سیدعبدالمجید موسوی

The present study was performed to investigate the effect of dietary nucleotides on the growth and apparent digestibility of Sterlet sturgeon, Acipenser ruthenus. Fish with an average body weight of 95.33±1.23g and total length of 0.30±0.5 cm were divided into 5 experimental groups with 3 replications, each containing 12 fish which were randomly distributed in tanks with 500 L working capacity. The fish were fed diets containing 0.0, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, and 5.0 g kg-1 nucleotide. The experiment was conducted in a completely random design for 10 weeks. The results showed a significant increase in the weight gain percentage of fish in treatments of 2.5, 3.5, and 5.0 g kg-1 nucleotide than those in the control treatment (P<0.05), reaching the highest percentage of 119.07±19.97% in fish fed diet supplemented with 5.0 g kg-1 nucleotide (P<0.05). However, no significant difference was recorded in the values of this variable between fish-fed diets supplemented with more than 2.5 g kg-1 nucleotide (P>0.05). There was also a significant increase in the total length of fish fed diet supplemented with 5.0 g kg-1 nucleotide (25.5±0.8 %) compared to those fed the basal diet (17.76±0.73 %) (P<0.05), while no significant difference was found with those in fish fed diet supplemented with 3.5 g kg-1 nucleotide (P>0.05). The highest apparent digestibility of dry weight was 80.32±0.47% in fish fed a diet containing 5.0 g kg-1 nucleotide, while the lowest value was 73.24±0.45% in fish fed the basal diet (P<0.05). The highest apparent digestibility of protein was 90.94±0.24% in fish-fed a diet containing 5.0 g kg-1 nucleotide, which had a significant difference with that in fish fed a diet containing less than 2.5 g kg-1 nucleotide (P<0.05). However, no significant difference was observed in lipid apparent digestibility of fish between the experimental treatments (P>0.05). In general, findings of the present research indicated that dietary supplementation of nucleotide in the diet has a significant impact on the nutrient digestibility of sterlet sturgeon, with the best response obtained when fish fed a diet containing 3.5 g kg-1 nucleotide for ten weeks.

Providing comfort conditions for fish from the point of view of velocity uniformity and flow regime is one of the most important requirements of aquaculture improving the production conditions. In this research, for this purpose, by using computational fluid dynamics, Fluent software and k-ɛ turbulence model, the geometrical shape and pattern of water circulation in a fish breeding pond have been investigated. In this research, three square, circular and corner ponds have been selected as common ponds for breeding cold water fish and different scenarios have been analyzed after preparing the geometry of the ponds using flow uniformity and hydrodynamic indicators. The results of the simulation showed that the uniformity index in the circular pond was 0.940048, in the corner pond it was 0.919447 and in the square pond it was 0.874226. Therefore, it can be concluded that the uniformity index of the flow pattern and velocity field improves as the shape of the ponds approaches the circular state, although the physical space occupied by the ponds should also be considered.

Caspian brown trout is one of the valuable, commercial, anadromous, and endemic species of the Caspian Sea, which has noteworthy the attention of many scientists. This study was carried out using Caspian brown trout fingerlings (n = 300) with an initial average weight of 42 g for two months. In this study, different amounts of carrot powder (total carotenoids) were added to fish diets including a control group and five treatments i.e. 0 (control), 50 (T1), 100 (T2), 150 (T3), 200 (T4) and 250 mg/kg (T5). The effects of different amounts of carotenoids were investigated on some blood parameters of fingerlings, including lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aminotransferase, glucose, total protein, and cortisol. According to the results, significant differences (p<0.05) were observed in the amounts of serum lysozyme between different treatments. Treatment 2 by an average of 51 ± 3.61 U/mL and control group by 40.67 ± 2.52 U/mL exhibited the highest and lowest levels of the enzyme, respectively. Based on the results, a significant difference (p<0.05) was observed between different levels of cortisol in the treatments, so that the highest and lowest cortisol levels in the control group and treatment 2 with 50 ± 7 and 26.67 ± 4.04 (ng/mL) was observed. In general, based on the results of this study, it was found that different levels of carotenoids in the diet of salmon brown trout can display a significant effect (p<0.05) on blood indices.

The use of dietary nucleotides in mammals and aquatic organisms has shown various positive effects on growth, immune system, gastrointestinal tract, and intestinal flora, improvement of reproduction, fat metabolism and increased resistance to diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of dietary nucleotide (vanagen) on growth, survival and carcass composition in sterlet fish (Acipenser ruthenus). For this purpose, fish with an average weight of 95±1 g were divided into 5 treatments with 3 replications. The fish were then fed a diet containing 0, 0.15, 0.25, 0.35 and 0.5% nucleotide supplements for ten weeks. The results showed mean of final weight, weight gained (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) increased significantly with increasing nucleotide levels (P<0.05), and in the treatment containing 0.5% of nucleotides were the highest. (FCR) was the lowest in the treatment containing 0.5% (P<0.05). According to the results, the amount of protein and carcass fat in 0.25% was the highest and the lowest was observed in the control treatment (P<0.05). The results showed addition of dietary nucleotides to the diet of sterlet fish improved growth indices such as body weight gain, specific growth rate, and protein efficiency rate, feed intake and reduced feed conversion ratio. According to the results, concentrations between 0.25-0.5percent of vanagen nucleotides are recommended to achieve optimal growth and carcass composition in sterlet.

The present study investigated the effect of nanoliposome-coated astaxanthin (NA) in the diet on growth indices of rainbow trout. A total of 375 fish with an average initial weight of 31.00±2.00 g were divided into five treatments including 0 (control), 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg kg-1 NA. Each treatment had three replications and each replication contained 25 pieces of fish that were randomly stored in 15 tanks with capacity of 200 liter and fed with food related to the same treatment for 60 days. The results showed that the highest percentage of weight gain (225.22±13.80) was related to the treatment of 75 mg kg-1 NA and the lowest (194.57±12.88) was related to the treatment of 100 mg kg-1 NA. Also, the highest daily growth rate (%) with 2.51±0.10 g d-1 was from the treatment of 75 mg kg-1 NA, which was significantly higher than the amount in the control (p <0.05). The highest rate of food efficiency was from the treatment of 75 mg kg-1 NA. The finding of the present study indicated that 83.61 mg NA has the best effect on the growth of rainbow trout and is recommended for culturing of this fish.

 The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of chitosan nanoparticles containing folic acid in the diet of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss on growth and survival indices. For this purpose, rainbow trout with an average weight of 30 ± 2 g were divided into five experimental treatments: 0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg of chitosan/folic acid nanoparticles per kg of diet. Each treatment containing 25 fish in 3 repetitions in 15 tanks (500 liter) was designed into a closed-circuit breeding system. After making a manual diet and adapting the fish to the new conditions they were fed for 8 weeks. At the end of the experiment period, growth and survival indices were evaluated. The highest growth rate was recorded in the treatment of 1 mg/kg of chitosan/folic acid nanoparticles at the rate of 69.23 ± 4.34 g. With increasing Ch/FA nanoparticles levels in the formulated diets, the feed conversion ratio decreased linearly, which in fish fed with 1 mg/kg diet supplemented with chitosan / folic acid nanoparticles reached to 1.29 ± 0.08 (p < 0.05). On the other hand, the survival rate was the same in all treatments, but at the end of the period, losses were clearly observed in the control. The results showed that increasing the level of chitosan/folic acid nanoparticles in formulated diets will increase the growth rate and have a positive effect on growth index.

One of the promising ideas to improve over CMOS constrains in the nano-scales is Quantum Cellular Automata (QCA). So far, a variety of logic circuits are designed based on QCA where usually the majority and the inverter gates are the basic building blocks from which more complicated circuits are developed. In this paper, first we propose an approach to minimize the number of the majority and inverter gates in a given circuit with multiple inputs/outputs (MIMO). In our proposal, which is based on Cartesian Genetic Programming (CGP), a QCA circuit is coded as a series of integer numbers that constitutes a genotype for CGP. Applying CGP operators then, outputs the optimum phenotype including the number and the type of gates along with their interconnections. As for the verification of this approach, we apply it to 27 logic circuits and the results are reported, which show better solutions (in majority of cases) compared to the competing approaches. In addition to a fewer number of gates, our approach may provide a way to design QCA circuits with less power dissipation and/or less occupied areas.

 Nowadays, hyperlipidemia and fatty liver disease are one of the urbanity disorders. Medicinal plants regarding benefit effects traditionally had special role in health of society. So, this study was done to evaluate the effect of Berberis integerrima extract on hypertriglyceridemia and fatty liver disease improvement. This interventional clinical study was done on 188 patients with hypertriglyceridemia (108 male, 80 female) with the age range of 20-70 years and 21 patients with fatty liver disorder. The patients had received 200-250 ml Berberis integerrima extract before sleep for 45- 60 days without any changes in diet regime, exercise activity and administration of anti-hyperlipidemic drugs. After 60 days, triglyceride levels through experiment and fatty liver grade via sonography were evaluated. SPSS statistical software (ver.16) and statistical tests of t-test and Wilcoxon were used for the result analysis and (P < 0/05) were considered significant.
Results Blood Triglyceride levels were 292±34 and 200±31 mg.dl-1 before and after Berberis integerrima extract administration in males; whereas the levels were 258±31 and 175±30 mg.dl-1 before and after Berberis integerrima extract administration in females, which showed significant decrease in both gender (p=0.05). From 21 patients with fatty liver disease after Berberis integerrima extract administration, 6 cases with fatty liver grade II were shown grade I and 15 cases with fatty liver grade I were shown normal grade ( P=0.01 ). Regarding the obtained results, Berberis integerrima extract caused significant decrease in hypertriglyceridemia and fatty liver disorder.

The present study was carried out in Karun 4 Dam lake, Chaharmahal-v-Bakhtiari province with the aim of tropic determination and assessing some of the relationships between physical, chemical and biological properties of water from March, 2011 to 2012. Three stations were selected in the dam: one station near the dam wall and two stations at the entrance of Urmand and Bazoft rivers, respectively. Some of physicochemical properties of water including temperature, turbidity, hardness, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total soluble solids, total suspended solids, nitrates and phosphoric acid, as well as biological properties such as phytoplankton identification and counting, chlorophyll a were monthly evaluated. Based on the present results, 5 branches and 30 species of phytoplankton were identified with the most frequency of Bacillariophyta (17 species), Chlorophyta (6 species), Chrysophyta (4 species), Dinophyta (2 species), and Cyanophyta (1 species), respectively. The maximum and minimum chlorophyll a content were obtained in June (4.9 μg L-1) and its minimum in February (2.1 μg L-1), respectively. Findings of the current research showed that chlorophyll a concentration correlates with the temperature, while no correlation was found with the suspended solids (P> 0.01). On the other hand, chlorophyll a content and phytoplankton diversity showed a significant negative correlation with transparency, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus (P <0.01). The highest and lowest richness index was observed in summer (0.061117) and in autumn (0.058), respectively. The Simpson species diversity index was also reached to the highest and lowest value in spring (0.98889) and autumn (0.9905), respectively.

The present study was carried out in Karun 4 Dam lake, Chaharmahal-v-Bakhtiari province with the aim of tropic determination and assessing some of the relationships between physical, chemical and biological properties of water from March, 2011 to 2012. Three stations were selected in the dam: one station near the dam wall and two stations at the entrance of Urmand and Bazoft rivers, respectively. Some of physicochemical properties of water including temperature, turbidity, hardness, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total soluble solids, total suspended solids, nitrates and phosphoric acid, as well as biological properties such as phytoplankton identification and counting, chlorophyll a were monthly evaluated. Based on the present results, 5 branches and 30 species of phytoplankton were identified with the most frequency of Bacillariophyta (17 species), Chlorophyta (6 species), Chrysophyta (4 species), Dinophyta (2 species), and Cyanophyta (1 species), respectively. The maximum and minimum chlorophyll a content were obtained in June (4.9 μg L-1) and its minimum in February (2.1 μg L-1), respectively. Findings of the current research showed that chlorophyll a concentration correlates with the temperature, while no correlation was found with the suspended solids (P> 0.01). On the other hand, chlorophyll a content and phytoplankton diversity showed a significant negative correlation with transparency, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus (P <0.01). The highest and lowest richness index was observed in summer (0.061117) and in autumn (0.058), respectively. The Simpson species diversity index was also reached to the highest and lowest value in spring (0.98889) and autumn (0.9905), respectively.

This study was located at Karoon 4 reservoir, down-stream of Armand and Bazoft rivers (Southwest of Iran). Water samples were collected from March 2012 to February 2013 in three selected silts. Environmental parameters and chlorophyll a concentration were measured, as well as identification and abundance of zooplankton communities was studied. According to this study, 4 phyla of zooplankton was identified, include Rotifera, Protozoa, Cladocera and Copepoda. Overall 43 species were identified at four seasons. Most abundance was related to the phyla Rotifera (27 species), Copepoda (7 species), Cladocera (5 species) and Protozoa (4 species) respectively. The results showed, the maximum rate of chlorophyll a concentration was measured in the warm and minimum of this, was measured in the cold months. Al groups of zooplankton phyla without copepod, showed the minimum abundance at winter. The rate of chlorophyll a concentration, amount of phosphate and zooplankton indicator species, showed an oligotrophic condition in the lake of karoon 4 dam. As the results, we have the positive significant correlate between all groups of zooplanktons abundance and temperature, as well as chlorophyll a concentration (P<0.01). Whereas, there is negative correlation and not significant between DO and zooplankton communities (P>0.05).

The Karoun 4 dam lake with 2/5 billion m3 is one of the important reservoirs in Iran. This can be considered in aquaculture. In this study, the effects of cage culture in bacterial load were investigated. Sampling of lake water was carried in 2013 for 6 months from April to September. The water samples were provided in several distances from cages. According to the results the presence of some bacteria include Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus and Streptococcus in samples were 47%, 70% and 23% respectively. The variance analysis showed a significant difference between the number of coliform and staphylococcus bacteria (P<0.01) but no significant difference was observed between total bacteria, E. cloi and Staphylococcus (P>0.01).Also the results showed the highest number of bacteria in near cages distances but just the number of coliform and streptococcus have a significant difference (P<0.01).

At the present، energy aware routing is one of the most important research topics in wireless sensor networks. Increasing network lifetime is the most challenging need in these networks. In this study، in order to increase network lifetime، we aim to introduce a harmony search algorithm as a successful meta-heuristic algorithm for routing in the wireless sensor networks. In customizing the algorithm for routing، two following criteria، which result in increasing network lifetime، have been considered: reducing energy consumption and proper distribution of energy consumption between sensor nodes. Simulation results clearly showed the ability of this algorithm in finding the optimum route and proper balance between the abovementioned criteria. Moreover، to compare the recommended method with other methods in identical conditions، an implementation of a genetic algorithm has been carried out. Results showed the better performance of harmony search algorithm in increasing network lifetime in compared with genetic algorithm

In recent years, there has been an apparent increase in the occurrence of harmful algal blooms. The potential of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) straw extract to inhibit algal growth was assessed. Algal growth in water of Anzali lagoon was inhibited by the addition of barley straw (1% volumetric), with the chlorophyll a concentration remaining below the original level (40 µg l-1) throughout the experiment. In contrast, in the presence of wheat straw, algal biomass increased, reaching a final chlorophyll a concentration of 1160 µg l-1 after 28 days. Analysis of the remaining particulate straw at the end of the experiment showed that the lignin content of barley straw had increased significantly (p<0.05). Beside, the bioassays, which were conducted to determine the efficacy of barley straw in controlling algal growth of 10 freshwater species, the results indicated that barley straw liquor inhibited the growth of three nuisance algae common in freshwater: Synura petersenii, Dinobyron sp., and Microcystis aeruginosa. However, the growth of Selenastrum capricornutum, Navicula sp., Spirogyra sp., and Oscillatoria lutea were significantly (p<0.05) increased in the presence of the straw liquor. The growth of remainder, Ulothrix fimbriata, Chlorella vulgaris, and Anabaena flos-aquae, showed no significant (p<0.05) difference from controls.

In this research, high level of TSS as one of the most problems in RAS (Recirculation Aquaculture System) of Rainbow trout's culture is investigated. Other physical factors of water such as CO2, O2, EC and pH were measured as well. For this reason, 5 typical farms were selected and they were similar in design and construction, production method and consumed meal. In commercial farms, other those remaining Suspended Solids methods, use from chemical method, but this method is not applicable in these sites. Research carried out in period of 6 months and 3 stages (in cycle of two month). Efficiency of removing lipid from system was recognized be investigation of lipid amount of suspended solids. One way ANOVA that carried out between five sites in difference periods, showed that the significant differences (P<0.05). Finally, the results indicated that chemical removing method (with these conditions) is not performed in RAS of Rainbow trout.