سید یحیی صفوی

After the occupation of Iraq by the United States of America in 2003, the crisis entered a fragile phase and despite the fact that it was thought to be decreasing, it continued and became more complicated. In this crisis, well-known private military and security companies such as Blackwater, Triple Canopy, and Dyncorp, by providing defense services in the fields of reconstruction, logistics, intelligenc, security and maintenance, and training and consulting, became important actors whose role seems vague and ambiguous. In this article, we are trying to answer the question, what is the role of private military and security companies in Iraq crisis? This article examines the research hypothesis using the descriptive analytical method and using library and internet documents. The results of the research indicate that “the military and security companies have caused the escalation and continuation of the crisis by increasing the intervention of the United States of America in the fragile phase after the occupation of Iraq and facilitating the influence of this country in the reforms of the security sector. In fact, by influencing the amount and type of American intervention in the Iraq crisis, these activists have caused an increase in the level of violence, the inconsistency of the crisis, the increase in the number of crisis actors and the complexity of the issues of the Iraq crisis, which indicates the increase in the severity of this crisis.

In order for Iran to have a greater impact on the concepts, views, regional systems, processes, decisions, collective actions of other countries and the way regional and global power is formed, it must have a superior geopolitical weight among other countries in the region. . The main goal of this research is to "examine the existing capacities in order to promote the geopolitical power of the Republic of Iran in the West Asian region (strengths and opportunities)". In this research, the research method is descriptive-analytical with a mixed approach and the type of research is applied-developmental. The statistical population is 50 people and the sample size corresponds to the statistical population and all the numbers have been determined. In addition to sampling library studies and conducting expert interviews, non-parametric descriptive and inferential statistical methods have also been used. From the results of the research, it appears that the existing capacities in the form of 7 major geopolitical components (political-military-science and technology-environmental-social and cultural-geographical-economic) were counted with 40 indicators; 7 of the indicators were removed due to less importance, 22 indicators for strength and 12 indicators for opportunity were obtained in order to promote the geopolitical power of Iran in the West Asian region.

The purpose of the present study is to examine the security reference of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps in the statements of Imam Khamenei. In this regard, this research, with the analytical method and analysis of the content of His Holiness’ statements and with a theoretical framework based on Imam Khomeini's theory of two natures, tries to answer what is the security reference in Imam Khamenei’s statements. The results indicate that Imam Khamenei regarding All social, cultural and political issues, etc., including the security issue, he has thoughtfully and concernedly commented that his views can be useful for security challenges. The reference of security is based on the regime, government, society and individuals in the secular schools, but in the transcendental school, it is defined and limited based on Islam. Adapted from Islamic Sharia and based on the statements of Imam Khamenei, six references were extracted for the security of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, including the central mission of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, religiosity and spirituality, stewardship, democracy, revolutionism, and organization.

This article, with the aim of enumerating and formulating political strategies and considering the essential role of Syria in strengthening the resistance front, seeks to answer the basic question, what are the political strategies of the Islamic Republic of Iran to deal with Takfiri groups in Syria? In this regard, the type of research in this article is "developmental-applied" and the case-field method has been used. The sample size of the statistical population for qualitative data was determined by the purposeful homogeneous, heterogeneous and snowball methods until saturation, and considering the specialization of the research subject and the limited availability of experts to meet the scientific needs of the research, fifty people were selected. The full form has been determined. To collect information, interview method and researcher-made questionnaires were used, and to check the validity of the questionnaire, the opinions of experts in the field of study were used, and Cronbach's alpha was used to check the reliability of the questionnaire. After obtaining the opinions of the statistical community, data analysis has been done using descriptive and inferential statistical techniques and methods. Finally, with regard to the four categories of strategies counted in the SWOT matrix (WT, WO, ST, SO) and the compilation of propositions for the basis of the elements of strategy formulation, we reached three strategies as the main political strategies of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Syria.

Many researchers believe that in order to achieve urban security and better understand the areas related to security, its two conceptual and interpretive aspects, including the field of security philosophy, ontology and epistemology should be examined. Obviously, it is not possible to define a phenomenon such as urban security without understanding the concepts, because it must be seen to what extent the phenomenon is consistent with our feelings. In this area, issues such as why, what, value, purpose and the issue of security in the general sense and urban security in the specific sense should be addressed. In this regard, it is necessary to consider the dimensions and elements of research in the field of urban security. Many researchers divide the dimensions and elements of research into three general categories: philosophical elements, praxis and ethics. Undoubtedly, along with the requirements of using philosophical elements as well as ethics in the process of urban security studies, a special role should be considered for praxis and its place in these studies. At the praxis level, four elements of research are mentioned, including theory, methodology, methods and genre. Many believes that the failure to achieve acceptable results in the field of urban security studies depends on the lack of attention to the basic concepts of praxis and its subsets. A review of the literature and research background in this field indicates a deep research gap in the field of concept and methodology, so that no specific source explicitly mentions the field and position of praxis independently. Thus, the purpose of this article is to explain the position of praxis in urban security studies in order to provide a reasoned answer to these key questions: what is the meaning of praxis? What are its elements? And how its implementation and operational practices can be achieved in urban security studies.

Due to the nature of the research, the literature review method, including searching and evaluating the existing literature on the position of praxis in urban security studies has been used. In this regard, four main processes include reviewing the literature, combining and summarizing the existing literature, critical collection of resources in order to identify the existing knowledge gap by showing the limitations of theories and views; the formulation of areas for further research through organized critical review has also been emphasized. In the research process, various methods of literature review including argumentative, integrative, historical, methodological, systematic and theoretical review studied, but two methods of methodological and theoretical review used.

The elements and dimensions of research, including philosophical elements, ethics and praxis, each have important differences that affect in the research process of urban security studies. Different situations of axiology, ontology, epistemology and methodology produce different methods that ultimately lead to the production of knowledge about social phenomena. It can simply be said that the axiological or ontological position of each person, affects his epistemological position. In each of the dimensions and elements of the research praxis in the field of urban security studies, several spectrums can be identified. For example, the ontology of urban security research takes meaning of objectivism and subjectivism, or a combination of both, or in the field of methodology, the quantitative (positivist), qualitative (interpretivism), or both quantitative and qualitative methods (pragmatism). Researchers in the field of urban security studies need to pay special attention to the functional differences of each under the element of praxis.

According to each of the elements and dimensions of research in the field of urban security studies, while paying attention to the philosophical elements, ethics and praxis, it is possible to identify its most important subsets. In this regard, explaining the position of praxis and its constituent elements, including theory, methodology, method and genre or species, have a special place in urban security studies. Theory in urban security studies by providing a theoretical and conceptual framework of research provides a logical procedure and clear definitions of variables to provide a certain scope of research. In methodology, the urban researcher intends to provide a plan for combining theories and methods or an optimal combination of research elements in the field of urban security studies. Methods in the field of urban security studies are also a set of algorithms that the researcher uses during a research. These methods assist the researcher in selecting samples, collecting and analyzing data, and finding solutions. Genres are also classifications of different methods in terms of research approaches and strategies. For example, any approach to research in urban security studies depends specifically on the methods of data collection and analysis that must be carefully selected and implemented. Accordingly, the field of urban security studies, based on the idea of praxis requires the interaction of elements such as theory, methodology, method and genre and its connection with philosophical and ethics elements is inevitable.

The expansion of human knowledge and understanding about the characteristics and unknown points of phenomena is a result of methodological approaches. Therefore, one of the important categories that needs special attention in the field of urban security studies is based on research methodology. This is a methodological question that leads the researcher to how to study urban security. Therefore, the role of methodology as a link or flow of knowledge between two elements of epistemology (factor of knowledge) and ontology (object of knowledge) is very important in the field of urban security studies. Therefore, two central questions are emphasized in the research process. What are the types of research methodology frameworks in urban security studies? And what are the characteristics of the methodological framework of urban security studies? In order to answer the central questions of the research, the literature review method has been used, focusing on two methodological and theoretical review approaches. In response to the first question, the researchers propose a conceptual, technical and operational framework. Also, in explaining the features of the methodological framework of urban security studies, they propose theory – grounded, flexibility, feasibility and redundancy. In this framework, quantitative, qualitative and mixed research methodologies are related to philosophical propositions or research paradigms in a holistic, comprehensive and integrated way.

Health security is the activities and actions across government boundaries that reduce public health incidents to ensure community health. Health security is one of the pillars of human security and prerequisites for sustainable development. Communicable diseases are one of the main threats to human health. All-round community participation, fundamental investment in the vital components of the health system, strengthening the care system and laboratory network, and most importantly, the promotion of primary health care will be essential and crucial for health security. Cooperation and interaction at the regional and international levels are also considered inevitable requirements of health security. Health security is created only when there is a resilient health system and the problems and obstacles of the economic, commercial, and environmental determinants of health have been answered well. The permanent participation and role-playing of the country's healthcare network is of the highest importance for providing and maintaining health security.

In the international system, which is anarchic in nature due to Kenneth Waltz's theory and its actors tend to impose will on other actors according to their Hobbesian nature, balance of power has always been a practical way to create public security in the world. In the meantime, weaker countries are motivated to avoid regional hegemony by forming regional and international coalitions to withstand the threats of powerful global actors by forming a higher power that is the product of the convergence of smaller powers. From the beginning of the victory of the Revolution, the Islamic Republic of Iran confronted the bipolar system of that time with the strategic slogan of "neither East nor West". However, events such as the capture of the US embassy in Tehran, the Iraqi war against Iran, etc., deepened Iran's conflict with the United States. The Islamic Republic has sought to join one of the strongest regional coalitions to counter the US hegemony. The Shanghai Cooperation Organization, which includes two veto-wielding members of the UN Security Council, China and Russia, as well as India's economic power, is a viable option for the Islamic Republic of Iran. At the same time, the huge energy reserves (oil and gas) of its members and the geopolitical position of its members, as well as their nuclear and military capabilities, have given the organization the potential to counter the US hegemony. By becoming a full member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in 2021, the Islamic Republic will be able to pursue its "Look East" policy in order to overcome Western economic sanctions, and by converging with its powerful members, China and Russia to have the upper hand in negotiations with European governments on Iran's nuclear case known as Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action(BARJAM). The military confrontation of the Islamic Republic of Iran with the United States, which took place after the assassination of the commander of the Quds Force of Iran, General Soleimani, carried out by the direct order of the President of the United States and resulted in the Islamic Republic’s serious response in a missile assault against the Amerrican military base in Iraq, with Iran's full membership in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, now reached a new stage. US leaders now see Iran's accession to the Shanghai Cooperation Organization as a serious threat to their interests in the region and are seeking an alternative plan to thwart the Islamic Republic's alliance with the East. Iran's full membership in this organization will have significant geopolitical, military, political and economic effects on the relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the United States. But the realization of these cases depends on the proper functioning of the diplomatic apparatus of the Islamic Republic and regional and global developments in the future. Iran must be able to solve its problems with the world system while joining the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Iran's nuclear program and the problems caused by the FATF are serious obstacles to Iran's prominent role in the international system. At the same time, membership in other international organizations will help complete this process. Of course, the Islamic Republic of Iran is trying to join the Eurasian Union in order to achieve this goal and wants to use the economic capacity of this union to neutralize another part of the economic problems caused by Western sanctions. The consequences of NATO's eastward expansion policy, which has led to many tensions in the region, including the Crimean and Ukrainian crises, should not be repeated elsewhere, including in the Persian Gulf. China and Russia also desperately need a strong asymmetric player like Iran to secure energy in the region and counter NATO's eastward expansion. Therefore, their serious support for Iran's full membership in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization indicates the strategic balance of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization with the hegemony of the Western world led by the United States of America. The water crisis, which has plagued eastern Iran for years due to Afghanistan dam projects, and the long-stagnant water transfer program from Tajikistan to Iran, must be completed using Iran's full membership capacity. The development of the tourism industry and the use of Iran's potential capacity in this industry is another economic goal of Iran to join the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, which should be pursued with the cooperation of other members and the rich tourism revenue gained by some countries in the region, including Turkey, will be to a large extent absorbed by Iran's tourism potential.

One of the Saudi government's ongoing approaches to controlling the Islamic Republic of Iran from within is to exploit cyberspace and establish satellite TV channels and other media to reach the Iranian people. At the same time, the Islamic Republic of Iran has made less effort to address the Saudi people and elites and to improve their attitude towards Iran and its policies and actions, which are influenced by the media policies of the Saudi rulers. Based on the present article, it tries to answer the main question that if the Islamic Republic of Iran wants to activate its public diplomacy against Saudi Arabia, what strategies can it adopt to improve the attitude of the Saudi people and elites towards Iran. Due to the exploratory nature of the article, no hypothesis has been considered in answering this question. Qualitative data obtained from library resources and interviews were coded using MAXQDA 2020 software and the basis for preparing a questionnaire; Findings from the distribution of the questionnaire among the statistical sample were subjected to appropriate statistical tests with two softwares: SMART-PLS and SPSS. The use of expert opinion has been validated. Apart from trying to highlight the strengths of Iran's domestic politics for the Saudi audience, one of the important strategies designed is to try to repair the attitude of the Saudi people and experts towards the Iranian support for Palestine and the cause of the liberation of Jerusalem.

Psychological security is under sustainable national security. There is a close relationship between comprehensive health, including the Psychological dimension, and national security. Mental (Psychological) aspects of Health and Security have been investigated in this study.

Library research method used in this study. The data analysis was qualitative and explanatory (causal), and interpretive.

Mental security and mental health are necessary for each other. Providing, maintaining, and promoting mental health, in the context of the Islamic-Iranian model of progress. is possible in the following ways: Promoting moral and spiritual teachings; Consolidation of the family foundation; Eliminating the stressful factors from personal, family and social life; and Improvement of other mental health indicators.

Comprehensive health and sustainable security are two great divine blessings in human societies. Providing, maintaining and promoting mental health, in harmony with other dimensions of health, is a definite requirement and accompanied by sustainable national security and development.

Most research on public diplomacy has looked at this issue in terms of what it is and why; For this reason, most related researches have been able to explain the concept and express the importance of this type of diplomacy. In the meantime, less research has focused on how to design and implement public diplomacy. This process view of public diplomacy consists of several stages and components, and this article seeks to answer the question of what is the ecology of public diplomacy like? One of the important design steps is to describe and present the environment of the public diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran towards Saudi Arabia. . Accordingly, the opportunities and contexts in Saudi Arabia for Iranian public diplomacy are studied on a case-by-case basis. Due to the exploratory nature of the article, no hypothesis has been considered in answering this question. The research method in this paper is descriptive-analytical and based on field validation (using experts). Attempts have been made to collect the required data in addition to library resources through interviews with 18 experts and to encode it with MAXQDA software. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire that was provided to 32 experts related to the subject and the results were analyzed using SPSS software to identify and rank the existing opportunities and fields for public diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Saudi Arabia.

One The rapid and rapid changes in the world in recent decades have left the world in a state of turmoil and ambiguity, and the medium and long-term planning in the world today is complex and unpredictable, without knowing what is going on. It passes around us, it is not possible. The West Asian region, with its rich energy resources on the one hand and its special geopolitical position on the other, is an undeniable area of interest for the great powers. However, this region not only lacks coordination with the US political-economic order, but also has great potential for resistance and confrontation.In this article, data collection has been done using library study methods (study, review of documents and review of maps) and field research (interview and questionnaire) in combination, then to analyze research data, first using The overlap of research literature, documents and interviews was calculated qualitatively by content analysis and discourse analysis tools of US geopolitical interests in Syria and then using chi-square test to express percentage Ensuring the significance of the statistical population response was used. Finally, 4 cases in the economic dimension, 5 cases in the political dimension and 5 cases in the military dimension were determined as the geopolitical and geostrategic interests of the United States of America in Syria.

Spiritual security is under sustainable national security. There is a close relationship between comprehensive health, including the spiritual dimension, and national security. Spiritual aspects of Health and Security have been investigated in this study.

Library research method used in this study. The data analysis was qualitative and explanatory (causal), and interpretive.

Spiritual security and spiritual health, in the “Islamic-Iranian model of progress”, are necessary and obligatory for each other. Spiritual health, the most important dimension of comprehensive health, is effective in, and necessary for, national security and sustainable development of the society, too.

Spiritual aspects of “Health” and “Security”, are two divine blessings, precious and irreplaceable havens, in human societies. Belief in God, strengthening the attributes of faith, and righteous actions, are the main origin of security actions and also the main mechanism for obtaining and promoting spiritual health.

The Persian Gulf region due to its strategic importance of geopolitical, various crises that can cause disturbance in the normal human habitat and geographic space and processes. The purpose of this research is the recognition of the geopolitical crises in the Persian Gulf and the roots and traites of the crisis in this region with ‎review. With the approach of mixed ground case research method for this purpose, the method was used to collect data library and field methods. For analysis of data and determine the factors influencing geopolitical crises of the Persian Gulf region in the form of large geopolitical dimensions in natural, human, economic, political and military, based on the data collected from the statistical community in the form of collective questionnaire and uses descriptive statistical methods and chi-square testing and the description and analysis of each of the geopolitical factors. The results of the research, the main features of the geopolitical Persian Gulf in five characteristics that identify their most important energy and oil and gas resources of this region and The roots of the crisis mainly in twenty different factors that identify their most important presence far of region interventionary powers and regional policy explanation and Eventually the Persian Gulf geopolitical crises in seven Main Title, those importants are including the presence of interventionary and aggressive foreign forces, The efforts of the West and Saudi Arabia to disturb the balance of power, ethnic and religious conflicts… in the persian Gulf of identifying and explaining.

Social health is one of the dimensions of health. One of the intrinsic duties of the health system is to provide the necessary basis for improving the quality of life of individuals and developing social health indexes. This issue causes social security feeling that is necessary for sustainable national security. The aim of the current study is to explain the relationship between social health and sustainable national security.

A library study was performed by reviewing scientific documents using the study keywords.

"Lack of poverty"; "lack of violence"; "controlled population growth"; "judicial justice (equality before the law)"; "human rights"; "free public education"; "public access to health services"; "security"; "freedom of opinion"; "feeling satisfied with life"; "insurance coverage"; "equitable distribution of income"; "employment and lack of unemployment"; "ethnic-racial and regional nondiscrimination"; "democracy" and "government legitimacy and democratic oversight of government" are components of social health.

The relation between social health with national security and social security is similar to the relation between blood circulation in the heart. Social health is related to social security and, consequently, national security and its sustainability. Sustainable security is culturally centered social security. This concept's definitive requirement is social security, which is rooted in social health.

West Asia is the center of a competition between international forces due to the geopolitical, geostrategic, geo-economic, geo-cultural position, and also is a region in which the interests of regional actors conflict with one another due to the diverse geography of the various ethnic and religious identities. In this regard, the West Asian region has been the target area for Western-led conflicts, especially in the post-Cold War era, which has gone beyond its regular and symmetrical practices and has become “hybrid warfare”. While it seems internal requirements have also been effective in evolution. This study, therefore, aims to investigate the available effective contexts for the emergence of hybrid warfare in the West Asia. This is a descriptive and applied research in which the combined methodology is based on library research for the study of West Asian countries and also using “Delphi method” to get the elites' opinions. According to the results of this study, the security, geopolitical and economic factors in the West Asia have been effective in the outbreak of hybrid wars as well as the future of this region always has the background and the foundation needed to create and grow the crisis.

In Islamic values, security has a significant impact on the natural and social environment. Environmental security threats are the unintended results of social and economic activities and are a slower process compared to military threats. The time horizons needed for political planning to deal with it are vast. The aim of the current study is to explain the status of environmental security with a national security approach, and its relationship with health.

It is a library study done by reviewing scientific documents using study keywords.

At the level of international relations, geopolitics is a method of studying foreign policy to understand, explain and predict international political behavior through geographical variables. These include area studies, climate, topography, demography, natural resources, and applied science of the region being evaluated. From a geopolitical point of view, power relations and biosphere structures are highly intertwined. Environmental security has been affected by the consequences of climate change in the last two decades. One of the consequences of climate change on human health and safety is the emergence and spread of infectious diseases, if not prevented, will spread globally in the near future. Protecting people who are forced to flee their lands and seek environmental asylum has been the subject of several international instruments, all based on fundamental human rights. Risks to human health security that are affected by climate change include vulnerability to deadly infectious diseases; unhealthy food; malnutrition; lack of access to primary health care.

Environmental security is an integral part of national security. Attention to national security issues in the field of the environment should be health-oriented, forward-looking, value-oriented, based on sound scientific studies, and comprehensive and strategic planning.

The development of biological sciences, microbiology, biotechnology and genetic engineering, industrial applications of microorganisms, has posed a terrorist threat. Along with the production, development and use of biological weapons for military, bioterrorist, agro-terrorist (against plant resources), and ecotourism (against economic resources) purposes, the epidemic of some infectious diseases has endangered human security. The subject of this study is to survey biological threats to the health of individuals and society and the phenomenon of bioterrorism, its relationship with national security and ways to deal with it by the passive defense approach.

This study was conducted by descriptive-analytical method, using literature review and cyberspace and using the experiences of authors and experts.

Threats of infectious diseases (AIDS, SARS, Corona, influenza, typhoid, leishmaniasis, etc.), biological terrorist attacks and bioterrorism are considered security issues. These health threats, which have national, regional and international security dimensions, and ways to deal with them, before, during and after incidents, have been studied with a passive defense approach. Measures taken before the biological attack, consolidation of infrastructure, enhancement of threat response capabilities, lead to resilience and reduction of vulnerability to biological threats. The passive defense as a peaceful and preventive method without the use of weapons by using new techniques and methods of detection, protection and safety, elimination and repulsion of pollution, is the best way to reduce vulnerability to biological threats. Along with Passive defense, the protection and security organizations before, during and after a bioterrorist attack, play a constructive and undeniable role in controlling, inhibiting and countering biological threats.

Preparedness, forecasting, prevention, the resilience of manpower and endangered structures, detection, protection and safety, elimination, and disposal of pollution are strategies to reduce vulnerability to biological threats. Preventing bioterrorist operations is more important and better than dealing with them after the operation. Dealing with the spread of a bioterrorist agent requires spending time and budget, the equipment, and facilities. Passive defense is the most effective and efficient approach to dealing with biological threats and protecting national security. The key and pivotal role in the country's biological defense is played by the country's passive defense organization. In this organization, it is necessary to integrate human and veterinary public health monitoring, as well as the coordination of scientists and health service providers.

The Iranian-Turkish relations after the Islamic Revolution of Iran were influenced by factors such as Islamism, geopolitical competition, and competition for regional, economic and political hegemony. Both countries affect Iran and Turkey and the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran is influential in this important country.The purpose of this study is to identify Turkey and to find the components and economic indicators that affect the relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Turkey and determine their impact on each other.In this research, the type of "applied-development" research and the method of "descriptive, analytical" research and the main question of the study "what are the components and indicators of divergence and economic convergence affecting the relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Turkey?" Be The conceptual model based on the opinions of the professors was tested by the experts with a self-made Likert scale questionnaire, with an alpha coefficient of 0.9, and a coefficient of carcass of 0.8, its reliability and validity was confirmed. Finally, with the Friedman test, correlation and factor analysis, the security domain of the relationship was confirmed by two components of economic convergence and economic divergence and 12 indicators

The creation of regional or international organizations is considered as a way to peace building and keeping. In fact, one of the causes of transformation of international organization after the Cold War has been the settlement of peace and security in regional context. Latin America is among strategic regions of the world that has witnessed a new trend of regional integration after the end of the Cold War and the regional states have taken different ways to promote regional cooperation and alliance in different facets and in particular in economic and political realms. So, the research is intended to investigate the role of MERCOSUR in regional peace and development in Latin America. This paper argues that MERCOSUR has been successful, and it is in line with Latin America interests and also can provide a proper pattern of regional integration and interdependence and can be developed among the states which share common political interests.

In the last few decades some of geographical areas and countries became a geographical center and fertile ground for formation and activity of terrorist groups. The most famous and important of such these areas are common boundaries between Pakistan and Afghanistan that placed different armed and terrorist groups inside themselves such as Taliban and Haqqani Network and other terrorist groups. at this research, which performs with analytical-descriptive, meanwhile evaluation of spatial pattern of attacking terrorist groups in Afghanistan and Pakistan have been discussed The main reasons for the formation and activity of these groups in the border areas These two countries. attained results from this research show that weaknesses in the actions of authority and sovereignty in the border areas that have created ungoverned spaces and also the weakness of the legitimacy and social influence of the state in contrast to unregulated sovereignty and social legitimacy of other non-state groups and institutions in this area are the most important reasons for the formation and activity of terrorist groups.
One of the challenges that many governments face with it, is the formation of terrorist groups and their attacks against citizens and state forces. Meanwhile some of countries in the world and some regions become the main centers of formation and activity for terrorist groups. Afghanistan and Pakistan, specially their border areas are the most important spaces and locations that a lot of terrorist groups such as Taliban, Al-Qaeda, Haqani Network and other extremist groups are active there. There are different theories and approaches about the causes and reasons of formation and activity of terrorist groups in this geographical region. However it seems that " space without sovereignty " theory because of emphasizing on unauthority of central government and " social influence of government " theory because of paying attention to soft power of government, are more complete theoretical frameworks for explaining  and describing terrorism phenomenon in this area. So this research using these two theories wants to analyze the formation and activity of terrorist groups in border areas between Afghanistan and Pakistan.


Generally the research method of this article is descriptive- analytical. For gathering data we used from library and documentary methods.


Afghanistan is one of the countries that always attacked by terrorist groups in three last decades. Nevertheless stronger attacks occur in border areas of this country with Pakistan that have 100 miles in length. South and east of Afghanistan with Helmand province are main centers of attacks by terrorist groups. Helmand and Nangarar cities have been experienced 10 percent and 8 percent of terrorist attacks respectively and two big cities of Afghanistan, Kabol and Kandahar have been experienced 7 percent of these attacks. Pakistan is amongst countries that strongly affected by terrorist attacks too. Terrorist groups in Pakistan have strong effects on neighbor country, Afghanistan, and most attacks occur in border areas near Afghanistan. Khyber Pakhtunkhaw state in this country is experienced most attacks spatially. “ Parachynar “ city in ethnic federal areas of Pakistan that is the nearest place to Kabol in Afghanistan, has the highest mortality rate with 12 dead in every terrorist attacks. In recent years, ethnic federal areas experienced the most violence. Between 2002 and 2011, over 19 percent of whole attacks of Pakistan occurred in this area.
Afghanistan and Pakistan are considered bankrupt countries that lacking ability to exercise authority across their terrestrial territory. In some areas, the authority and sovereignty of Afghanistan and Pakistan countries has tough rivals such as extremist groups and religious political elites that supporting these groups and also in some areas, government authority applied incompletely and in some spaces, government completely has abandoned the sovereignty of the land and extremist groups including Taliban taking the control of land and authority. Afghanistan and Pakistan governments don't have necessary sufficiency and authority for executing law and sovereignty over their territories, so security costs for terrorist activities are very little in these two countries specially border areas. So terrorist groups can develop their authority with the minimum involvement and supervision from  government.  Furthermore, they use of these non-government spaces and not restrained areas for establishing social, political or economical independent institutions. On the other hand, such spaces are considered great human resources for terrorist groups. Because of poverty, dissatisfaction, insecurity, discrimination and ethnic-religious intolerance, people of these countries become members of these groups easily.
One of the important factors for any government for being success in governing and controlling the security is the rate of social influence and legitimacy of that government among various religious, ethnic and social groups. The government influence in common border areas of Afghanistan and Pakistan is less in comparison with non governmental institutions, specially schools and religious figures (Mullahs). Developing religious schools specially schools of Deobandi cult, resulted in expansion of radical and fundamentalist perceptions about religion and increased political role of Mullahs in tribal community. On the other hand, Afghanistan and Pakistan governments lack of pervasive political thought that can encompass all social classes and ethnic religious groups in their countries. In this situation, local religious figures were raised as main political mediator and in most of the time were raised as pugnacity propagandist. Developing non official and ideological education system causes that official education system is ignored by residents of these areas. So in these areas,   governmental institutions have the least attendance.


In last decades, Afghanistan and Pakistan were amongst countries face with the most activities of terrorist and extremist groups. From spatial and geographical perspective, common border areas between these two countries strongly experienced the presence of non- governmental groups and mostly violent groups so that consider these areas as terrorism geographical centers on a global scale. Inability of government in exercising authority in border provinces and areas besides the low social legitimacy influence of government among some ethnic religious groups, focused in border areas, has been provided the raise of extremist groups and religious-political elites. In fact, absence of governmental institutions and organizations in these areas caused the formation of a space without authority and government. This factor besides the social legitimacy of some extremist groups caused that government faces with rival authority of these groups so the opportunity of formation and activity of terrorist groups has been provided.

Eliminating unhealthy food and malnutrition is prerequisite of healthy and safe life for all human beings, in all circumstances. Stabilized food security and hunger eradication, one of the important goals of the third millennium development, is on the agenda of the officials in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

This paper is a review article. Strategies toward food security in the society, and relations with national security have been reviewed.

There are threats and opportunities for all components of food security: "food supply", "food access" and "food utilization". A percentage of people are always faced with food shortage. Climate changes affecting food resources, water scarcity and famine, all have significant association with human development and food security.

Food security relates directly to nutrition and health and considers of the most important priorities for sustainable national security. The resilience economy approach is considered an effective strategy in meeting the basic needs of community’s food and ensuring national security.

Security, like health, is one of the divine blessings of God. Security is one of the supreme achievements of the holy defense of the noble Iranian nation. These two heavenly duties are necessary to each other and are the pillars of national sustainable development. The purpose of this study was to explore the interactive and synergistic relationship between “the health and Security” and to draw the optimum paradigm in national sustainable development.

This study was conducted through library and oral history interviewing. Strategies and practices guaranteeing security and health in the community, and synergistic approaches between them, was studied.

Health and security are the most valuable delightful blessings and essentials of human life. Establishing and maintain of security is cardinal to healthy and acceptable life in the society. In order to achieving sustainability in the areas of health and security, “the Resilience Health System model” has been introduced and proposed in this study.

Islamic culture and instructions and achievements the Holy defense has been introduced.

Conflicts begin with a difference of viewpoints of two individual perceptions or between two countries. When it intensifies and expands more, it leads to violence among the parties involved. This event has always occurred for various reasons. Various theories have been presented during the history of mankind in relation to the roots of the conflicts. Four outstanding groups of theories contain these theories including theories of political sciences, sociology, international relations, and geographical and geopolitical theories. They are categorized and studied based on four eras of before Christ to fourteenth century, from the fifteenth century to the end of the nineteenth century, the twentieth century, and since the beginning of the 21st century. This is a fundamental research which follows a descriptive-analytical method utilizing library resources for the evaluation of 22 important theories regarding the origins of the conflicts in four groups of political sciences, sociology, international relations, and geographic and geopolitical theories. The main question focuses on how the transformation of theories of identifying the roots of conflicts, with emphasis on its negative impact on security in the history of science and in related disciplines have been. The results indicated that the cause or causes of conflicts have coincided with various political, social, cultural, technological, geopolitical, and other changes in historical eras. Micro and single-factor approach to the roots of the conflicts by the theories presented in this field have developed to multi-factor approach, and sciences have presented various attitude in this regard. Given the nature of the conflicts, which involve insecurity, identifying the theories relating to this phenomenon and familiarity with their origins, will be facilitating, contributing, and will arise as an inevitable practice for designing defense and security strategies for countries like as Iran.

Introduction In recent years, the speed of events, changes, and competitions has accelerated in West Asia. Meanwhile, the challenge between Iran and Turkey is one of the most important competitions which undoubtedly plays an important role in determining the future of the region, especially in the Eastern Mediterranean. With the power growth of Turkey in different aspects and its growing interference in the region especially in the Eastern Mediterranean such as Syria’s crisis has also accelerated the current transitions. Furthermore, consequences of increase in the regional power of Turkey on Iran’s national interests are so important from the security perspective which obviously represents the contrast and the confrontation of these two countries. In this article we are to examine security consequences and the impact of Turkey's regional power growth from 2002 to 2014 on Iran’s interests in the Eastern Mediterranean.
Methodology By a descriptive-analytic approach as well as field research (using questionnaire), we have investigated the consequences of Turkey’s regional power increase on Iran’s interests in the Eastern Mediterranean.
Findings The findings of this paper show that, all in all, under the AKP rule, Turkey has had a general increase in interior and exterior power and policy as well as economic and cultural power during 2002-2014. Meanwhile, in this period, the officials of the country have paid more attention to West Asia and tried to pose as an influential regional power. Moreover, the findings indicate that in recent years Turkey has paid special attention to the Eastern Mediterranean where Iran's national interests are absolutely vital and crucial. However, despite the fact that by 2014 Turkey has had considerable accomplishments on a large number of internal and external political, economic, cultural factors, from 2014 onwards, it has adopted an irresponsible and unconstructive approach in the role of a regional power in the context of violent conflicts and crises, and has become a source of insecurity and instability in the region. So, it gradually faces serious problems due to the mistakes in the dynamics of domestic and foreign policy. Intense security atmosphere in the country because of such mistakes has led Turkey to insecurity and instability.
Analysis Analysis of the data is as follows: The respondent's response to items 67 to 72 to evaluate the role of Islamic Republic of Iran in the East Mediterranean shows that 62% of respondents believe that the increase in Turkey's regional power in Eastern Mediterranean has weakened Iran's power pattern. In contrast, 26% believe that such an increase in Turkey's power has not undermined Iran's position. Their response to items 73 to 75 to assess Iran's influence in the Eastern Mediterranean shows that 64% of respondents believe that Turkey's power increase in Eastern Mediterranean has reduced Iran's influence. In contrast, 25% of them believe that such an increase has not led to a decrease in Iran's influence. The respondent's response to items 76 to 80 to evaluate the role of Iran in the Eastern Mediterranean in terms of the balance of power in the region shows that 75% of them believe that Turkey's rising power in the region has resulted in the detriment of the power balance of Iran, on the other hand, 15% dont believe in such an outcome. Their response to items 81 to 87 to assess Iran's role in the Eastern Mediterranean with respect to security arrangements in the region indicates that 65% of respondents believe that increase in Turkey's regional power has weakened Iran's position. On the contrary, 24% dont believe in such an idea.
Conclusion The results of this research showed that Turkey's regional power increase in the Eastern Mediterranean from 2002 to 2014 has led to important security consequences against Iran such as a weakening pattern, decreasing in the influence of the Islamic Republic of Iran, changing the balance of power, and changing Iran’s security preferences.