سیدعلی جوزی

In providing fire management strategies using international and integrated methods, no study has been conducted in district 19 of Tehran, Iran, so far. Therefore, this study aims to propose strategies for fire management and reducing the vulnerability of worn-out buildings in this district using the A’WOT analysis and Freeman’s stakeholder matrix.

This is a strategic and applied study. Participants included 20 crisis management experts and managers of the fire departments. The information was collected using interviews and brainstorming. The AʼWOT analysis, a hybrid analytic hierarchy process (AHP)-SWOT method, was used. After determining the internal factors (strength and weakness) and external factors (threat and opportunity), strategies were identified and ranked in a hierarchical manner. Freeman’s stakeholder matrix was used to present the strategic fire management plans. The sensitivity analysis was done using Expert choice software, version 11. 

The final score obtained from the internal factor evaluation (IFE) and external factor evaluation (EFE) matrices showed that the strategies were offensive and competitive, respectively. Based on the evaluation of quantitative strategic planning, IFE, and EFE matrices, the strategic plans were finally ranked as follows: “the use of local expert forces familiar with the region” with a score of 5.22, “using movable conex boxes to command operations” with a score of 5.08 and “building new stations with advanced firefighting equipment” with a score of 4.96. Based on Freeman’s stakeholder matrix, the offensive strategies “building new fire stations with advanced firefighting equipment,” with a score of 107 and “visiting worn-out buildings and holding a maneuver to increase the personnel operational capacity” with a score of 98 were placed in the first and second ranks, respectively.

By examining the weaknesses, strengths, opportunities, and threats in district 19 of Tehran, we presented strategies to reduce the fire vulnerability of worn-out buildings. The AʼWOT analysis is a proper scientific and operational method for fire management in worn-out buildings in this district. Freeman’s stakeholder matrix can be a suitable model for ranking fire management strategies. Based on this matrix, offensive strategies to manage the fires in the study area can be predicted and implemented.

Identifying secure gathering spots during emergencies is a crucial step in emergency management across multiple industries, particularly in oil, gas, and petrochemical fields. This study was designed to identify and rank the factors affecting the placement of safe assembly points for implementation in the country’s process industries.

This descriptive-exploratory study was conducted at the National Petrochemical Company. During the initial phase, criteria affecting the selection of safe assembly points were determined by examining scientific literature, standards, guidelines, along with national and international directives. A Delphi study involving 15 experts in emergency management experts was subsequently conducted to finalize the criteria list . During the second phase, these criteria were prioritized and ranked through a multi-criteria decision-making method utilizing and the Best-Worst Method.

The Delphi study was completed after two rounds, revealing 10 internal and 7 external criteria, amounting to 17 criteria that affect the determination of safe assembly points during emergencies in processing industries. Within the internal criteria, accessibility was the highest rated  (weight: 0.1948), vulnerability to incidents was second (weight: 0.1543), and travel time was third (weight: 0.1109). Among the external criteria, the distance from nearby hazardous centres was the highest (weight: 0.2181), the type of potential scenarios was second (weight: 0.2081), and nearby emergency facilities placed third (weight: 0.1462).

In process industries, the placement of safe assembly points during emergencies must take into account factors like the distance from surrounding hazardous areas, the type of possible incidents, ease of access, vulnerability to incidents, nearby emergency services, and wind patterns to guarantee optimal personnel protection.

Considering the ever-increasing expansion of petrochemical industries in Iran and the high capacity of accidents such as fire and explosion in these industries, this study was conducted to evaluate and analyze of risks of tanks containing flammable substances in Shiraz Petrochemical Company using bow-tie model.

In the current study, the statistical population included: managers, experts, and employees of Shiraz Petrochemical Company, who evaluated and analyzed the risk of tanks containing flammable substances using the bow-tie model based on the checklist. Also, the collected data were processed using Bow TieXP software version 12.02. 

Based on the results obtained, among the 233 preventive and reducing obstacles, 193 cases, i.e. 82.8%, were related to the behavioral factor. Three cases equal to 1.29% related to active hardware factors, 20 cases equal to 8.58% related to technical-social factors, 12 cases equal to 5.15% related to continuous hardware factors and five cases equal to 2.15% were related to passive hardware factors. Therefore, behavioral factors had the highest amount of preventive and reducing barriers and had a significant difference with other factors also.

Increasing the awareness of the humans working in the maintenance and care of tanks containing flammable substances division could be a suitable solution for managers to increase the safety level of these departments. This confirms the need to change and improve the attitude, reform the structure, and plan effective and efficient training in this field that does not involve high direct costs and at the same time has a good chance of returning capital. Open Access Policy: This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

The issue of preparedness and security against unexpected events is so important in today's world that developed countries devote an important part of their comprehensive national planning to it. Population growth, agricultural water demand, and climate change increase the likelihood of water shortages. Flood is one of the most common natural disasters that brings significant impacts and damages to water supply. Therefore, checking the water supply chain is a necessary demand, and delaying it causes instability and vulnerability to natural and human crises. The purpose of this research is to study the flood threat on the water supply process. This applied study uses an integrated approach (qualitative and quantitative) to achieve its purposes. In the qualitative phase, theoretical literature review and interviews with experts are discussed. The sampling method was purposeful and 14 environmental management professors and water experts were selected. In the quantitative phase, a non-probability sampling method was used and 230 employees and workers of the water and sewage company of Gilan province answered the questionnaire. MAXQDA 2020 software was used in the qualitative method. Also in the quantitative method, the data were analyzed with the structural modeling approach and partial least squares method. The results of the analysis showed that there are positive and significant coefficients between the hidden variables (improvement, preventing arbitrary construction, primary control and assessment, provision of reserve facilities and coping facilities) and the flood threat.

The visual absorption capacity (VAC) of a landscape expresses its ability to absorb the effects of development projects without losing its visual quality and integrity. When development plans are implemented in local landscapes studying the visual absorption capacity in tourism landscapes can be very beneficial to achieve sustainable planning and management. Manjil City is located in the vicinity of Sefidrud Dam’s lake and has high tourism potential, and its views have significant visual value, however, the sites of wind turbines which were built in this area have had significant effects on the local landscape. This study aimed to evaluate the amount of absorption of the wind turbines’ impact by the existing local landscape and also to identify the zones with lower visual sensitivity.

The indicators were categorized into geomorphology, land cover, and visibility. Each of the layers’ weight was determined using the analytic network process (ANP) and then layers has been overlaid to calculate the visual absorption capacity map of the study area.

In the zone of the Rudbar site, the visual absorption of the landscape is high, and therefore a high percentage of the visual effects have been absorbed by the landscape, consequently it has a less negative impact on the key views.

The application of the viewing frequency criterion as one of the factors in assessing the visual absorption capacity of a landscape can increase the accuracy of the results.

Cities are complex systems that are vulnerable to natural hazards. This research was conducted with the aim of identifying and analyzing the indicators affecting the urban resilience of Bam city and modeling the state of urban resilience in dealing with earthquakes.

To achieve the objectives of this study, with the help of 19 experts and completing two rounds of the Delphi questionnaire, 13 criteria, and 35 sub-criteria were selected in the form of four dimensions including economical, social, ecological, and infrastructure, as the first step. Analytical Network Process (ANP) and Super Decisions software were used to perform pairwise comparisons and determine the final weights. As the next step, the 15-year statistics of the research criteria were collected to complete the equations for the urban modeling stage. And finally, the Bam urban resilience model was designed using Stella architect 3.2 software for a period of 30 years from 1385 to 1415.

The results showed that the ecological dimension with a weight of 0.439 plays the most important role in the resilience of Bam city. Also, the modeling results revealed that Bam urban resilience index in 1401 is estimated at 44.96%.

According to the final results, it can be concluded that Bam city does not have ideal conditions in terms of urban resilience in dealing with earthquakes, and in case of similar incidents, this city will not have the ability to be resilient in critical situations.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the physical growth characteristics of Nazarabad city in the past and predict its future changes until 2050 using the SLEUTH model. In this study, the urban map was extracted from the Landsat satellite images of 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2020, and using the layers of slope, land use, excluded layer, urban extent, transportation network, and hill shade, it was entered into the SLEUTH model and urban growth was simulated in two historical and environmental scenarios. To provide a more favorable prediction of future land use changes in the SLEUTH model in the environmental scenario, the multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) method was used using twenty layers that have the greatest impact on land suitability for urban development. The layers used in the MCE process were related to topography, geology, weather and climate, water resources, biological, urban distances and land use. The results of the first scenario showed that from 2020 to 2050, 390 hectares will be added to the urban land and part of the gardens and agricultural land will be lost. The results of the second scenario showed that 205 hectares of valuable land could remain intact, thus preventing further fragmentation of the land use pattern in the future. The simulation results of the physical development of Nazarabad city showed that the combination of SLEUTH model with MCE can be a very useful tool for city managers to facilitate the evaluation of urban development patterns.

Since firefighting in high-rise buildings requires special equipment and expertise and is associated with many risks for residents and rescuers; the firefighting of these buildings has become one of the safety problems in megacities. Therefore, this study was conducted to identifying and ranking of critical factors affecting on fire safety in high-rise buildings in city of Karaj using the ANP-DEMATEL integrated approach.

In this descriptive study, six criteria including: 'firefighting regulations', 'fire safety training', 'policies and equipments management', 'review of previous incidents', 'attitudes of contractors in design and construction', as well as the 'speed of rescue operations' and 32 sub-criterias were identified from the similar studies and their screened using the Delphi technique. Then the criteria and sub-criteria of each criterion were subjected to pair wise comparisons and weighting. The internal relationships between the criteria were determined using DEMATEL technique; also, the final prioritization and weighting of the results were done using ANP and DEMATEL via the Super Decisions software. In so doing, 10 experts of Karaj Fire Protection Organization were selected in a non-probabilistic way to respond.

Based on the results obtained, 'speed of rescue operations' criterion with a final weight of 0.222 had assigned the first priority among the others. On the other hand, 'policies and equipments management' criterion, as the most influential criterion, has had the most interaction with other criterias. Also, the 'attitudes of contractors in design and construction' criterion was recognized as the most effective criterion. This is despite the fact that 'not using low-quality and cheap materials with the aim of more profit' sub-criterion with a final weight of 0.061 had the first priority among the sub-criterias.

In conclusion, it can be acknowledged that in order to increase the speed of operations, it is better to have enough fire stations in different parts of the city, and at the same time, special routes for traffic in crowded city centers should be considered for fire engines. At the same time, it is necessary to use the latest equipment and technologies in the world regarding the fire extinguishing of high-rise buildings and make sufficient investment in this regard. At the same time, there should be sufficient supervision in the construction stages, including the design and use of fire-resistant materials.

The importance of industry and its role in a country’s economic growth has been considered as one of the most important economic issues by researchers. In the meantime, the development of industry in Yazd Ostan and the over-establishment of industries in the Yazd-Ardakan plain have caused damage to water resources and increased pollution in this region. This study aims to investigate the resilience of water resources in the Yazd Ardakan plain in terms of industry establishment. In this research, industrial development has been analyzed, at different levels, using dynamic modeling in Vensim Software in the form of system dynamics analysis. The proposed model described industrial development, and using the simulation process, its behavior has been predicted in the next years. The model simulation results showed that the lack of development of large and water-intensive industrial projects in the region would cause the lowest amount of water resources loss in the Yazd-Ardakan Plain. They were determined as effective solutions to improve the resilience of water resources in the Yazd Ardakan plain.

success rate of urban spaces, especially modern commercial complexes, is proportional to the amount of use of that space and the presence of people in it. In fact, the improvement of the urban space should seek to increase social interactions instead of separation. But what we are facing today in most of the urban spaces is the reduction of relations and social participation of the residents in these spaces. In this research, the evaluation of social effects is proposed based on the fuzzy matrix. In building the evaluation matrix, the main activities of the project in the exploitation phase, as well as the important social and cultural indicators, are determined using the fuzzy Delphi method, and the importance of each effect is estimated in the form of triangular fuzzy numbers. The results of the evaluation based on the proposed model show that the sub-index of "setting the environment for family presence in the urban space" with a score of 0.754 has the highest effectiveness from the activities of the modern business and entertainment complex. Among the effective activities, "the place of construction of the commercial complex" with a score of 0.784 had the greatest effect on the sub-indices of social interactions. As a result, based on this social impact assessment model, in order to promote social interactions, it is necessary to adopt the necessary strategies and policies in the field of family presence in modern commercial spaces, as well as the appropriate location of the construction of these complexes.

The spread of accidents in various industries shows the need to pay more attention to safety factors and try to improve employees' job satisfaction. This research aims to evaluate the safety atmosphere level and the prevalence of work-related accidents by considering the mediating role of job satisfaction in the Shabnam food industry.

This research is an applied and descriptive-non-experimental research, during which a sample of 122 employees of the Shabnam food industry was selected to distribute the questionnaire. To measure the relationship between research variables, a researcher-made questionnaire including 3 variables and 36 items was used, and a structural equation model and SPSS26 and LISREL8.8 software were used to check the hypotheses.

The analytical results of the data showed that the evaluation of the level of safety climate and job satisfaction harmed the prevalence of accidents caused by work. Also, the review of the level of safety climate had a positive and significant effect on job satisfaction. Finally, the mediating role of job satisfaction in the relationship between the assessment of the level of safety climate and the prevalence of work-related accidents was confirmed.

It was recommended that Shabnam food industry officials improve the safety atmosphere of the work environment by creating a safe work environment by providing safety equipment and relevant training and controlling the statistics of accidents; It was also concluded that paying attention to the needs of employees and getting their satisfaction can increase the speed of this process.

The purpose of this research is providing a suitable model for locating emergency accommodation caused by natural and unnatural disasters in the 19th district of Tehran.

The research method is descriptive-analytical and data analysis is done using MCDM and Arc GIS and Excel system. The statistical population was selected from among the variables of emergency accommodation location and the sampling method was simple and the sampling volume was obtained using Morgan's table (n = 19). The research tool was a questionnaire that was quantitatively designed and its questions were extracted using emergency accommodation standards and distributed among experts. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts and its value was 0.421. The reliability of the questionnaire was also calculated using SPSS20 software with Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.827.

finding of the present research was considered from 3 main criteria (desirability, compatibility and capacity) and 18 sub-criteria to determine accommodation. In the process of locating emergency accommodation, first, information layers were prepared, then standardization and AHP coefficients were applied to them, and finally, after weighting them, layers were overlapped.

After the final production of the settlement map and according to the results of this research, 28 zones with a value of 7-9 were accepted for settlement. Also, 17 areas with a value of 7 (relatively good), 7 areas with a value of 8 (good) and 4 areas with a value of 9 (ideal) were identified in the study area for emergency accommodation. In total, 1,321,8725 square meters, equivalent to 1,321 hectares, were habitable in District 19 of Tehran.

The purpose of this research is to identify and suggest suitable places for the construction of a dry port in order to support the ports of Gilan province. Traffic problems in ports, the large volume of goods, the need to carry out faster and easier logistics and customs affairs for the transportation of container goods in production and consumption areas far from the main port, the use of railway lines to facilitate matters require the location of ports called dry ports. which do not have direct access to the sea. Container transport represents not only about 16% of the total maritime transport tonnage but also about 60% of the total value of international trade.The benefits of creating a port are important in various aspects. Dry ports are usually established to accelerate national and international business, create and increase international interactions, promote regional economic development and strengthen port competition in the field of transportation and logistics, information processing and creating added value. These ports are divided into three categories: 1- far from the coast, 2- with an average distance from the coast, 3- close to the coast. Studies have shown that during the sanctions in our country, the use of ports in the north of the country to transport goods mainly between Iran and four other coastal countries increases. This issue has made the authorities to think of a solution with the aim of locating the dry port and the necessity of its construction, which this article has discussed about Gilan province. In Iran, logistics centers are called Logistics Park, Container Terminal, and dry port, which are mentioned in the Law on Permanent Provisions of the Country's Development Plans and the Law on the Intergovernmental Agreement on Dry Ports. In the intergovernmental agreement on dry ports of Iran, it is committed In line with the development of combined transport and transit in Asia and the Pacific, develop dry ports of international importance according to the standards accepted by the Commission for Economic and Social Cooperation in Asia and the Pacific (SCOPE). Considering that the construction of a port has different effects on the major social, economic and strategic aspects of the regions, if there are suitable port areas with higher accuracy and reliability, upstream study plans such as the comprehensive coastal areas management plan (ICZM) the country becomes possible.Unfortunately, the logistics index of Iran LPI in 2023 with a score of 2.3 in the world is ranked 123 and the use of dry ports can help to improve this index to some extent.One of the questions and innovations of this research was determining the type of dry port, which was determined by a ten-year statistical survey and the opinion of experts, the type far from the coast and in Qazvin province.

Methodology:

At first, the mandatory indicators for the establishment of a dry port were studied in the library and the valid articles of the internet day were reviewed in the world. By using the opinions of academic and executive experts of relevant organizations, the relevant indicators were confirmed, validated and adapted. After a statistical survey of the cargo volume of the ports of Gilan province and other northern provinces (Mazandaran and Golestan) and a total of 8 more provinces related to this area and by examining the DEM maps, Shape file of Gilan province and neighboring provinces as well as the newly established railway track of the province Gilan and the existing rail routes of Tehran, Qazvin, Rasht and under development Hassan Rood, Bandar Anzali and Astara, and according to the opinion of experts and scientific compliance, it was determined that in order to benefit more from the investment, the establishment of a dry port far from the coast in Qazvin province should be done. Therefore, at this stage, the identification of important parameters in the location of areas prone to the construction of dry port in Qazvin province was done by asking the experts again and 20 important factors were identified. Then, according to the relevant factors, the number of 10 most important factors whose information layer map was available was examined and compared, and a pairwise comparison questionnaire was designed to weight the desired parameters.

According to the variables and the relative weight coefficients of the indicators calculated by the experts using the AHP method, the final weighting of each criterion and the prioritization of the criteria were determined in the Expert Choice software environment, and rail transport lines were identified as the most important factor. Then, the production and analysis of the weighted overlay map of the spatial information layers was done using ArcGIS software. The findings showed that the criteria of rail transport lines, vegetation and road access respectively have the highest weight and land use criteria, faults and waterways respectively have the lowest weight assigned to them.

The results showed that the criteria of rail transport lines, vegetation cover and access to the road are the most located in the area of rail transport and adjacent to the cities of Abyek and Qazvin and the area between these two cities. The second criterion is the road. It is located in the middle areas of the province with the highest weight. All four criteria of rail transport, road transport, land and soil use and to some extent fault had more weight. The largest volume of areas with low altitude is located in the middle of the province and most of it is located in Buin Zahra city and in Qazvin city, and to some extent it includes all 4 important cities, and for this reason, these areas are the most suitable places for the construction of a dry port. On the other hand, criteria such as population and waterways had less weight and are less important than them. At the end of the map, 5 spatial priorities of the locations prone to the construction of the dry port were prepared, specified and suggested.

In order to preserve diversity of habitats and wildlife, it is inevitable to select the suitable conservation areas representing biodiversity. One of the ways to select conservation areas with high biodiversity is to use Marxan software. The aim of this study was to determine suitable conservation patches with high biodiversity by Marxan software and to identify conservation patches under the pressure of pollutant hotspots in the coastal area at the western part of Hormozgan Province.

In order to identify the conservation areas with high biodiversity, simulated annealing algorithm of Marxan software was used in two scenarios and for this purpose, 36 protection criteria were examined. ArcGIS 10.3 software was also employed to determine the distributions of plant and animal species, as conservation criteria, pollutant hotspots and the existing protected areas. The conservation patches under the pressure of pollutant hotspots were identified by integrating the results of the selected scenario into the map of pollutant sources.

Results of Marxan software which was done in 2020, revealed that the selected conservation areas and the existing areas protected by the Department of Environment were not compatible in terms of biodiversity conservation, nearly 801349 hectares was required to protect 50% of each conservation criterion (second scenario), and the pressure of industrial centers on the eastern and central parts of Kal-Mehran basin should be reduced.

Since the second scenario covered all the conservation criteria, except for one criterion, it was considered as the best scenario for achieving the conservation goals. Integration of the results from the second scenario into the map of pollutant resources indicated that the conservation patches at the eastern and central parts of the study area were under pressure. Therefore, it was recommended to expand the current protected areas towards the western parts of the study area.

The purpose of the present research is to investigate the prioritization of criteria affecting fire identification and command using the multi-criteria decision-making method and NFPA standards. The nature and method of the present research is of an applied type due to its use in the fire department. For this purpose, the criteria were extracted using the existing standards and after screening among the statistical population consisting of 250 firefighters from each job position (station chief, commander, assistant commander, foreman and firefighter) from 8 fire stations in 19 cities. Tehran were selected. The random sampling method was simple and the sampling volume was 152 people using Cochran's formula. The research collection tool was an open questionnaire whose design and questions were extracted using NFPA standards and distributed among experts. The validity of the questionnaire was calculated by 20 experts and university professors in the field of safety and firefighting in the form of a Likert spectrum through the CVR index and its value was calculated as 0.42. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated in a pre-test with 20 subjects using SPSS20 software and the value of Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.875. In order to determine the relative weight and importance coefficient of the indicators, ANP hierarchical method and Super design software have been used. The results of the present research in prioritizing the criteria affecting the identification and command of operations are as follows: 1- Leadership and command competence (SMA) with a normal weight of 0.79, 2- Organization of the operational area (RSF) with a normal weight of 15. 0 and risk management (MR) with a normal weight of 0.06. The degree of inconsistency between the criteria was 0.077.

Waste management, which is one of the most important tasks of metropolitan urban management around the world, is also one of the most complex and costly problems of urban management. Precise principles of locating different activities in the city Due to the nature of urban problems are very much solved. Lack of proper management and not choosing the right location for landfilling municipal waste creates problems for the environment.

In this paper, method 3 is presented with the aim of modeling municipal landfills in QGIS environment in Zahedan city. First, the effective criteria in selecting the burial site according to the conditions of the region and with the opinion of experts (Delphi questionnaire) were examined and 18 sub-criteria were determined in two groups, ecological criteria and socio-economic criteria. All steps, except for determining the weight and examining the internal relationships of the criteria, were coded in the QGIS open source software and the location system of the municipal waste landfill was developed in the open source context.

QGIS 3.16 software was used to build a landfill for Zahedan landfill. It is possible to use open source software to develop numerical numerical models in the process of assessing the suitability of land for landfill use. In general, the use of geographic information systems, the possibility of spatial analysis, analysis and storage, definition Different functions have provided appropriate visual representation in order to locate with different criteria, descriptive information of spatial and non-spatial data.

The results obtained in QGIS software are completely consistent with the results obtained from the implementation of the process in ARC GIS software. QGIS software is a suitable method with the aim of faster and smarter selection of landfill location criteria in Zahedan city.

The urban transportation system is one of the most important and sensitive infrastructures of urban development, which requires special attention for its development and exploitation. Urban transportation is known as one of the biggest infrastructural challenges facing big cities. During the occurrence of incidents such as floods, storms, tsunamis, terrorist operations, the role of the road network in traffic, transportation and relief will be much more prominent and vital than in normal conditions. As a result of these incidents, the transportation infrastructures suffer fundamental problems, in the provision of service or total failure, their vulnerability analysis is very important. The vulnerability of the transportation network includes terrorist attacks and natural disasters, which reduce the service level of the transportation network. All these events are considered unusual events, which happen in the transportation network with different possibilities, and the consequences of their occurrence are also different.Accidents, from the point of view of vulnerability in the transportation system, are those events that cause disruption in traffic. These events can be natural, sudden, and unpredictable, such as severe adverse weather or terrorist activities, all of which affect network performance. The common feature of all these incidents is that they all cause negative effects on the service of the road network. In other words, an incident is an event, which directly or indirectly causes a significant decrease in the service of an arc/route/road in the network. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the urban transportation system using Transcode software in the urban road network from the point of view of crisis management during evacuation.

The current research is descriptive and analytical in terms of its methodology and in terms of purpose, it is practical-developmental. In this research, based on the modeling of the transportation network in Transcode specialized software, a method for prioritizing the role of roads in the urban road network during evacuation is proposed. For this reason, the travel time of the entire network has been used as a measure to determine the efficiency and effectiveness of the transportation network. Considering 16 scenarios, the demand matrix was obtained for the discharge conditions of Isfahan's transportation network, using the gravity model, with one limitation. Then, traffic allocation was done using Transcode software, and according to the mentioned process, the designated routes; respectively removed from the network and the allocation process was done. 30% of the city's population is considered to determine the number of people who travel out of the city every hour. According to the population and housing statistics of 2016, the average household population in urban areas is about 3.5 people.In this research, first, the shortest routes between origins and destinations were calculated using TransCAD software, and origin-destination matrices were created based on 30% of people who intend to leave the city during the crisis. Then the outputs were removed from the network, respectively, and the traffic allocation process was done using software; In order to perform traffic allocation, limited software’s are used, and in this study, TransCAD 4.5 software was used, which is one of the most updated and famous specialized software’s for transportation engineering. To perform traffic allocation, using TransCAD software, it is necessary to introduce the road network, the origin-destination demand matrix, and then the performance function to the software, and after that, the software performs the allocation operation, and the outputs, it includes the balance flow of each arc in each direction, the travel time of each arc in each direction, the ratio of volume to capacity of each arc and etc.In order to implement this process, first the passages and their intersection points are called in the software environment; Then, the transportation network and its characteristics will be defined; At this stage, the centers of the traffic areas, the status of inactive or blocked roads, the status of circulations at the crossing points of the roads, etc. will be determined. In the next step, the construction of the source-destination matrix will be done at the time of the crisis, in which the population parameters of the districts, the distance of each district to the exit destinations of the city, and the number of people who will be sent to the exit points every hour will be done., is used.After this stage, it comes to the traffic allocation process, in which, using the travel time-volume functions, which are built based on the characteristics of the roads, people's trips will be allocated through different routes from their origins to their destinations found, and the traffic volume of each passage will be determined.

The allocation results showed that exit 3657 (Nain Road) has the most time spent in the entire transportation network, in one hour, and using a 30% matrix, compared to the base scenario. Also, the outlets were ranked in terms of the total length of the arcs, with a volume exceeding the capacity, and twice the capacity, and it was determined that the outlet 4639 (Azadrah Zob Ahan) is in the first place. The scenarios were ranked based on the cost of traffic facilities and services, in millions of Rials per hour (30% matrix), and it was found that scenario 4639 (Zob Ahan Freeway) ranked first, and scenario 2003 (Zainbiye Boulevard (Habib Abad Road)) ranked last.

This study showed that, when a crisis occurs, there is access to transportation for the residents of Isfahan metropolis, which in order of time spent, the Nain road exit scenario shows the most time spent compared to other scenarios, and the residents of the city can use outputs that have less time spent than other outputs in the network. Finally, suitable solutions for use in the field of urban transportation were presented; these solutions include:- Preventing the blocking of standard and safe exits, to evacuate the population and timely arrival of relief forces, in times of crisis. It is possible to use a similar method to identify parallel routes in order to provide relief services or evacuate the population in the city of Isfahan. Considering the appropriate emergency evacuation route for crowded places, such as subway stations, passenger terminals, uneven intersections, underground tunnels, etc. Determining and equipping emergency evacuation routes, as well as alternative routes, for routes that are likely to be damaged, for the rapid evacuation of the city population, and its different areas, with logical methods, and testing it by conducting appropriate maneuvers to educate citizens. Informing, educating the public and conducting appropriate maneuvers to train citizens for emergencies with a relatively realistic simulation of specific threats.

Improper management of hospital waste has become a major concern in many developing countries. The present study was conducted with the aim of ranking the health-environmental and management criteria of hospital waste using the multi-criteria decision-making approach of ANP-TOPSIS.

This research is a qualitative study. After identifying and determining the health-environmental and management criteria of hospital waste, the validation of criteria was done using the Delphi method and using a questionnaire. SPSS software was used for data analysis. In order to weight the criteria and sub-criteria, the Analytical Network Process (ANP) technique and Super Decision 2.2 software were used. Then, TOPSIS method was  used to evaluate and prioritize the identified sub-criteria.

Totally, 11 criteria and 44 sub-criteria were validated by Delphi method. Results indicated that “the participation of nursing assistants in separating infectious and non-infectious waste” (by weight of 0.705), “the participation of nurses in waste disposal” (by weight of 0.659), and “decontamination using hydroclave method” (by weight of 0.633) were found to be the first three main controlling health-environmental sub-criteria in waste disposal, respectively. Also, the sub-criteria of “participation of nurses in educational programs”,  and “participation of nursing assistants in educational programs”, and “changing the purchasing chain in reducing waste production” were identified as the most effective management criteria in reducing waste production, with scores of 0.778, 0.748 and 0.718, respectively.

Based on the obtained results, encouraging employees to participate in waste separation and management training, modifying the purchasing process with an emphasis on reducing hospital waste production, as well as regular and continuous monitoring can improve the effective implementation of waste management practices in hospitals.

The issue of overflowing domestic sewage with urban industries into water resources, along with population growth and reduction of soil self-remediation, is one of the threats that can lead to irreparable damage to metropolises. The purpose of the current research was to design an integrated management model for passive defense against the threats of drinking water supply chain. This research was based on the objective of a fundamental type and it has used the integrated method. Solutions related to the management of supply chain threats were presented by conducting interviews with experts in the field of water and sewageand then the most important factors were designed in the form of a conceptual model by analyzing the content of the interviews.Following, the effect of each factor on reducing the threats related to the domestic sewage with urban industries was investigated by designing a researcher-made questionnaire and checking its validity through content validity and Cronbach’s alpha test.. For quantitative analysis, structural equation model method, SPSS 26, and PLS 3 softwares were used. The findings showed that modern work tools, prohibitive and mandatory laws, preventive controls and optimal exploitation had a significant positive impact on the threat of domestic sewage with urban industries, while the impact of low-risk measures was not confirmed. The findings of the present research can be used to make strategic decisions in managing and controlling threats related to domestic sewage and urban industries.

In today's world, Environmental life cycle assessment is recognized as one of the complete methods for assessing the environmental impact of buildings. This study aimed to select the best way for assessing the environmental impact of life cycle in high-rise construction with full coverage of environmental impact classification. In this study, seven important categories of environmental impacts were analyzed in eight widely used life cycle assessment method using SPSS software, and finally, the ReCiPe method was selected as the most appropriate method. This method has then been studied for 16 high consumption materials in a residential building of construction phase in Tehran. Conclusion In this study, after comparing the midpoint and endpoint approaches using the ReCiPe method, the midpoint results are comprehensive while the endpoint results are brief. However, the endpoint approach provides more information on the environmental damage that should be considered to use a midpoint supplement. This study's findings can help project designers and builders before the construction of high-rise residential projects by estimating the environmental impact at the level of two approaches in selecting environmentally friendly materials. It should be noted that any misuse of these two approaches may affect the evaluation results and lead to misleading findings.

The Caspian Sea is important in terms of environment and monitoring of biological pollutants due to its long coastlines and commercial activities of the industrial port of agriculture and tourism. Identifying marine environmental pollutants is the first step to rebuilding and protecting this valuable ecosystem. The purpose of this study was to determine the amount of Polychlorinated biphenyls in sediments and Barnacles of Anzali and Caspian ports in Guilan province, Iran. Therefore, Barnacle and sediment samples were collected in 2 stations whit 3 replications in Anzali and Caspian ports by VanVeen Grab sampler in summer according to the life cycle of Barnacles. After preparation and drying with freeze dryer, after analysis, it was read by gas chromatography. The highest concentration of PCBs in Barnacles in Anzali station was related to isomers PCB-81 & PCB-77 and the lowest was related to isomers PCB-114 and PCB-156. The highest concentration of PCBs in Barnacles in Caspian station was related to isomers PCB-28 and PCB-77 and the lowest was related to isomers PCB-114 & PCB-153. The highest PCB concentration in sediment in Anzali and Caspian ports was recorded similarly for isomers PCB-52 & PCB-28 and the lowest was related to isomers PCB-114 and PCB-156.

An ecosystem approach to wetland management is a strategy for integrated management of water, land, and livelihood resources that promotes conservation and sustainable use in a balanced manner. For implementing this approach, commercial mechanisms, and incentives, especially the "Payment for Ecosystem Services Mechanism" (PES) that can ensure the internalization of environmental externalities, are increasingly proposed as a promising mechanism. This study aims to investigate the acceptance rate of this mechanism among the communities affecting Anzali wetlands as a case study. The required legal rules were also identified and surveyed among the statistical population. This study is a "descriptive-correlation" study, and the sample members were selected by purposive sampling. These sample members were selected from among three groups of Anzali wetland communities. There were 21, 750, and 972 people in the community of governors, positive and negative beneficiaries, respectively, and 21, 254, and 275 of them responded to the questionnaire. The statistical analysis of the results showed that, with a probability of 95% confidence, the payment for ecosystem services mechanism through appropriate legal frameworks could be useful and effective for implementing the ecosystem approach. Also, with a probability of 95% confidence, the acceptability of "proposed legal rules" was not the same among the target communities, and based on the results, the average index of "proposed legal rules" in negative beneficiaries is higher than positive beneficiaries, and in positive beneficiaries is more than governors.

Today, the implementation of industrial development programs without considering environmental considerations, has led to the continued entry of pollutants into the environment. Currently, industrial pollution is considered the main cause of environmental degradation. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the ecological risk of toxic metals lead, zinc, and cadmium in the Lakan lead and zinc processing company.

After organizing and standardizing the data using GIS, ecological risk assessment and also the environmental risk index of toxic metals in the study area were estimated.

The results of the ecological risk assessment showed that among the studied toxic metals, cadmium metal has the lowest risk (0.01% of the area in the high-risk class) and zinc has the highest risk (0.02% of the area in the high-risk class). Also, the results of the environmental risk index assessed 99% of the region in terms of cadmium metal risk in the low-risk category and 92% of the region in terms of zinc risk in the critical class, and lead metal was in the intermediate status.

In conclusion, it can be stated that following industrialization, the spread of industrial pollution is inevitable, but methods and measures have been used to mitigate and reduce their consequences. One of the important methods in reducing the effects of environmental pollution is ecological risk assessment. Therefore, considering the capabilities of GIS systems in the preparation of environmental assessment maps, it seems that this system can be useful in facilitating the assessment of the ecological vulnerability of metal mining industries.

Forest management involves resource management, natural disturbance, and wildlife habitat. To achieve a sustainable equilibrium, managers require explicit ecological information about the distribution of biodiversity hotspots in the matrix of the mountain-forest landscape. Cave-roosting bats are a keystone species in caves and an ecological indicator of forest quality that are sensitive to ecosystem changes caused by human activities. Spatial explicit models are appropriate tools to identify biologically sensitive areas in achieving key habitats of the forest. In this study, we used the geographical locations of caves in the study area for habitat suitability modeling of cave-dwelling bats. We used spatial explicit models with variables of agriculture, aspect, climate, forest, NDVI, precipitation, range, and water resources (a combination of rivers and streams) and six algorithms: Boosted Regression Tree, Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines, Mixture Discriminant Analysis, Random Forest, Recursive Partitioning and Regression Trees, and Support Vector Machines in the sdm package. According to the AUC criterion, the best models were RF and BRT with a value of 0.87, and the RPART model with a value of 0.67 had the lowest value of this measure. In explaining the models, water resources and forest variables had the highest scores. We determined the suitable habitats predicted by the ensemble model as a unit of forest ecosystem management at the landscape level. An area of the management unit that has been disrupted by roads and other activities such as sand extraction and tourism development has been determined as a conservation unit.

In world literature there have been many disparate uses of the terms sustainability and resilience, with some framing sustainability and resilience as the same concept, and others claiming them to be entirely different and unrelated. However, global and local policy processes often use vague or narrow definitions of the concepts of sustainability and resilience, leading to deep confusion, particularly in instances when the two are used interchangeably. In this regard, the extensive analysis of valid scientific documents and a lot of world-produced knowledge in this field can help most of the researchers on integrated use of sustainability and resilience and provide a framework in this field. In this regard, the data were collected and refined from the Scopus information database and was analyzed with algorithms based on social network analysis in VOSviewer software. A systematic literature review showed that sustainability and resilience are interrelated paradigms that emphasize a system’s capacity to move toward desirable development paths. The findings showed of three generalized management frameworks for organizing sustainability and resilience were found to dominate the literature: (1) Resilience as a component of sustainability, (2) sustainability as a component of resilience, and (3) resilience and sustainability as separate objectives. Applying the knowledge network analysis approach and mapping it is recommended to achieve a holistic perspective in the field of sustainability and resilience research and in the future.