strategy for better and proper seedling establishment.

The present two-year research (1397-1398) investigates the effect of Mycorrhizal inoculation. For this purpose, it takes the combined ratio of Auxin/Gibirlin and Ascorbic acid on the yield and yield components of corn, in the form of split factorial design in the form of randomized complete blocks in three replicates in  Shahid Salemi farm. It has been done north of Ahvaz city. The main factor of the treatments include Mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus intraradices species) at two levels (inoculation and non-inoculation) before planting and the secondary factor includes the ratio of Auxin hormone to gibberellin at three levels (0, 300/600, and 600/300) mg/liter and ascorbic acid at three levels (0, 100, and 200) mg/liter are applied as foliar spraying. The results show that Mycorrhiza has a significant effect on the dry weight of leaves, stems, and cobs, seed weight and yield, as well as biological traits, respectively, the highest seed yield amounting to (7410.72) kg is related to the treatment levels of Mycorrhizal inoculation, the ratio of Auxin to gibberellin is 600 mg to 300 mg and in 200 mg of ascorbic acid and the highest yield of stem dry weight (100 grams) . In the triple interaction of the experimental factors in the treatment levels, there has not been any Mycorrhiza inoculation. For not using the hormonal compound and using 100 mg of ascorbic acid, the highest seed yield in the row (45.46%) has been obtained in the ratio of Auxin to gibberellin of 600 mg to 300 mg and using 200 mg of ascorbic acid. According to the positive effect of the use of experimental factors, the use of Mycorrhiza and the mentioned hormones, and ascorbic acid are recommended.

One of the problems of agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions is low soil organic matter. Plant residues are a natural and important renewable source of plant nutrients that can be used together with other inputs to improve soil health and improve production. The method of preserving crop residues on the surface and cultivating directly inside the residues with minimal soil disturbance can be an alternative method for burning the residues, especially in summer cultivation. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of different rice residue managements on the growth and quantitative and qualitative yield of rapeseed cultivars was studied.

The experiment was performed as split plot layout based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor included the management of rice residues at four levels, including 1- According to conventional cultivation,2- Cultivation in plowed land with rice residues, 3- Cultivation in rice residues with 20 cm height, 4- Cultivation in rice residues with 40 cm height and the secondary factor of three rapeseed cultivars included 401, 4815 and okapi cultivars. In conventional cultivation (control), after harvesting the rice, the field was set on fire and after exposing the ground, plowing, disc and plotting of the land were done and planting according to the custom of the region in a row with distant 20 cm was planted. In the management of cultivation in plowed land with rice residues, after harvesting rice, plowing, disc and plot cultivation were done and planting was done in a row according to the custom of the region in a row with distances between planting lines of 20 cm. In the management of cultivation in rice residues with a height of 20 and 40 cm, rice harvesting from a height of 20 and 40 cm above the ground is done manually and then scattering rapeseed seeds similar to seed density in the custom method cultivation and then with the help of chisel plow rapeseed seeds it was mixed with the soil completely superficially at a depth of about 0.5-1 cm.

The results of analysis of variance showed that the effect of rice residue management on plant height, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod, 1000- grain weight, grain yield, oil percentage and grain protein percentage was significant. The effect of cultivar types on number of pods per plant and grain yield was significant but not significant for other traits. Interaction of rice residue management and cultivar type was significant on plant height, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod and yield. The maximum grain yield in the cultivation of plowed land with rice residues in cultivar 4815 by 2449.48 kg/ha and the minimum grain yield in the cultivation of rice residues with a height of 40 cm in cultivar 401 by 1187.41 kg/ha was observed. The maximum oil percentage and grain protein percentage in the cultivation of plowed land with rice residues by 21.62 and 48.16 were observed, respectively and regard to other residue managements were not significant.

In general, the results showed that the rapeseed cultivation in plowed bed along with rice residues is effective in improving most of the growth and yield traits of rapeseed. In addition, cultivar 4815 is more suitable than cultivar 401 and okapi in terms of cultivation in plowed land with rice residues and this cultivar can be recommended for farmers and region.

In order to evaluate the application of auxin hormone and weed management on the performance of physiological and chemical characteristics of potato cultivars, a split factorial experiment in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in two crop years 2016-2016 and 2016-2016 in Bardsir city of Kerman province. Done. The treatments include two potato varieties, Milva and Sante, foliar spraying of auxin hormone at three levels, no hormone consumption, 200 and 400 ppm and weed control, pre-emergence application of metribuzin herbicide with an amount of 750 grams per hectare, two-stage application Metribiozin, one stage of 500 g/ha pre-emergence and the second stage of 250 g/ha 10 to 15 days after potato sprouting, weed control through manual weeding, control without weed control. The results showed that increasing the consumption of auxin hormone significantly increased the diameter, dry weight and tuber performance. Weed control was achieved during the two-step application of Bozin herbicide with an increase ratio of 15 to 39% compared to the control without control. The highest yield of tubers was obtained under the two-stage application of Bozin herbicide and the application of 400 ppm of auxin hormone at the rate of 38055.33 kg per hectare, and the number of tubers in potato was obtained under the two-stage application of Bozin herbicide. The use of different amounts of IAA in this experiment led to an increase in the content of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus compared to not using it.

Experimental treatments include the seed priming including: control (soaking seeds for 24 hours in water), soaking seeds for 8, 16 and 24 hours in seed guard solution was performed in the main plots and three cultivars of rice including: Champa,, Anbarbo and high yielding cultivar i.e. LD-183 were applied in the sub-plots. The results showed that the effect of duration of priming on number of spike per square meter, number of grains per spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, biological yield and grain protein percentage was significant. The effect of cultivar type was significant in all measurement traits. The interaction effect of seed duration of priming and cultivar type was not significant in terms of grain yield and biological yield and significant in terms of other traits. The maximum grain yield was obtained in Anbarbo cultivar + 24 hours in seed guard solution with an average of 5621.77 and the minimum grain yield in Champa cultivar + 24 hours in normal water with an average of 32264.5 kg/ha. The maximum grain protein was obtained in 24 hours in seed guard solution with an average of 11% and the minimum grain protein in 24 hours in ordinary water with an average of 8.3%. In general, the results of experiment showed that the effect seed priming by seed guard solution with increasing production components could be effective in increasing quantitative and qualitative yield as compared to soaking the seeds in water (local custom) and it can suggested by researchers and farmers.

This research was performed as a factorial in a completely randomized design in a pot with four replications. The studied treatments include salinity of irrigation water as irrigation with ordinary water (0.4) (control) and with salinity of 4 and 8 dS/m and seed priming including no priming and seed priming in 25 and 50 mM of hydrogen peroxide solutions. In this experiment, the number of spikes per pot, number of spikelets per spike, number of seeds per spikelet, 1000-grain weight, root dry weight, grain yield and grain protein were investigated. In this study, the effect of salinity of irrigation and hydrogen peroxide on all studied traits were significant. The interaction effect of salinity of irrigation and hydrogen peroxide on the studied traits except grain number per spikelet and grain protein were significant. The maximum root dry matter (0.95 g/pot) and grain yield (7.49 g/pot) were observed under irrigation with normal water and application of 50 mM hydrogen peroxide and the minimum root dry matter (0.82 g/pot) and grain yield (3.17 g/pot) was obtained at salinity of 8 dS/m and non-application of hydrogen peroxide. The maximum grain protein (14.25%) was obtained in the application of 50 mM hydrogen peroxide and the minimum protein percentage (11.05%) was obtained under irrigation with normal water. In general, the application of hydrogen peroxide can be effective in increasing the quantitative and qualitative yield of wheat and reducing the effect of salinity of irrigation water and it can be considered and recommended by researchers and farmers.

This experiment was performed to investigate the effect of different rice residue management on growth parameters of canola. This experiment was performed as a split plot experiment in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications in the agricultural lands of Izeh city. The studied treatments include rice residue management at four levels (including 1- conventional cultivation (stubble burning), 2- cultivation in plowed land with rice residues, 3- cultivation in rice residues with a height of 20 cm, 4 - cultivation in rice residues with a height of 40 cm) and the second factor was three canola cultivars (including 401, 4815 and okapi). The results showed that the effect of rice residue management on leaf area index, total dry matter, crop growth rate, relative growth rate and net assimilation rate were significant. The effect of cultivars were significant in all measurement traits. There was no significant difference interaction between rice residue management and cultivar type on all studied traits. The maximum and minimum values in the studied traits were observed in cultivation management in cultivation in plowed land with rice residues and conventional cultivation, respectively and among different canola cultivars, the maximum and minimum values in the traits were observed in cultivar 4815 . In general, the results of the experiment showed that the cultivation in plowed land with rice residues is superior to conventional cultivation and other managements and leads to the improvement of growth parameters. Also, 4815 cultivar is superior to 401 and okapi cultivars.

Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) as one of the most important beans, has 20-25% protein and is a protein supplier that is needed by humans and plays an important role in this regard. Increasing yield per unit area is one of the most important factors for increasing production. Planting pattern and plant density per unit area are two important factors affecting the growth and yield of plants. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of these parameters on growth and yield characteristics of mung bean under Baghmalek weather conditions

In order to evaluate the effect of plant density and planting pattern on growth and yield characteristics of mung bean under Baghmalek weather conditions, an experiment was carried out as factorial in a randomized complete block design. The studied factors includ, planting density in three levels of 20, 28 and 36 seeds per square meter, and the second factor include, hand scattering of seeds (control), between row distances of 15 cm and 30 cm. In hand scattering of seeds (control) (traditional) and row planting, the seeds were cultivated manually and uniformly in different amounts according to the plant densities. Field preparation included plowing, disks and leveling. After preparation of the field, nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers were mixed with the disk machine at a depth of 15 cm. Nitrogen from the source of urea (46%) was 80 kg nitrogen per hectare, 50% before planting, 25% in stem elongation and 25% in flowering stage and phosphorus fertilizer from the source of triple superphosphate at a rate of 100 kg/ha P (48%) was used. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS 9.2 and comparing of the means was based on Duncan method at 5% probability level.

The results showed that planting pattern with 30 cm spacing compared to hand scattering of seeds improved yield, number of seeds per plant, seeds per pod, pods per plant, 1000-grain weight and plant height. The maximum plant height as 81 cm was obtained from a row planting pattern with a spacing of 30 cm and 28 plants per square meter and the minimum height with an average of 65 cm from density 36 plants per square meter. The maximum grain yield with 2317 kg/ha was obtained from row pattern with 30 cm distance and density of 36 seed per square meter. The minimum grain yield with 1027 kg/ha belonged to hand scattering of seeds and density of 20 seed per square meter.Increasing of 1000-grain weight and number of plants per unit area was the main cause for increasing of grain yield. In other words, the reason for increasing yields in more densities can be attributed to the greater number of plants per unit area and 1000-grain weight. The highest biological yield as 5784 kg/ha was observed from the row planting pattern with a row spacing of 30 cm and a density of 36 plants per square meter, and the lowest biological yield was 3174 kg/ha and a density of 20 plants per square meter. The increase in biological yield at 36 plants per square meter was higher than the density of 20 and 28 plants per square meter due to increase in plant number and also increase in dry matter production per unit area. The maximum percentage of harvest index with an average of 40% was belonged to the interaction of row planting pattern with a distance of 30 cm and density of 28 and 36 plants per square meter.

In general, the results of the experiment showed that in all three planting patterns, the lowest height, number of pods per plant, seeds per pod and seeds per plant were obtained at 36 plants per square meter. The maximum grain yield was obtained at 36 plant density per square meter and the row planting pattern with a distance of 30 cm by 2317.5 kg/ha and the lowest was obtained by 1027.5 kg/ha at a density of 20 plants per square meter and hand scattering of seeds (control). Therefore, this combination of planting pattern and plant density in region can be suggested for optimal use of environmental conditions and maximum grain yield.

In order to investigate the effect of acid modifiers in lands with high pH on improving morpho-physiological characteristics of wheat, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The factors included, sulfur sulfate in three levels (0, 250 and 500 kg ha-1) and thiobacillus in three levels (0, 5 and 10 kg ha-1). The results showed that the effect of sulfur fertilizer and thiobacillus bacteria on total dry weight, leaf area index, crop growth rate, net assimilation  rate and plant height were significant at 1% probability level. The interaction between sulfur and thiobacillus fertilizers on total dry weight was significant at 1% probability level and on plant height at 5% probability level and was not significant for other traits. The maximum crop growth rate were obtained by 12.5 and 11.6 g m-2 under 500 kg ha-1 sulfur fertilizer and 10 kg ha-1 thiobacillus, respectively and the minimum by 9.7 and 10.6 were under non-application of sulfur fertilizer and non-application of thiobacillus. The maximum plant height (94.3 cm) was observed under application of 500 and 10 kg ha-1 of sulfur and thiobacillus fertilizer and the minimum by 74.6 was under non-application of sulfur fertilizer and thiobacillus. In general, the results of experiment showed that the application of sulfur fertilizer and thiobacillus bacteria in lands with high pH improved morpho-physiological characteristics of wheat, which could be interest to researchers and farmers.

Beans are the major part of the diet of many people in the world, because the large amounts of protein in combination with cereal grains could provide a valuable source of food. Iran is located in dry and semi-arid region, and water deficit due to the drought are observed in most parts of Iran. Therefore, implementation of irrigation techniques in order to be more productive than water resources is a scientific approach to reducing water consumption. Meanwhile, based on research, the use of super absorbent hydrogels can increase the yield or reduce the damage caused by scarcity of water resources. Accordingly, this experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of super absorbent polymer under low irrigation conditions on quantitative and qualitative traits of cowpea.

This research was conducted in summer 2015 in a field located 12 Km far from Ahvaz. This experiment was carried out as strip-plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor consists of: 1) furrow full irrigation (control), 2) fixed alternate furrow irrigation and 3) variable alternate furrow. The second factor included three levels of super absorbent polymers: 1) Absence of super absorbent (control), 2) 75 Kg/ha and 3) 150 Kg/ha. Super absorbent on the basis of treatments was mixed with the soil with the help of a disk machine. Stagger furrow irrigation is one of the irrigation methods which can be applied fixed or alternatively by irrigation of half of the furrows. In the irrigation of variable alternate furrow, the furrows are irrigated as arrange in a series of alternating intervals. That way, in one irrigation time, two furrows and in next irrigation time, only the middle furrows is irrigated. In this method, only half of the plant roots, tolerate a period of drought stress and in the next irrigation, the dry period is removed and the other half is subjected to drought stress.

The results showed that the differences between different levels of irrigation was significant in number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100-seed weight, protein percentage, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index at 1% probability level. The effect of different levels of super absorbent on all tested traits was significant at the level of probability of 1% and grain protein content at 5% level. The interaction between different levels of irrigation and super absorbent on number of pods per plant and harvest index was significant at 5% probability level. The maximum grain yield under furrow full irrigation and 150 Kg/ha super absorbent were 2853.4 and 2314.5 Kg/ha, respectively, and the minimum grain yield under fixed alternate furrow irrigation and absence of super absorbent was obtained were 1108.2 and 1453.2 Kg/ha, respectively. It has been stated that the beans are sensitive to water shortages throughout the growth stage and water shortages, especially during flowering stage and grain filling period, can reduce grain yield. The role of super absorbents in increasing the grain yield can be attributed to a better supply of water and nutrients and the availability of them during stress and also to the reduction of water and nutrients waste. The maximum percentage of protein under fixed alternate furrow irrigation and absence of super absorbent was 28.89% and 27.58%, respectively, and the minimum percentage of protein was observed under furrow full irrigation and and consumption of 150 Kg/ha super absorbent was observed with 22.57% and 24.08%, respectively. It has been stated that drought stress increased the protein percentage of seeds relative to normal irrigation conditions. The reason for reduction of protein is to reduce the transfer of photosynthetic material to the seeds. Because, the percentage of protein in the shell and embryo is higher than endosperm. Therefore, in water shortage conditions due to reduction of transfer of photosynthetic material to endosperm, the seed protein percentage is increased compared to endosperm. Super adsorbents create better conditions for water absorption. This increases the photosynthetic capacity and storage of carbon hydrates in the seeds and decreases the protein content.

In general, the results of the experiment showed that the effect of super absorbent application in furrow full irrigation conditions with increasing production parameters and under low irrigation conditions, with reducing the effects of water deficit and improving the damage caused by it, could be effective in increasing the yield. However, with the use of super absorbent, the yield qualitative was reduced

One of the most important aspects of crop management is the supply of nutrients through the use of fertilizers to increase the quality and quantity of yield. Nitrogen is one of the most widely used chemical fertilizers and its deficiency limits the quality and quantity of plants yield more than other nutrients. In the past half century the consumption of chemical fertilizers increased the yield of many products, but due to the high consumption of fertilizers decreased environmental stability. In sustainable agriculture, attention to bio-fertilizers as an alternative to chemical fertilizers has been suggested as an approach to increase soil fertility. Azotobacter and Nitrokara are two bio-fertilizers containing many microorganisms. Therefore, considering the importance of biological and chemical nitrogen sources effects on yield and yield components of corn, this experiment was conducted to determine the effect of these sources on yield, yield components and qualitative yield of corn.

This experiment was carried out in a split plot arrangement in a randomized complete block design with three replications in summer 2017. The treatments consisted of chemical fertilizer nitrogen at three levels of zero, 60 and 120 kg.h-1 of pure nitrogen from urea source allocated to the main plots and three nitrogen bio-fertilizers including Azotobacter, Nitrokara and non-biofertilizer application were assigned to the sub plots. In this experiment, 30 ton.ha-1 sugarcane compost was used to supply some of the nutrients requied by the crop. 50 percent of chemical fertilizer nitrogen was applied at sowing and remaining nitrogen was applied at 4 to 6 leaf stages of crop growth. The first irrigation was done after seed sowing. Azotobacter biofertilizer from Green Biotechnology Company and Nitrokara from Kara Biotechnology Company were used as spraying on the seeds before planting. According to the recommendation of the producers, the amount of Nitrokara and Azotobacter biofertilizers were considered as 500 ml.ha-1 and 100 g.ha-1, respectively. The corn cultivar of S.C 703 was used in this study. The cultivation was under furrow and ridge method. Planting was done on top of ridges. The row to row spacing was 75cm, with plant spacing of 20 cm.

The results showed that chemical fertilizer had a significant effect at the probability level of 5% on number of rows per ear and on other studied traits including number of kernels per row, 1000- kernel weight, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index and protein percentage had a significant effect at the probability level of 1%. The effect of bio-fertilizers on all studied traits were significant at the 1% probability level. The effect of interaction between nitrogen bio-fertilizers and chemical fertilizer on 1000-kernel weight and protein percentage was significant at the 1% probability level and on grain yield was significant at the 5% probability level. However, it was not found to be significant on other traits. The average maximum grain yield (7228 kg.ha-1) and protein percentage (9.9%) were obtained from 120 kg.ha-1 nitrogen fertilizer and Nitrokara fertilizer, respectively, which show no statistically significant difference with those of the combined application of of 120 kg.ha-1 of chemical fertilizer nitrogen and bio-fertilizer of Azotobacter and the average minimum grain yield and protein percentage by 4726 kg.ha-1 and 7% were obtained under no consumption of chemical fertilizer nitrogen and bio-fertilizer (control), respectively.

In general, the results of this experiment showed that under application of sugarcane compost, either chemical or biological nitrogen, the quantitative and qualitative yields of maize were increased and the greatest effect was observed with the consumption of 120 kg.ha-1 nitrogen fertilizer in combination with Nitrokara fertilizer or Azotobacter fertilizer. This was probably due to the lack of nutrients in the soil and not enough time to decompose sugarcane compost for release and absorb the elements.

In order to evaluate the effect of furrow irrigation patterns on yield and yield components of corn cultivars, an experiment was carried out as split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the Shushtar city. Irrigation patterns (main plot) include: furrow full irrigation(control), fixed alternate furrow irrigation, variable alternate furrow irrigation, two time alternate furrow irrigation and one full irrigation and two time full furrow irrigation and one alternate furrow irrigation and maize cultivars (subplots), including: S.C 704 and Karun. Results showed that the maximum grain yield by 5260.5 kg/h obtained from full irrigation furrow and after that it was belonged to and two time full furrow irrigation and one alternate furrow irrigation by 4530.4 kg/h. The interaction between two treatments showed that the maximum grain yield in S.C 704 cultivar obtained in furrow full irrigation with 5120 kg/ha which was not significantly different as compared to the two time full furrow irrigation and one alternate furrow irrigation by 4723 kg/h. Generally, in areas with water deficit can recommend the management of two times full furrow irrigation and one alternate furrow irrigation and use of S.C 704 cultivar.

Considering the importance of wheat in human nutrition and the presence of high concentrations of heavy and toxic metals in contaminated lands, it is important to study the effect of zeolite and composted cow manure and their role in reducing soil contamination and wheat nutritious properties. For this purpose, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with three replications. The treatments included different amounts of zeolite and compost, each with zero, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% based on the weight percentage of soil. The results showed that the effect of zeolite, composted manure, and their interaction on cadmium, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in root, stem, and seed were significant at 1% level. The maximum cadmium in different parts of plant was obtained in non-application of zeolite and compost, and the minimum was obtained in 1.5% zeolite and 1.5% compost, with significant differences. The maximum concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in root, stem, and seed were obtained in 1.5% of zeolite plus 1.5% compost, and their minimum concentrations were in non-application of zeolite and compost, with significant differences. In general, the results of the experiment showed that application of zeolite and compost to cadmium-contaminated lands could reduce absorption of cadmium, and the damage caused by it, and could increase absorption of essential elements.

Considering the production of sugarcane compost in some sugarcane companies and the need for using these products as organic fertilizers to reduce the application of chemical fertilizers, this experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different amounts of sugarcane compost and nitrogen fertilizer on quantitative and qualitative yield of corn. In this study, split plots were used in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments consisted of different amounts of sugarcane compost at three levels of 0, 15, and 30 ton/ha as main plots and nitrogen fertilizer from urea source at three levels of 80, 160, and 240 kg/ha nitrogen as sub plots. Results showed that the effect of sugarcane compost and nitrogen on number of rows per ear, number of seeds per ear, 1000 grain weight, grain yield, and protein yield were significant but the effect of interaction between treatments on all traits were not significant. The maximum grain yield and protein yield were obtaied under 30 ton/ha sugar cane compost and 240 kg/ha nitrogen and the minimum grain yield and protein yield were in non-consuming sugarcane compost and 80 kg/ha nitrogen. In general, the results of experiment showed that increasing the application of sugarcane compost and nitrogen up to 30 ton/ha and 240 kg/ha, had a significant effect on quantitative and qualitative yield of corn and can be considered by farmers and researchers.

Acidic modifiers are common methods in high pH soils to increase solubility of nutrients. In order to investigate the possibility of reducing the soil alkalinity and increasing the solubility of nutrients, this experiment was conducted based on factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications.  The factors including three levels of zero, 250 and 500 kg/ha sulfur sulfate and three levels of zero, 5 and 10 kg/ha thiobacillus bio-fertilizer that performed in three replicates in the Elahi village located in north of Ahvaz in 2017-18. The results showed that the effect of sulfur fertilizer and thiobacillus on number of spikes per square meter, grain number per spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index and protein percentage were significant at 1% probability level. The interaction between sulfur and thiobacillus fertilizers on biological yield at 1% and harvest index at 5% probability level was significant. The results of mean comparisons showed that grain yield and protein percentage increased with change in thiobacillus and sulfur content and was statistically different at different levels of treatments. The maximum grain yield was obtained from 500 kg/ha sulfur treatment and 10 kg/ha thiobacillus by 5663 and 5077 kg/ha, respectively, while the minimum grain yield was observed under non-application of sulfur by 3668 kg/ha and non-application of thiobacillus by 4329 kg/ha. The maximum protein content was under 500 kg/ha sulfur and 10 kg/ha thiobacillus by 13.2% and 12.7% and the minimum was in non-application of sulfur by 10.8% and non-application of thiobacillus by 11.6%. In general, the results of the experiment showed that under sulfur and thiobacillus application, it is possible to increase the quantitative and qualitative of yield in wheat. In this experiment, the best result was obtained under 500 kg/ha of sulfur and 10 kg/ha of thiobacillus, which could be considered and recommended by farmers and researchers.

Wheat is the most important crop in the country. However, a significant portion of this product is grown and produced in saline lands. In Khuzestan province, when we move from north the south, the land salinity is increased due to low slope, heavy soil texture and high water deficit. So, the major areas in Ahvaz, Shadegan, Abadan, Khorramshahr, Mahshahr, Dashte Azadegan, Hoveizeh and even in parts of Shoshtar, Ramhormoz and Behbahan are confronted with this limitation. Estimates showed that at least 400,000 hectares of south of province require underground drainage. Many studies have shown that the application of growth regulators such as salicylic acid can increase plant tolerance during abiotic stresses, especially salinity stress. Therefore, this experiment aimed to investigate and compare the effects of different methods of salicylic acid hormone application on quantitative, qualitative and biochemical parameters of wheat in drained and non-drainage lands. This experiment was carried out in order to evaluate the effects of different methods of applying salicylic acid on quantitative, qualitative and biochemical parameters of wheat in drained and not drained lands, based on combined analysis with randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor was two levels of drained lands (first experiment) and not drained lands (second experiment) and the second factor was different methods of salicylic acid application, which was 1- no spraying (control), 2- soaking of seeds 3- spraying at the beginning of tillering, 4- soaking of seeds + spraying at the beginning of tillering, 5- spraying at the end of tillering, 6- soaking of seeds + spraying at the end of tillering. In this experiment, salicylic acid was used at a concentration of 1 mM. Soaking of seeds in solution was done for 6 hours and washed with distilled water and then dried. Also, spray application of salicylic acid in different growth stages, was performed by motor sprayer. Determination of grain yield from one square meter was done from each plot after removal of margins. To determine the number of spikes per square meter, the number of spikes in harvesting area was counted and averaged in each plot. To determine the number of grains per spike, 10 spikes were selected randomly from all harvested spikes and their grains were counted and their mean was considered as grains number per spike. To determine the number of spikelets per spike, 10 spikes were cut in each plot randomly and the number of spikes was counted and their mean was considered as spikelets number per spike. 1000-grain weight was calculated based on the total weight of two 500 grains samples at the harvest stage. Chlorophyll index was determined by using chlorophyll meter at grain filling stage. Different concentrations of proline, in mg/g fresh weight, were measured by Bates method and wheat protein was measured by digestion method by Kejeldal device. The results showed that the effect of land type on spikes number per square meter, grains number per spike, spikelets number per spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, chlorophyll index, proline and grain protein percentage were significant at 1% probability level. The effect of salicylic acid levels on all traits was significant at 1% probability level. The interaction of land type and salicylic acid in terms of protein percentage was significant at 5% probability level and in term of spikes number per square meter, spikelets number per spike, 1000-grain weight, chlorophyll index and proline content were significant at 1% probability level. The maximum protein percentage (14.36%) was related to the no spraying of salicylic acid (control) in non-drainage conditions  and the minimum in drained conditions (10.6%) was related to soaking of seeds + spraying at the beginning of tillering. The maximum and minimum grain yield in drained and non-drained lands by 3308 and 2017 kg.ha-1 was observed, respectively and the maximum and the minimum grain yield in different methods of salicylic acid application was in seed soaking + spraying at the beginning of tillering and without salicylic acid application by 3636 and 1759 kg.ha-1, respectively. In general, the results showed that the effect of salicylic acid on drained lands increased the yield parameters and on not drained lands by reducing the effects of salinity stress and improving the damage caused by it could be effective in increasing of yield. However, in this condition, the lowest yield qualitative was observed.

In order to evaluate the effect of water salinity on growth, quantitative and biochemical characteristics of safflower cultivars, a pot experiment was carried out with factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design with three replications. The factors included irrigation water salinity in in four levels of 0.4 (normal water as control condition), 4, 8, and 12 dS/m and different cultivars of safflower (Isfahan, Goldasht and Soffeh). The results showed that the difference among cultivars for root dry matter, shoot dry matter, chlorophyll a, b and total, number of heads per plant, number of seeds per head, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index was statistically significant. Also, with the increasing of salinity level, grain yield and other traits significantly decreased. The interaction between cultivar and salinity level was significant for all traits except for chlorophyll b. With increasing salinity levels, the yield of all three cultivars decreased, significantly. The maximum grain yield (31.4 g/pot) was obtained from Isfahan cultivar in 0.4 dS/m and the minimum value was 10 g/pot at 12 dS/m salinity in Soffeh cultivar. In addition, the maximum grain yield was belonged to Isfahan and Goldasht cultivars under increasing salinity stress, respectively. In general, the results showed that under the application of water salinity, Isfahan and Goldasht cultivars were better than other cultivars regarding yield and other traits and recommended to be cultivated by farmers.

Water deficit in soil is a common phenomenon in plant cultivation and can have significant negative effects on their growth. Potassium is an element that increases the resistance of plants to dehydration, salinity stress. If the amount of potassium is reduced, the apertures will not function properly and will disrupt the photosynthesis process and the rate of growth of the crop.The use of biological fertilizers composed of bacteria and fungi can help to optimize the use of fertilizers. These fertilizers, by dissolving the mineral compounds of the soil, facilitate the absorption of the elements by the plants. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of the combined use of potassium chemical and biological fertilizers in order to modify the effects of soil moisture deficiency on yield and yield components of wheat. In order to modify the effects of soil moisture shortage on yield and yield components of wheat, an experiment was carried out based on factorial with completely randomized block design with three replications during 2015-2016 in Ahvaz region. The first factor was irrigation regimes on basis of evaporation from evaporation pan at three levels include: 60 mm (common area), 90 mm and 120 mm. The second factor including combination of chemical and biological of potassium include, 1-completely through potassium sulfate fertilizer (without bio-fertilizer) (control), 2-75% potassium sulfate+Potabarvr2, 3-50% potassium sulfate+Potabarvr2 and 4-25% potassium sulfate+ Potabarvr2.The application of irrigation treatments started at the beginning of the tillering and continued the final harvest. To fertilize the seeds with bio-fertilizer Potabarvar 2, the seeds were first wet, then spread on plastic surfaces, and with Pb-2 biofertilizer, 100 grams per hectare per hectare were seeded on the basis of the manufacturer's recommendation. Potassium fertilizer was used as the basis for the treatment of 100 kg of pure potash per hectare from the source of potassium sulfate as a base and before planting. The results showed that the effect of irrigation was significantly different on ear number per square meter, grain number per spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index. The effect of combined application of fertilizer on all traits was significant except harvest index. The maximum number of spikes per square meter, grain number per spike, 1000 grain weight, and harvest index belonged to irrigation based on 60 mm evaporation pan and the lowest was 120 mm evaporation pan. Also, the maximum number of spikes per square meter, number of seeds per spike, 1000 grain weight and harvest index were 75% potassium sulfate + Potabarvr2.In regard to grain yield , the maximum was obtained under 60 mm evaporation and 75% potassium sulfate + Potabarvr2 by 5970 kg/ha. The minimum grain yield was under 120 mm evaporation and 25% potassium sulfate + Potabarvr2 by 2994 kg/ha. The overall results of this study showed that: 1- With increasing moisture stress, traits such as grain yield, yield components, harvest index and biological yield decreased. Reduction in grain yield was higher than biological yield, indicating greater sensitivity of reproductive organs to vegetative organs under moisture stress conditions. 2. With the application of potassium sulfate, conditions can be established for plant establishment and ultimately increased yield. The best yield and yield traits were observed in 75% potassium sulfate + Potabarvr2. The use of bacteria seems to have affected the plant by increasing the potassium bioavailability or by producing growth regulating hormones. On the other hand, due to the fact that in all three irrigation regimes, grain yield increased by 75% potassium + Potabarvr2 sulfate in comparison with non-use of biological fertilizers (control) (all through potassium sulfate). Therefore, this fertilizer combination can be recommended in the moisture stress and without stress conditions in the region.