سیدرضا حسینی

Contemporary researchers consistently observe studies on nationalism within Iranian dramatic literature from the early Pahlavi era. During this period, Reza Shah devoted all his efforts to expanding nationalism and revival of ancient culture. Therefore, nationalism is the dominant discourse.Zabih Behrouz, who wrote drama during this era, in works such as Jijak Alishah, the King of Iran and the Armenian Lady, and Shab-e Ferdowsi, focused on nationalism based on returning to the glory of the past. This research aims to read and analyze the discourse of Zabih Behrooz’s dramatic works and a comparative study of the dominant nationalism discourse of the first Pahlavi period and Behrouz’s intended nationalistic components in his works in a descriptive-analytical way, using the method of library studies and Fairclough’s theory of critical discourse analysis. Additionally, the other aims of the research are analyzing the dominant discourse of the first Pahlavi era and how it is reflected in Zabih Behrouz’s plays and identifying the commonalities and differences in these works from a theoretical point of view and within the framework of the dominant nationalism discourse of this period. The questions of the research include: 1. How has been the reflection of the dominant nationalism discourse of Pahlavi I in Behrouz’s plays? 2. What are the commonalities and differences between the dominant nationalism discourse and Behrouz’s plays? According to the results of this research, we can refer to the direct reflection of Pahlavi I’s nationalism with a nominal difference in Zabih Behrouz’s dramatic works.

The art of carpet weaving is one of the traditional and authentic Iranian arts, which displays a rare effect of traditional and decorative motifs and arrays. These arrays include various plant, animal, human and abstract species. Plant motifs are one of the most abundant and frequent arrays that have been used in carpets, and the role of a tree as a visual and narrative element is one of the main types of these plant elements that have been used in carpets of different historical periods. In the samples of the remaining carpets from the Safavid era to the present day samples, trees are woven in different and diverse ways, and they have caused diversity and appearance of different species in the tree carpets. Investigating the characteristics of designs containing trees, especially in the Safavid and Qajar periods, is one of the main goals of this research. And based on this, the following questions are raised;- What are the structural features of the tree array in the Safavid and Qajar period carpets?- Is it possible to define common and different criteria in terms of design and pattern for Safavid and Qajar tree rugs?This article has analyzed the features of the tree array in Safavid and Qajar period carpets and identified the commonalities and differences of this array in the two mentioned periods, and from this point of view, it has examined the changes that have occurred in the role of the tree.This research is descriptive-analytical and comparative, and the collection of materials has been done in a library manner. Based on the results of the research, it was found that the characteristic of Safavid period tree rugs is influenced by the carpet weaving art of this period and the general framework of the Safavid period carpet weaving art has been preserved. After the Safavid period, in the Qajar period, the weaving of tree rugs continued with the general preservation of the structure of the Safavid rugs. Comparing and comparing the Safavid and Qajar types shows more diversity in the design, tree form in the text of Qajar tree rugs. Also, in the Qajar period, the new trend of naturalism in carpet design has led to the emergence of new themes and the role of various materials in Iranian carpets, and has determined the variety of tree designs in this era.

In this paper, we introduce a new variation of the Gate All Around Nanosheet Field Effect Transistor (GAA NS FET) called the Dual Wire (DW), which integrates source heterojunctions and strained channels. We assess its electrical properties across different temperatures (300K, 400K, and 500K) and compare them to those of the Heterojunction DW Gate All Around Nanosheet Field Effect Transistor (Heterojunction DW GAA NS FET) and the Conventional DW Gate All Around Nanosheet Field Effect Transistor (Conventional DW GAA NS FET). Our investigation encompasses the electrostatic control effects on DC and analog parameters, including gate capacitance ( ), transconductance ( ), and cut-off frequency ( ) for all three device types. The channel regions in our structures feature Silicon Germanium (SiGe) (Si/Ge/Si), and the introduction of strain and a heterojunction structure notably enhances device performance. To analyze the semiconductor device accurately, we solve the Density Gradient (DG) equation self-consistently, utilizing the Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH) equation to estimate carrier generation, considering bandgap narrowing in transport behavior, and accounting for auger recombination. Additionally, at temperatures of 300K, 400K, and 500K, the Heterojunction DW GAA NS FET exhibits substantial improvement in  and  compared to the Conventional DW GAA NS FET. Overall, our results show a notable improvement in drain current, transconductance, and unity-gain frequency, with enhancements of around 34%, 9.5%, and 30%, respectively, observed across different temperatures. This improvement translates into superior RF performance for the Heterojunction DW GAA NS FET when compared to the conventional DW GAA NS FET.

While social science research has ignored the religious space and religion-based services for almost a century (Bielfeld and Cleveland, 2014: 443), the last three decades have seen the emergence of a new class of actors in the field of community development. They organize volunteers and provide services to citizens and even governments in the form of structures where faith in religions is the main pillar (Noor and Navi, 2023: 73-74) and we call them faith-based organizations.Faith-based organizations (FBOs) do not have an accepted and uniform definition. In summary, faith organization and community refers to a group of people who have the same faith and values ​​and especially interact with each other to cooperate and support each other. Their main goal is not to gain profit or material reward but to obtain divine satisfaction and sublime spiritual goals, and as Malmin and Malmin (2015) and Noor and Navi (2023) have emphasized, this is the characteristic that distinguishes them from other similar secular institutions such as NGOs. (Malmin and Malmin, 2015: 168 and Noor and Navi, 2023: 88).Having said that, although these social institutions have significant effects on development, social capital, resilience of society in crises, prevention of disasters with the help of volunteers, and especially solving the problem of poverty in society (Rivera and Nichols, 2014: 180-189); but in the growing literature on faith-based institutions, another motivation for exploring this field of study is the question we are now seeking to address. The question is, what is the relationship between them and the formation of a faith community, and what challenges do they face in this way?One of the ways they propose to change the type of society and reach an alternative society of capitalism is "faith society" which can be done through "faith institutions" as one of the paths of this transition. Now the question is, if we want to spread these structures to the whole society and form a community of faith, what problems are we facing? To answer this question, after stating the background of the research, we will first examine the challenges of these social institutions to uncover the relationship between these institutions and the formation of the faith community, and finally based on the understanding of the challenges, we will explain this relationship.

In this research, we are looking for an answer to the main research question with an analytical-descriptive method and within the framework of an institutional analysis. Through examining these institutions, we have taken into consideration that a part of them has a voluntary nature; because the other parts of these institutions, which are governed by the salary mechanism, have been discussed in detail in microeconomics, and therefore there is no need to repeat those discussions. It goes without saying that in this research, we take a large number of faith-based institutions as representatives and indicators of reaching a faith-based society; That is, the more the number of these institutions increases, the closer we will be to the community of faith, and conversely, the smaller their number, the further away we will be from the formation of the community of faith. Because it seems difficult to investigate the qualitative and internal characteristics and variables of a faith society, the number of faith-based institutions can be used as an indicator of them.

At first, it seems obvious that the relationship between faith institutions and the formation of a faith community will be positive; but when we examined these groups with a closer look and listed the possible challenges facing them, we gradually distanced ourselves from this crude and primitive notion and found a more objective understanding of the existing reality of these faith-based social institutions, away from mental imaginations.As it became clear in the examination of the challenges faced by religious organizations and groups, if the religious groups perform well and can overcome the challenges, positive feedback will be received from the society, which will lead to the increase of these groups, and as a result, that society will become closer to a faith-based society. Of course, sometimes the performance of these groups has such effects on the society that people participate in the creation and deepening of these groups in emotional reactions and in an upward way, as shown in Figure 1-A, Sometimes this happens in its normal way and not in an upward way, but with a gentle slope, it will enter the lower balance, as shown in Figure 2-b.Figure 1: Illustration of the positive and non-linear relationship between the number of faith groups and the formation of the faith communityBut if these groups do not show proper performance and cannot overcome the challenges, it creates a way of social divergence that will make the society further away from reaching the "faith based society". In this case, the negative effects may be of such intensity that the society will quickly distance itself from these groups in an emotional behavior, and therefore we will reach a social regression in a leap, as shown in Figure 2-a. Sometimes, this event will enter the lower equilibrium in its normal course and not in an upward way but with a gentle slope, as shown in Figure 2-b.Figure 2: Illustration of the negative and non-linear relationship between the number of faith groups and the formation of the faith community.

While at first, it seemed that there was a direct relationship between faith-based institutions and reaching a faith society, despite the challenges they faced, it became clear that the relationship between our institutions achieving a faith based society can be complex and non-linear and depends on various factors.Moreover, we note that the process of forming a faith based society is not a definite and mechanical process that starts from exactly one point and ends at the other point. In other words, if we define a deterministic process as a process that has a fixed and predictable result regardless of initial conditions or random factors, a random process is a process that always ends in a random or possible outcome depending on the initial conditions and accidental factors. It is better put that a deterministic process can be modeled by a mathematical equation or a logical law, while a stochastic process can only be modeled by a probability distribution or a statistical inference. Now, considering that the process of transformation and alteration of a society, which is condemned to the hegemony of capital, into a faith society is a multidimensional and dynamic process in which the range of changes flowing in all economic, social, political, cultural, and environmental fields, and transformation and transition are influenced by factors it is a lot like history, geography, institutions, culture, technology, resources, conflicts, and human factors, this process cannot be definite and inevitable and is inexorably a random process and and it is caught in many uncertainties. This process can appear in different forms according to risks and opportunities such as natural disasters, epidemics, wars, trade, immigration, and innovation.

Any artful production can be understood on the context of the society and its position and function. The Qazvin school is one of the Iranian painting schools of the Safavid period, which was formed in 955 AH when the capital was changed from Tabriz to Qazvin. In the process of its formation and evolution until 1006 AH, it has undergone important social and political events, which show the necessity of a sociological look at this school. The aim of the current research is to determine the role of reflection of social changes in the emergence of Qazvin school of painting with sociological analysis and from the perspective of reflection theory. Therefore, it seeks answers to these questions: 1. How did the social, economic and cultural developments take place during the Safavid period? and 2. What is the reflection of these developments in Qazvin painting school? The research method is based on the objective, fundamental and based on descriptive data collection. The data of the research was collected by the method of sampling from the sources and also by observing the wall paintings of the Safavid Government House of the Qazvin State. Data analysis was done qualitatively based on comparison, analysis and classification. The results showed that the painting of the Safavid period in Qazvin has many differences compared to the previous periods. These differences include dynamic figures and soft distance and flexibility of lines, brushstrokes and shadows with linear value, creation of a living and real space, enlivening the world around the human body by recreating natural movements, special feelings of affection and romance in nature and garden display, the design of face painting and diversity in the type of clothing and facial expressions of people, the creative use of colored ashes and changes in the theme. From a sociological point of view, an important part of these changes is the result of the change of the three institutions of power, religion and artistic circles. Before the invention of the printing industry, the institution of power, the rich and the courtiers, and at the head of it the king, was the most important patron and supporter of artists. In the era of Shah Tahmasb, the support of artists was not stable and continuous, which caused the reduction of painting and gilding of manuscripts, and instead painting of buildings, wall painting, and single-face painting became popular. Besides the power, new supporters were also found, including financiers close to the court, princes and merchants, who had their own worldview in the production and ordering of works of art. In the Safavid era, the institution of religion, especially the Shiite religion, gained a lot of power, as a result of which, many manuscripts were written and illustrated with Shiite topics and themes and stories and stories of the Prophets. The changes in the artist's artistic environment and the orders of art lovers, the creation of painting workshops and the production of manuscripts, show a change in the attitude and the prevailing discourse in the institution of art circles. This change in attitude led to the creation of paintings with different colors and numerous themes. The sociological analysis of Qazvin school of painting shows that the paintings of this period have significant differences with the paintings of other periods. Among the most important differences, we can point out the following: 1- Change in themes and content: the individual figures of this school and their actions and roles all show the development of society, the introduction of the governmental pyramid of the Safavid society - in which the Shah was at the head, and consecutively there were courtiers, aristocrats and nobles, merchants and common people. Also, the dominant ideology and the orders of art lovers can be seen in a different form in the Qazvin School's monographs along with changing the themes. 2- Beliefs, tendencies, values ​​and beliefs of the artist in the production of works of art are such that the artist is referred to and introduced by his works. 3- The change of patrons of art caused a change in the discourse and attitude of artistic circles, and this caused the spread of single-figure paintings and single-faces as well as the production of independent single-figures.

The Iranian famous artist Parviz Tanavoli in order to keep the name of his teacher alive has chosen Farhad Kohkan from Iranian literature as a subject for his sculptures. He has mixed the figure of Farhad with Saqakhane water taps, locks and windows of blessed places in his art works. In this way he connected thoughts and beliefs of a nation with his own taste. There is a mixture of intellectual approach and modern art devices which has also received the praise of traditional art fans. When facing these statues, a little proximity to the human body can be found. These sculptures are attributed to Farhad, due to the expression of the artist and the naming of the works. This research examines the differences and commonalities of Farhad's character in the Nizami story and Tanavoli sculptures. Analyzing the meanings in the hidden layers of Farhad's personality in Tanavoli's works is another goal of the research. The research questions are: 1. How can Farhad in Khamsa Nizami be interpreted as hypotext and Farhad in Tanavoli's works as hypertext and what are the points of commonality and difference between them? 2. To what extent has Tanavoli been faithful to Farhad's character in hypotext and what are the meanings and concepts of the artist's additions in Hypertext?This research is based on a descriptive-analytical method with a comparative approach. The method of analyzing works is qualitative. Parviz Tanavoli has 15 copper sculptures related to Farhad Kohkan, among which 9 works were selected as research samples in a non-probabilistic way.The results of the research show that the words Parviz and Bulbul have appeared in visual texts with clear verbal reference to the writing system. In the visual text, Farhad's character is referred to the verbal text with implicit references. In hypertextuality, the artist in the creation of Farhad's character has in all cases transformed, replaced and increased the proportion of hypotext. Due to the transformation and change of nature combined with the humor of street market, Farhad's character transformation in the form of travestissement is observed. The artist has tried to use the content of the verbal narrative to create a new narrative based on their mental desire in hypertext. The titles chosen for works such as paratextuality have increased the connection between hypotext and hypertext and directs the perception of Farhad Kohkan's character in hypertext by the readers. The author of hypertext did not limit himself to the general theme of the verbal text, he tried to deal with the character of Farhad with a different approach in the content. Therefore, the relationship between verbal text and visual texts based on derivation with transformation, increase and substitution, has led to the expansion of internal elements in the form of travestissement and charge in the text.

The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) was established in 2001 with the priority of security and political cooperation. China, as the main founder of the organization, follows various goals, including regional development and security, pursuing the goals of the Belt and Road Initiative, and laying the groundwork for the new world order by confronting unilateralism. This article, based on the theory of institutional balancing, considers the Shanghai Organization as an appropriate tool for achieving China's goals and, in addition to these goals, investigates the impact of recent international changes, including the situation in Afghanistan, the war in Ukraine, and the escalation of China's confrontation with the United States, on the position of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in the foreign policy of China and concludes that the mentioned factors have strengthened the position of the organization in the eyes of Chinese policymakers. To realize its goals and interests through the organization, China is facing challenges such as the lack of internal disunity within the Organization and fundamental conflicts with the other member states, the resolution of which requires thorough planning and adopting a suitable approach. The Descriptive Analysis method and library and internet data have been used in writing the article.

The growth and elevation of any civilization requires careful, comprehensive and forward-looking attention to the various dimensions and components of that civilization. In the meantime, the seminary, as one of the mega-organizations that has a critical place in the formation of Islamic civilization, is facing various strategic issues that must be managed in a way that enhances its leadership power. One of the most important and effective issues that has faced many challenges in recent years is the financing system. Therefore, it seems necessary to deal with the financing of seminaries in this era. In the meantime, one of the important topics that needs research and investigation is to deal with the principles and foundations of financing seminaries. Although extracting the principles and foundations of financing the seminary requires detailed jurisprudential, theological and philosophical researches, but in order to plan the correct financing system in the seminary, a short-cut solution can be used, which is the examination of the basics and principles based on the opinion of the imams of the revolution and the upper documents of the seminary. . Therefore, in the present research, using the method of thematic analysis, the statements of the Imam, the Supreme Leader, as well as the higher documents of the seminary were examined, and the network of their themes was extracted and analyzed in relation to the subject of the research. In this regard, a total of 751 basic themes appropriate to the subject were identified in all three sections, which led to the production of 80 organizing themes and 13 inclusive themes.

Cardiovascular diseases are the most important diseases of the elderly, and recently the effect of triglyceride glucose (TYG) index as one of the indicators of insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease has attracted the attention of researchers. Previous research has shown a link between insulin resistance and coronary artery calcification. Since triglyceride glucose index (TyG) is an index that is easily available, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between triglyceride index and fasting blood sugar and coronary heart disease and diabetes in the elderly of Amirkola.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on the elderly participating in the second phase of the Amirkola Health and Aging Cohort Study (AHAP). The elderly were divided into two groups of 200 people, the first group was diabetics with cardiovascular disease and the second group was diabetic elderly without cardiovascular disease. Patient information including age, sex, body mass index, diabetes, coronary artery disease, history of dyslipidemia, medications, triglycerides, fasting blood sugar, smoking habits, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, cholesterol, creatinine, physical activity, and HbA1c were collected in a checklist. The TYG index was calculated based on the LN formula [fasting triglycerides (mg/dl) × fasting glucose (mg/dl)/2]. Ultimately, SPSS version 25 software was utilized to describe the data using mean, standard deviation, and percentage. The qualitative variables were compared with the coronary artery disease using the chi-square test, while the quantitative variables were compared using the independent t-test in univariate analysis. Furthermore, the process of adjusting for confounding variables was carried out by using multivariate logistic regression.

In this study, 400 diabetic elderly participants were examined based on the relationship between triglyceride glucose index and coronary artery disease. The average age of the elderly with coronary artery disease was 70.46±6.10 and the elderly without coronary artery disease was 70.50±6.49 years. Triglyceride glucose index in diabetic elderly with and without coronary artery disease was 9.3±0.68 and 9.30±0.65, respectively, which was not statistically significant (P=0.92). Mean creatinine (P=0.004), number of comorbidities (P<0.001), and drugs consumed (P<0.001) were significantly higher in diabetic elderly with coronary artery disease. The probability of coronary artery disease in diabetic elderly with cholesterol above 200 mg/dL (OR=0.549, P=0.018) or use of antilipid drugs (OR=2.050, P=0.002) or more than three underlying diseases (356.4=OR- P=0.0001) had more. The mean cholesterol in diabetic elderly without coronary artery disease was significantly higher than that of elderly with coronary artery disease(P<0.001).

Based on the results of the study on diabetic elderly, glucose triglyceride index cannot be an independent risk factor and a suitable tool for the clinical forecast of coronary artery disease in Type 2 diabetes. Triglyceride glucose index alone cannot help in the prognosis of coronary artery disease and finally, the role of triglyceride glucose index in coronary artery diseases and various types of cardiovascular diseases needs more research.

The transmission of Corona is one of the important issues in the field of health and health, which also has jurisprudential and legal aspects. Based on this, the purpose of this article is to examine the criminal responsibility. The upcoming article is descriptive and analytical and has investigated the mentioned subject by using the library method. The findings indicate that from a jurisprudential point of view, the criminal liability of the carriers of the corona virus can be explained by referring to the rule of sanctity of self-harm, the rule of harmlessness, the principle of caution and the rule of the obligation to avoid harm. In criminal law, the carriers of infectious diseases such as corona are also criminally responsible. If the patient is aware of his illness and causes the disease to be transmitted to another, he is criminally responsible. Intentional crimes, pseudo-intentional crimes and pure mistakes are among the most important examples of the responsibility of the person who transmits the virus, which is determined according to the mental state and the quality of the behavior of the person who transmitted the virus. However, in general, in Iranian law, the approach of the legislator and the criminal justice system is not as defensible as it should be and it does not seem that the criminal laws have adopted an appropriate and effective approach in the field of dealing with the transmission of the Corona virus.

Seyed Ali Akbar Golestaneh is one of the prominent Shikasta scriptwriters whose works and status in the history of calligraphy have been the focus of calligraphy artists and researchers. Considering the importance of this Shikasta-Nastaliq calligrapher's position, identifying his works' artistic features and styles still seems necessary. Accordingly, the present research deals with the typology and visual analysis of Seyed Ali Akbar Golestaneh's Shikasta script works in terms of good layout (ḥosn-e ważʿ) and composition (tarkīb). Identifying the typological and stylistic features of Seyed Ali Akbar Golestaneh's Shikasta script works with an emphasis on good layout (ḥosn-e ważʿ) and composition (tarkīb) is the primary goal of this research.
Research

The data for the present research has been collected using a library-based method and relying on the original images of the works in Murraqqaꞌs as well as calligraphic and printed pieces. The analysis in this research is conducted qualitatively using a visual analysis method based on the components of visual analysis of visual works and specialized concepts related to the principles and rules of calligraphy (observing Shikasta-Nastaliq script).

Golestaneh's Shikasta script works include two types of prose and verse texts. Multiple baselines or seatings (korsī) and overlaying (mounted letters and words) are the characteristics of his Linear-script writing (Satr Nevisi), which are directly related to the length of the line. Examples of Golestaneh's Shikata script writings, including a smaller number of his works, include pieces in Khafi Dang (small), executed in a double-diagonal script (Chalipa) and multi-direction form. From the beauty of disposition (ḥosn-e ważʿ) perspective, the trend towards the horizontal frame and seating (korsī), at the same time, multiple sub-seatings in most of the works, as well as multi-direction writing in some works, are the characteristics of Golestaneh's Shikasta Scriptwriting.

The dominant aspect of Golestaneh's works is the type of linear script (Satr Nevisi) and the tendency to write in Jali script. The inclination towards horizontal frames and seating (korsī) and, at the same time, multiple sub-seating are the dominant characteristics of his works. Two-Dang writing (Khafi and Jali) can also be seen in several of Golestaneh's works. Regarding simple-letter composition, the features of complex writing, the system of composition and arrangement of elongations (Mads), the tendency to alliance of circular and curved forms in both horizontal and stepped ways, and the composition of micro-elements (including repetition of similar and aligned movements, tangency, intrusion, and merging of letters with each other) in Golestaneh's works can be expressed.

The development and evolution of modernity in the field of painting restoration can be attributed to the influence of various philosophical schools and perspectives. During the 1960s and 1970s, minimalism played a significant role in shaping the theoretical foundations of restoration. This research aims to undertake a comparative and analytical study between minimalism and restoration concepts during the mid-20th century. Two distinct interpretations of minimalism's impact on restoration can be identified: "minimum intervention in historic monuments" and "minimalist approaches to preserving the original condition and addressing additions." Consequently, the research question posed is: "Can a logical connection be established between minimalism and restoration ideas about paintings in the 1960s and 1970s?" Based on the aforementioned, the research question is: "Can a coherent connection be established between the minimalist movement and the restoration concepts of the 1960s and 1970s in the context of paintings?" To accomplish this objective, a descriptive-analytical approach has been adopted to investigate the impact of minimalism on the theoretical underpinnings of restoration, while considering the existing literature on restoration theory from that period and instances of restored artworks. Ultimately, this study aims to demonstrate that both ideologies intertwined and harmonized seamlessly with the principles advocated by the minimalist school, with both realms drawing inspiration from this innovative perspective in the visual arts and its application to the restoration of paintings.

Islam views social security as one of the primary responsibilities of society, centered around governance. This concept is emphasized and explicitly stated in Article 29 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The mechanisms designed to achieve the objectives of the social security system in various societies, including Iran, largely rely on insurance systems, implemented through insurance organizations and pension funds. These funds, by collecting insurance premiums, undertake commitments that require payments to specific individuals at designated times. The efficiency of pension funds hinges on a sustainable balance between their financial resources and expenditures. However, in recent decades, these funds have faced serious financial imbalance challenges.To overcome the financial difficulties of pension funds, reforms have been considered in two main forms: parametric and structural. Among the most significant structural reforms is the stratification of social security services across different layers to reduce the financial pressure on the funds. The primary issue lies in determining how to structure this layering system in a way that fundamentally addresses the problems of the social security system, particularly the financial imbalances of pension funds.This research focuses on the issue of pension fund imbalances in Iran and their causes, including the neglect of social security functions in Islam. It examines a form of layering based on Islamic principles that encompass all social security functions in Islam, thereby preventing their confusion in practice.

The latest financial status of pension funds in Iran has been described and analyzed based on the most recent data available from reliable sources, along with an examination of its root causes. To address the financial imbalance of these funds, the solution of layering social security services based on Islamic texts and perspectives, particularly centered on the views of Shaheed Sayyid Muhammad Baqir al−Sadr (ra), has been explored. This is a novel discussion that has received little attention.The proposed innovation in this research is the stratification of social security services into five layers: preparatory, guarantee, restorative, security (Risk coverage), and supplementary. This approach aims to utilize the full capacity and functions of the Islamic social security system. It is designed to reduce the financial burden on pension funds, decrease their dependency on government budgets, and ensure the welfare of pensioners.

The findings of the research indicate that the most important structural reform within the framework of Islamic economics is the stratification of social security services into five layers: preparatory, guarantee, restorative, security(Risk coverage), and supplementary. This stratification is designed to separate support−based services from insurance−based services within the social security system. Insurance−based services, intended for wealthy and high−income individuals, are financed through Defined Contribution (DC) schemes and investment plans, while support−based services, targeting low−income or income−less individuals, are funded through public, communal, and governmental resources.
With these reforms, the supportive and non−supportive functions of the social security system are practically separated, ensuring that each group of beneficiaries has dedicated administrators and financial resources. Beneficiaries under thesupportive function of the social security system are fully provided for in the guarantee and restorative layers, while those under the insurance function are covered in the security and supplementary layers. The preparatory layer focuses on providing welfare infrastructure and opportunities for everyone in society, aiming to reduce the number of those needing support to a minimum over time.
As a result of these reforms, the financial pressure on pension funds is reduced, and gradually, their imbalance is corrected.

The low support ratio (around 3 on average across funds), high replacement rate (over 80 on average), high expenditure−to−revenue ratio (around 150 on average), and the increasing ratio of liabilities to assets indicate that most pension funds in Iran are either currently experiencing financial imbalance or are at risk of it. This situation points to the funds' inability to meet their obligations and their dependency on the government budget, which threatens the welfare of retirees and the elderly.Currently, despite the pension funds benefiting from national public budget resources and credits, the level of benefit adequacy provided by these funds is relatively low, posing an additional challenge. In the long−term outlook,estimatessuggest that the reserves of these funds will be depleted to zero, and their unfunded liabilities will continuously increase. Consequently, the level of benefits will significantly decline, jeopardizing the welfare of pensioners.Various demographic, structural, and managerial factors contribute to the current situation, with the most significant being the lack of attention to the different functions of social security and the specific tools and solutions required for each. The conflation of these functions imposes a heavy, often unfunded financial burden on pension funds. The most crucial structural reform needed is the stratification of social security services−a concept that has been increasingly emphasized by countries and international organizations over the past few decades, and various forms of stratification have been implemented.These stratifications must focus on the three primary functions of social security: the supportive function, the risk coverage function, and the function of ensuring livelihood during retirement. By identifying the appropriate tools and solutions for each function and distinguishing them from one another, each pension fund can concentrateon its primary function without bearing unnecessary financial burdens.The stratification of social security services in Islam, tailored to the different functions of social security with specific tools and solutions for each, is best organized into five layers: preparatory, guarantee, restorative, security, andsupplementary.The preparatory layer functions as a supportive mechanism for all segments of society, providing opportunities for work, effort, and income generation, aiming to minimize poverty within the community. The guarantee and restorative layers focus on the supportive function of social security, utilizing their dedicated tools and solutions to cover all living needs, risk protection, and retirement provisions for low−income or income−less groups in the lower−middle and lower classes of society.Meanwhile, the security (Risk coverage) and supplementary layers address the functions of risk coverage and retirement provision for the middle to upper segments of society.By implementing this stratified approach, the three core functions of social security−each with its dedicated tools, solutions, administrators, and financial resources−are separated, eliminating the existing overlaps in the social security system. As a result, both the government and pension funds will clearly define their respective areas of responsibility, freeing themselves from overlapping roles and financial dependencies on each other. This clarity allows them to fully provide for the groups under their coverage, ensuring that the welfare of no social segment is jeopardized.

Large and prominent global organizations consider responsibility towards society and the environment as a part of their strategy and try to contribute to the health and well-being of society by complying with ethical principles and transparency. In recent years, some universities have included social responsibility as an approach to sustainable development in their mission statements. Therefore, the current research aimed at the social responsibility of universities in the environmental field and solving the water shortage crisis in Iran. Therefore, the present study investigated the social responsibility of universities in the environmental field and solving the water shortage crisis in Iran.

Universities can provide specialized graduates to solve problems related to water shortage in the society by providing educational programs related to water and environmental resources management. These programs can include environmental engineering, water resources, earth sciences, biology and other related fields. In addition to education, universities can play an important role in scientific research and research projects in the field of environment and water scarcity. These studies can help to identify new solutions, new technologies and effective policies in the management of water resources and environment. Universities can be effective in promoting the culture of environmental protection and optimal use of water resources by establishing technical and scientific cooperation with related organizations and institutions. The collaborations can include joint research, knowledge exchange, providing technical advice and continuing education.

Investigating and analyzing the position of social Takaful in the framework of Islamic principles Abstract: Social Takaful is a term that describes the comprehensive programs of Islam in the field of people's efforts to meet each other's needs, especially the livelihood needs of the weaker sections of the society. First of all, these programs are based on a special interpretation of a good life and a framework of social policy in the path of spiritual development and reaching the position of closeness to God. Secondly, they are based on the foundations of Islamic belief and philosophy and follow its principles and behavioral rules. Thirdly, they introduce the practical tasks and personal duties and rights and social relations needed to achieve the desired situation. The position of social Takaful in Islam is based on solid Islamic principles. This research has investigated and analyzed this position using analytical and descriptive methods. The results of this research, which was conducted with a deep and relatively comprehensive examination of the texts of verses and narrations, indicate that social Takaful in Islam is based on solid theoretical, religious, and philosophical foundations.

Besnoitiosis is a chronic to severe and usually non-fatal disease in cattle, which is caused by the protozoan Besnoitia besnoiti and causes severe skin and systemic manifestations. The Bb-Ger1 isolate was obtained from the Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute and was first propagated in the culture medium with the cell line (MARC 145) and then counted using Neubauer chamber, seven groups of ten from Ross 308 standard embryonated eggs from Iran Animal Science Research Institute and on the ninth day of hatching, the eggs were divided into the first to sixth groups, respectively (ten, one hundred, one thousand, ten thousand, one hundred thousand, one million) dilutions of parasite tachyzoites in the amount of 200 microliter and the seventh group were inoculated only with sterile PBS as a control group. Eggs were examined daily and tissue samples from brain, heart, liver, and skin were fixed in 10% formalin and evaluated for histopathology. The mortality of fetuses in the groups receiving the parasite was significantly different from the control group (P<0.05) and the death of the fetuses and the severity of tissue lesions in different groups were not dependent on the parasite dose and had no significant difference (P>0.05). Histopathological lesions were observed in various tissues, including hyperemia, hemorrhage, edematous cells, and necrosis. The present study showed that the embryonated egg cannot be a suitable environment for the growth and reproduction of Besnoitia besnoiti parasite.

The United States of America has long been the primary actor in shaping international cyber law norms and global cyberspace governance frameworks, actively engaging in this domain for nearly two decades. However, China's emergence as a key player in the cyber and technology realm has significantly changed the international landscape in recent years. Consequently, America's influence in this sphere appears to be challenged, and its discourse on cyberspace governance is seemingly declining. This profound investigation seeks to elucidate the far-reaching repercussions of the United States' waning assertive power within the intricate tapestry of international law, juxtaposed against the meteoric rise of China's global influence, on the complicated dynamics of global cyber-geopolitics and the evolving paradigm of internet governance. Therefore, This research delves into the factors contributing to the erosion of US cyber power, including the decline of trust and credibility, policy shifts, and challenges in norm creation and enforcement. To this end, a descriptive-analytical approach examines China's growing influence in international cyber law. This entails a comprehensive analysis of its expanding cyber capabilities (espionage, offensive operations, technological advancements), diplomatic assertiveness in shaping global cyber governance frameworks and promoting alternative, state-centric norms aligned with the Communist Party's vision. Our analysis reveals that China's burgeoning cyber capabilities position it as a formidable competitor to the United States. Additionally, its diplomatic assertiveness enables China to advocate for alternative norms and establish itself as a proponent of national independence in cyberspace governance.

Ectoparasites play a very important role in the transmission of many types of pathogenic agents such as viruses, bacteria, protozoa, etc., and for this reason, infestation with Ectoparasites can affect human and animal health.

Investigation prevalence of Ectoparasites in stray and household dogs in Shahrekord.

460 dog collars from April to September 2022 in terms of infestation with Ectoparasites and to investigate the relationship between infestation with these parasites and various factors related to age (<1, 1-3, >3 years). Sex (male or female), season, breed (indigenous or pure breed), place of residence (indoor or outdoor), body hair type (long or short), body hair color (dark or light), itching, ringworm, and the pattern of infestation It was checked.

a total of 460 dog collars were studied, 99 collars (21.54%) were infected with 9 types of ectoparasites. 48 collars (10.43%) were infected with Ctenocephalides canis and Pulex irritans fleas. Rhipicephalus turanicus, Sarcoptes scabiei, hippobosca longipennis, and Rhipicephalus sanguineus isolated from 14 (3.04%), 10 (2.17%), 10 (2.17%) and 9 (1.95%) dog collars, respectively became Infestation with Wohlphartia magnifica, Demodex canis, Otodectes cynotis, Haemaphysalis erinacei , and linognathus setosus in 9 (1.95%), 9 (1.95%), 3 (0.65%), 2 (0.43%). And 1 (0.21%) dog collar was observed.

The frequency of infestation was relatively low compared to similar studies, but a high species diversity was seen in the infestation parasites.

The importance of the constitutionalism movement in Iran and the thoughts governing it is one of the topics that is of great importance in the field of political thought. To understand the theoretical foundations of the supporters and opponents of constitutionalism, it is very important to refer to the letters and books of the two groups and to understand their thoughts. In the context of the relevant time, it is useful to help. Although many jurists of the constitutional era participated in the movement and the constitutional system, and took a practical and scientific position about it, but two features make Seyyed Abdul Hossein Mojtahed Lari distinguished from them: 1. People's military mobilization in line with the goals of constitutionalism; 2. His special perception of the constitutional system, which was somewhat different from the perception and expectations of other constitutionalist scholars from that system. The abundance of his political writings - which of course is not limited to the constitution - has been one of the features that have provided the basis for paying attention to his personality and political thought. Seyyed wrote treatises to defend his desired constitution, and the Treatise on Legitimate Constitutional Law and the Treatise on Law in the Unity of the State and the Nation are the most important treatises of Seyed Lari in explaining his views on the Constitution and the Shura Assembly. From Seyed's point of view, the Constitution had a completely religious character Basically, there was a fundamental difference with the views of the constitutional scholars of Tehran and Najaf.

Problem statement: 

Traditional arts have been approached differently in terms of theoretical aspects. On the one hand, traditionalists believe in specific components of traditional arts. On the other hand, one of the important topics for contemporary theorists and art researchers is the theory of reproducibility and mechanical reproduction of art. Among the concepts, Manifestation is explored, and expanded from the perspective of thinkers, leading to challenging discussions between two schools of thought.

The aim of this article is firstly to explore the concept of manifestation from the perspective of traditionalists and Walter Benjamin, and then to identify and explain how this concept is confronted with mechanical reproduction. Therefore, this research answers the question of “how the concept of manifestation in traditional arts and its confrontation with mechanical reproduction can be articulated?”

This article employs a descriptive-analytical approach and a comparative study, along with a library-based examination of data and qualitative analysis, to clarify the concept of manifestation in the face of mechanical reproduction.

Based on the coding and analysis of the perspectives of five traditionalist thinkers and Walter Benjamin’s famous article, the constitutive components of manifestation and mechanical reproduction have been identified. According to the performed categorizations, the categories of mechanical reproduction are comparable to the categories of manifestation’s concept, which are opposite to each other except for two components. Therefore, the similarities and differences between them have led to the identification of the components of manifestation in the face of mechanical reproduction. During this process, it became clear that the concept of manifestation has two dimensions and approaches; one is related to the traditionalist perspective and Benjamin’s view, and the other is related to mechanical reproduction. Consequently, considering the comparison between the main categories of these two concepts, it is possible to distinguish the manifestation of mechanical reproduction from the manifestation envisioned by traditionalists and Benjamin, which has taken on a new form and is unavoidable.

Literature and art of each nation are among fundamental bases of its culture. Epic, lyrical, didactic, religious and mystical literature are among the most widely used themes in art that have become the sources of creating lasting works and the richness of Iranian painting. Khamsa of Nizami is among popular literary sources that has been considered by artists in different periods and illustrated by painters. One of the valuable versions of this masterpiece of Persian literature is the version related to the year 1504 AD, which coincides with the year 909 AH, in the Bodleian Library of Oxford University, which was added to its digital library in 2019. The signature at the end of this version indicates that this version was written during Turkmen rule over Shiraz. This version can be studied in terms of aesthetic qualities and features with the stylistic features of Shiraz school which are among the recognizable features in that form and manner of combining elements. In this research, an attempt has been made to analyze and to identify the structure of the design and the formal and visual features of Khamsa of Nizami's figures in the Bodleian Library. Also, another purpose of this is to study the relationship between these figures and the stylistic features of Shiraz school. The research questions include: 1- What are the visual features and design structure and composition in the figures of Khamsa of Nizami's version? 2- Is there a relationship between these figures and the stylistic features of Shiraz school? In terms of purpose, the present article is a fundamental-theoretical type which has been conducted using a descriptive-analytical method. The method of data collection is documentary, library-based. A total of 30 figures of the desired Khamsa of Nizami's version were studied as statistical population and the authors examined 6 figures of the most prominent figures that have the most structural diversity selected by judgmental or purposive sampling (non-probability sampling) based on the considered components using qualitative data analysis method. The results of the research indicate that the figures of this version can be divided into five groups in terms of content, of which 11 figures have instructive themes, 7 figures have romantic assemblies themes, 6 figures have war assemblies themes, 2 figures have festive assemblies themes and 4 figures have common themes. In the study of the determined components, the results of the research indicate a kind of unity and integration in the formal structure of the figures in such a way that the viewing angle, frame of the pages and its coloring, the non-interference of the text in the image, the same number of strata of image, and the placement of the main elements in the second stratum have been observed in almost all assemblies. Also, the book size is in the style of Iskandar ("Alexander") Sultan's period and almost close to the Vaziri size (Medium octavo). In addition, the figures are single-sheet and faces have moods and express emotional feelings and sentiments. The compositional structure of the figures is simple and mostly based on the vertical and horizontal system, which, of course, in a few cases, such as the figure of Shirin Meets Farhad, the artist has used the circular system in a rudimentary manner. simplicity mixed with precision in drawing visual elements, significance of human figures and transforming them into the most important parts of the images, simplicity, solitude, and smallness of natural landscapes and framed drawing of plants and turning them into filling spaces, using mixed colors such as purple, light green, blue in several tonnages, which marks the beginning of using this kind of color in later schools and the conscious use of past agreements to create a link between text and image and to create more visual appeal are other visual features. This version jointly combines the components of the Turkmen royal court, such as rich and exciting colors and exciting moods and faces, along with the commercial components of this method, such as simple combinations and unadulterated natural landscapes. Finally, the existing features and quality of the figures of this version are in proportion to the stylistic features of Shiraz Turkmen School and the aesthetic effect of the figures when viewing the work can be understood by the forms and their combination together.

The Islamic Revolution in Iran had far-reaching political and social consequences with profound and lasting effects that transformed all aspects of Iranian culture and civilization. These changes appeared when the "Islamic Republic of Iran" as the political promise of the revolution attempted to spread belief concepts and original intellectual foundations that had given birth to it. The common currency, particularly coins, served as a significant platform for showcasing the intellectual foundations and religious beliefs embraced by this emerging government structure. Therefore, the present study used a descriptive-analytical method to analyze commemorative coins minted by the Islamic Republic in 1979 by examining the reflection of fundamental principles and religious values of Iran's new government in its first generation of coins. The findings of the research indicate that in the first year of its activity, the Islamic Republic of Iran minted two types of commemorative coins on a large scale, each symbolizing various Belief Concepts and Intellectual Foundations linked to Iran's Islamic Revolution. One was the "20 Rials" commemorative coin, marking 1400 years since Prophet Muhammad's Hijrah. It depicted a map of Islamic territories on Earth under rays of sunlight. It also bore an inscription of "Independence / Freedom / Islamic Republic", as the main slogan of the Islamic Revolution and expressing its most fundamental intellectual foundations. The second one was the "10 Rials" commemorative coin, which marked the first anniversary of the Islamic Republic. It showed a tulip flower symbolizing martyrdom, along with an inscription reading "22nd of Bahman" As the date of the official downfall of the imperial regime.

In the course of the formation of the revolution, which draws a lofty approach towards human excellence, the expansion of the concepts of martyrdom, taking as a model the religious idea of the death of special consciousness in the Holy Quran, the idea of death, which is a continuous concept of the understanding and thought of knowledge about death, in the context of the revolution and The society leaves. In this sense, the painting of the Islamic Revolution of Iran, under the influence of the thoughts of this social current in the heart of the revolution, is about the concept of death, and according to the cultural and social conditions of the society, the concept of death appears in the approach of the painters of the Islamic Revolution, and there are reflections of the influences Its concepts have emerged and are noticed in their works, which shows the ideological and fundamental effects of the Islamic Revolution on the process of painting works. Based on this, the research questions are: 1. To what extent did the elements of death thought play a role in the approach of the painters of the revolution in creating paintings? 2. To what extent are the works influenced by Islamic religious foundations? This research is fundamental-theoretical in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method.The method of collecting information is library and field. The research community was selected from among the paintings of the revolution. The results of the research show that the choice and subject of placing these concepts was consciously in the thought and practice of the painters, whose theoretical foundations were influenced by Islamic religious thought, and its semantic reflection and visual interpretation were revealed in the explicit approaches and code system and semiotics. has done.