سیدمحمدباقر حسینی

In order to investigate the effect of different tillage systems and planting density on yield and yield components of some of barley cultivars, an experiment was conducted at the Research Farm of Agricultural and Natural Resources Campus of University of Tehran in 2016-2017. Experiment was conducted as split-split plot experiment based on completely randomized blocks design with four replications The main plot was the different systems of tillage and the sub-plot were included three barley cultivars (Bahman, Nik and Nosrat) and the sub-sub plot included three planting densities (320, 400 and 470 plants per m2). the Nik cultivar in conventional tillage (9765 kg.ha-1) and no-tillage (9030 kg.ha-1) and Bahman cultivar in the reduced tillage system (8574 kg ha-1) had the highest grain yield. Even though Nusrat cultivar had more 1000 seed weight (38.4 g) than Nik cultivar and Bahman, but due to the lower number of fertile tillers, the number of seeds per spike and the number of fertile spikes per plant, that had lower the yield and harvest index in different tillage systems and planting densities. In the density of 320 and 400 plants per m2, no significant difference was observed in harvest index, and with the increase in density from 400 to 470 plants per m2, the harvest index decreased from 50.7 to 46.3%. Therefore, the cultivation of Nik in conventional tillage and no-tillage systems and Bahman in reduced tillage system and at the optimal density can lead the way in increasing grain production in Alborz province.

Modern intensive agriculture has boosted crop yields through chemical inputs. However, this approach has caused decreased biodiversity, harm to human health, and environmental degradation. Developing sustainable agricultural practices that increase productivity while minimizing negative effects, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, requires strategies like deficit irrigation and environmentally compatible weed control methods such as intercropping. This study aims to assess the performance of an intercropping system comprising buckwheat and cowpea under deficit irrigation and minimal weeding. The research seeks to provide insights into the viability of this approach for sustainable agriculture in water-limited environments.

A field experiment was conducted in 2022 at the Agriculture and Natural Resources campus of the University of Tehran research farm in a randomized complete block design with split-split plot arrangements. The main plot factor included three levels of irrigation: 100% of the plant's water requirement (control), 85% of the water requirement and 70% of the water requirement compared to the control. The subplot factor consisted of five planting patterns: sole cultivation of buckwheat, sole cultivation of cowpea, and three intercropping patterns of buckwheat and cowpea with different row ratios (1:1, 3:1, and 1:3). Timing of weed removal, as the sub-subplot factor, was implemented at five levels: no weeding (control), weeding until the second, fourth, sixth, and eighth weeks after cultivation.

The highest grain yield of buckwheat (2436.9 kg ha-1) and cowpea (2495.5 kg ha-1) was observed in the sole cultivation plot with eight weeks of post-planting weeding under full irrigation. These results are attributed to higher planting densities in sole cultivation compared to intercropping. The 1:1 intercropping pattern with eight weeks of post-planting, exhibited the best cowpea leaf area index (3.36), and buckwheat (4.1) and similarly, this intercropping pattern with six weeks of post-planting resulted in the highest number of branches per plant (16). Sole cowpea plot under 85% deficit irrigation exhibited the highest weed dry weight (145.7 g m-2). The highest Land Equivalent Ratio (1.08), was observed in the 1:1 intercropping pattern with two weeks of post-planting weeding under full irrigation. Interestingly, the 1:1 intercropping pattern also showed the lowest weed biomass (12.1 g m-2) without specific weed management under 70% irrigation.

Most intercropping treatments achieved a land equivalent ratio greater than one, highlighting the superior efficiency of this planting method compared to sole cultivation. Specifically, the 1:1 intercropping pattern successfully controlled weed biomass, increased grain yields under deficit irrigation, and some for both crops. Therefore, intercropping offers a promising strategy to reduce reliance on herbicides and improve overall land use efficiency.

In conditions where don't have enough water for irrigation, intercropping of forage plants is one of the ways to achieve sustainable agriculture. Biochemical and physical properties of soil tillage system can affect the yield of plants in intercropping. Therefore, with the aim of investigating the forage yield and competitive indices of intercropping, this experiment was performed in the cropping seasons of 2020-2021. Treatments included conventional, minimum, and no tillage system. Intercropping patterns also included monoculture of forage sorghum and maize, alternate row cultivation maize and forage sorghum and alternate cultivation on planting rows. The results showed that the highest plant height (295 cm) and leaf area (6.88) was obtained in intercropping and conventional tillage. The highest forage yield was also observed in sorghum monoculture. However, the land equivalent ratio of mix intercropping with 1.17 showed the superiority of intercropping over monoculture. Evaluation of competitive indicators such as dominance index, relative crowding coefficient, and competitive ratio showed that forage maize is the predominant plant in intercropping conditions. The system productivity index with 8.11 showed that intermediate cultivation on planting rows was superior to other treatments in conventional tillage conditions. The results showed that in conventional tillage and intercropping conditions, acceptable yield was obtained; this advantage can increase water efficiency and use of sorghum in intercropping.

Providing future food demand by providing a solution to achieve greater water use efficiency in the water shortage throughout the world, is a major priority in agriculture. Therefore, in arid and semi-arid countries, it is necessary to use methods to improve irrigation management in all maize planting systems. The use of intercropping systems in arid areas where water deficiency poses a serious threat to agricultural sustainability is an effective strategy to reduce the challenge of water scarcity. Deficit irrigation, which means reducing water consumption per unit area, is another way to manage irrigation. Another management strategy to improve production and increase plant tolerance to water scarcity is the use of polyamines as an external source that increases plant tolerance and growth. This study was performed to evaluate the yield of forage maize and pinto bean under deficit irrigation and spermidine foliar application treatments.

An experiment was conducted as split split plots based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Main plots comprised three irrigation levels ((based on 60 (as control: NI), 80 and 100 mm cumulative evaporation from Class A evaporation pan as deficit irrigation (DI80 and DI100)), subplots included foliar and non-foliar spraying of spermidine and sub-sub-plots consisted five intercropping pattern (maize monoculture (Z), bean monoculture (F), intercropping of 50% maize: 50% bean, (Z %50: F %50), 80% maize: 60% bean (Z %80: F %60) and 80% maize: 40% bean (Z %80: F %40). It was carried out in the research farm of the Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources of the University of Tehran in the 2009-2010 year.

the result showed that the experimental treatments was significant on maize Fresh and dry forage yield, bean grain and biological yield, bean and maize leaf area index. Due to the higher planting area in bean and maize monoculture treatments, the highest bean grain yield (2.62 t/ha) and fresh yield of maize (66.53 t/ha) were related to monoculture under normal irrigation and spraying treatments, Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) in all intercropping patterns was more than one, indicating their superiority over monoculture treatments that indicated higher ground productivity in intercropping pattern than in monoculture of crops all levels of irrigation. Deficit irrigation up to 80 mm, decreased maize Fresh and dry forage yield, bean grain and biological yield less than 10 percent and spermidine increased all traits values. The lowest bean grain yield (0.56 t/ha) and fresh yield of maize (29.92 t/ha) were obtained from 80%: 40% and 50%: 50% under the lowest irrigation rate and non-foliar spraying, respectively.

the result showed that intercropping pattern and spraying treatments is usefulness. Due to the slight decrease in forage maize yield in 80 mm evaporation and additive intercropping patterns (less than 6 and 20%, respectively, compared to monoculture under normal irrigation and non- foliar spraying), if the goal is to produce forage maize, deficit irrigation up to 80 mm evaporation from the pan and additive intercropping along with spermidine foliar application is recommended for maize and bean cultivation to increase the sustainability and forage production in karaj area.

Intercropping is an ecological crop management method in which at least two plant species grow simultaneously on a field. Increased land productivity in intercropping of cereals and legumes is mainly due to the positive interaction between cereals and legumes in the rhizosphere, which increases the efficiency of soil resource utilization, especially nitrogen (N). Mixed cultivation of legumes with cereals provides higher land use efficiency, lower water consumption, and greater environmental benefits than cereal monocultures. Salicylic acid (SA) is a natural plant hormone that affects various physiological and biochemical functions in plants, because it can act as a regulatory and mediating signal in the plant's response to abiotic stresses such as drought. In recent years, nanotechnology has also been introduced into agriculture, and several benefits of nanoparticle applications such as nano-silica (nSiO2) have been reported that can be used to increase the supply of nutrients to agricultural products. The aim of this study was to determine the possible role of growth regulators of salicylic acid and nanosilica particles (nSiO2) on crop yield in maize and mung bean intercropping under drought stress conditions.

The experiment was conducted in 2019-2020 cropping year in the research farm of Agriculture and Natural Resources Campus, the University of Tehran, located in Karaj. The experiment was performed in the form of split- split plots based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plot was drought stress at two levels of full irrigation and cessation of irrigation, the sub plots included different intercropping arrangements of maize and mung bean: (maize monoculture (C100), maize 80: mung bean 40 (C80:M40), maize 80: mung bean 60 (C80:M60), maize 50: mung bean 50 (C50:M50) and mung bean monoculture (M100) and the sub-sub plots were four treatments of silica nanoparticles +salicylic acid, silica nanoparticles, commercial salicylic acid and control. Statistical calculations were performed by SAS 9.2 and Excel software in this study. The mean comparison was performed by LSD test and the probability level was considered 95% in all analyzes.

The results showed that the highest maize grain yield was obtained in the monoculture treatment, Si + Sa combined fertilizer and full irrigation, which was 179% higher than the lowest treatment (C50:M50 intercropping, control and drought stress). The highest biological yield of maize was obtained in the complete irrigation and Si + Sa fertilizer treatment under monoculture conditions. The lowest value of this index was observed in the treatments of drought stress, control without fertilizer and C50:M50 intercropping conditions. The highest yield of mung bean seeds was obtained in monoculture of mung bean, application of Si + Sa fertilizer and complete irrigation. The highest biological yield belonged to mung bean monoculture treatment, nano Si + Sa compound fertilizer and complete irrigation. The lowest was obtained in C50:M50 and C80:M60 intercropping treatments, non- fertilizer application and drought stress. Also, the highest land equivalent ratio was obtained in full irrigation and C80M60 intercropping and nano Si + Sa fertilizer treatment (1.57).

general, the results of this study showed that, drought stress reduced all the studied traits. While intercropping with increasing diversity had a significant effect on important agronomic traits under both optimal irrigation and drought stress conditions. LER values were more than one in intercropping crops that indicated higher ground productivity in these planting patterns than in monoculture of crops. The highest LER value was obtained in C80:M60 intercropping treatment under non- stress and application of nano Si + Sa. Silica nanoparticles and salicylic acid fertilizers had a positive effect on grain and biological yield of both plants as well as land equivalent ratio and reduce the negative effects of drought stress on plants and can be used as suitable approach to achieve sustainable agriculture goals.

Intensive agriculture, despite high production, has adverse environmental effects, mainly due to the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers. Therefore, we need alternative agricultural systems that are more economically and environmentally sustainable to produce crops. One of the sustainable methods in the production of agricultural products is intercropping. Intercropping of two or more species in a plot of land can increase biodiversity and resource utilization as agricultural perspective, which in turn can lead to increased yield stability. Intercropping uses resources more efficiently than monoculture, preventing the growth and spread of weeds by shading and suffocating weeds, and in some cases with allelopathic. Intercropping of cereals and legumes is recommended for the development of sustainable food production systems, especially in planting systems based on reduced consumption of foreign inputs. The importance of these systems depends on the nitrogen stabilized by the legumes. The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of row intercropping of barley and vetch and different levels of ammonium nitrate fertilizer on weed biomass, yield components and yield of two species in Karaj climatic condition.

This experiment was performed as a factorial split plot based on randomized complete block design in 2019-2020 cropping year in the research farm of the Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran. Main plots included three levels of ammonium nitrate fertilizer (0, 35 and 70 kg.ha-1) and sub-plots include different ratios of barley and vetch (100% barley, 80% barley: 20% vetch, 80% barley: 45% vetch, 80% barley: 70% vetch, 100% vetch, 80% vetch: 20% barley, 80% vetch: 45% barley, 80% vetch: 70% barley) weeding and non-weeding were in three replications. Plant density in sole barley and vetch were 250 plants per square meter. The method of cultivation in this study was additive intercropping. Seeds were sown on November 6th. The first stage of fertilization was done simultaneously with planting and one third was added to each plot and the second and third stages of fertilization were performed in two stages of stem emergence and spike emergence, respectively from ammonium nitrate fertilizer source. The final harvest was done on July 28th. Data were analyzed using SAS 9.1 software. The least significant difference test (P≤0.05) was used to compare the means.

The highest barley grain yield (432.44 g) was related to sole barley, 70 kg ammonium nitrate and weed control, which was not significantly different with 80% B: 45%V, 70 kg ammonium nitrate and weed control. Also, the highest yield of vetch grain (161.47 g) was obtained in sole vetch, application of 70 kg ammonium nitrate and weed control treatment, which was not significantly different with 80%V: 20%B intercropping, application of 70 kg ammonium nitrate and weed control treatment. Weeds in this experiment include: Wild oats (Avena fatua), ryegrass (Lolium temulentum), Bromus (Bromus tectorum), Fox tail (Alopecurus myosuroides), Wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis), Creeping Thistle (Cirsium arvense), London rocket (Sisymbrium irio), Cockspur grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) and Cornflower (Centaurea cyanus). The highest dry weight of weed (231.62 g) was observed in sole vetch, application of 70 kg.ha-1 ammonium nitrate fertilizer treatment. The highest land equivalent ratio LER (1.68) is related to 80% V: 70%B, non-application of ammonium nitrate fertilizer in weed control condition. Intercropping was successful in controlling weeds and using resources, thereby increasing the yield of plants in the experiment.

The results obtained from the experiment showed that all different systems of barley and vetch intercropping had land equivalent ratio higher than one, which indicates the superiority of intercropping over pure crops in the land use and crop production. Intercropping treatments were also able to control weeds. Intercropping with high ability to suppress weeds were able to use more resources. On the other hand, vetch biologically stabilized nitrogen was able to reduce the need for fertilizer in plants.

In order to investigate the effect(s) of biologic and organic fertilizers on light consumption efficiency in growing maize-bean mixture, an experiment has been conducted in the form of split plots in a randomized complete block design with 12 treatments. Main plots, containing different fertilizer systems in four levels, include 30 kg/ha urea, Azotobacter, vermicompost, and Azotobacter + vermicompost, and the subplots contain cultivation compound of pure maize and pure bean being 50% maize + 50% bean, 60% maize + 60% pinto bean, and 80% maize + 80% pinto bean. Results show that leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, and light consumption efficiency of maize have been significantly higher than pure culture. The highest light use efficiency is related to the combined use of Azotobacter and vermicompost in mixed culture of 80% maize + 80% pinto beans with an average of 2.29 g / MJ, which increase light use efficiency by 63%, compared to 30 kg/ha of pure culture. Also, the highest dry matter, related to the mixed culture of 60% maize + 60% pinto beans, belongs to the amount of 1728 g/m2, which increase the dry matter accumulation by 16%, compared to pure culture. In general, the combined composition of organic and biologic fertilizers in intercropping has the ability to compete with urea chemical fertilizer in terms of mechanistic indicators of plant growth analysis.

Weed suppression and increased production are objectives of intercropping systems. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of mixed culture on weed suppression, yield and its components of sesame and cowpea. The experiment was arranged in a split plot based on a randomized complete block design with four replications at the research farm of Agriculture and Natural Resources Campus, University of Tehran, during 2019. The main plots included pure sesame culture, pure cowpea culture, 50% sesame: 50% cowpea, 65% sesame: 65% cowpea and 80% sesame: 80% cowpea and sub plots included weed control and no weed control treatments. Results showed that pure sesame culture had the highest weed density and dry weight and there was no significant difference in weed density and dry weight between mixed and pure cowpea cultivars. In the most studied traits, there was a significant difference between weed control and no weed control treatments. Land equivalent ratio (LER) was higher than one in all treatments and was higher in without weeding rather than weeding treatments. The intercropping of 50% sesame: 50% cowpea had the highest LER, in terms of weed control and non-control (1.15 and 1.72, respectively). In general, it is concluded that sesame and cowpea mixture increased the land use efficiency while avoiding weeds, especially compared to pure sesame cultivation.

The members of Fusarium is one of the important causal egent of soil borne diseases which cause serious damage in the agricultural and horticultural crops in the world. In order to investigate Fusarium destributions in agricultural soils in the Bamyan and Daikundi with semi desert climates, Kandahar and Helmand with desert climates, sampling was performed in Afghanistan in 2018-2019. The PPA medium (Pepton PCNB Agar) was used for Fusarium isolations. For morphological characterisation, pure cultures were transferred to CLA (Carnation Leaf-piece Agar), SNA (Synthetic Nutrient Agar ) and PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar) mediums and gene sequencing of tef-lα regions were performed for molecular identification. Totally 134 Fusarium isolates were obtained and grouped in 11 different species. The presence of F. incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC) (28%), F. solani (16%), F. acuminatum (6%), F.verticillioides (5%), F. oxysporum (3%), F. coeruleum (1%) and F. compactum (1%) with different frequency were detected in both regions of the sampling areas. F. sambucinum (1%) was detected in semi-desert climates (Bamyan and Daikundi provinces), While F. proliferatum (18%), F. culmorum (13%) and F. Pseudograminearum (1%) were isolated and identified in areas with desert climates (Helmand and Kandahar provinces). The results this study, geographical distribution of various species of Fusarium in Afghanistan, provide useful information about management of soil borne Fusarium pathogens.

Nano-fertilizers due to the small amount of used fertilizer and the accuracy of plant acquisition are considered as a strategy to reduce inputs and achieve sustainability in agriculture production. In this experiment, the effects of nano iron and iron nitrate on the growth characteristics of wheat in different wheat and chickpea intercropping systems were investigated. The experiment was performed as split-split plot in randomized complete plot design with three replications in the research field of Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran, in 2019. The main plots included five planting patterns (wheat monoculture, pea monoculture and three intercroppings of wheat:pea with 50:50, 70:50 and 90:50 ratio), sub-plots included three fertilizer treatments (control, nano-iron and iron nitrate) and sub-sub-plots included two fertilizer concentrations (1500 and 750 mg/L). The results showed that the 50:70 intercropping and concentration of 750 nano-iron had the highest iron use efficiency of wheat and in total, the iron use efficiency of wheat in 50:70 intercropping was higher than the other planting patterns. In contrast, the highest iron use efficiency of pea was observed in 50:90 intercropping and 750 concentration of iron nitrate. In all intercropping treatments, the fertilizer use efficiency by wheat and pea in nano-iron was higher than iron-nitrate. The highest wheat biomass and grain yield was obtained in monoculture + nano-iron (16371 and 5042 kg/ha, respectively) and monoculture + iron-nitrate (16062 and 5554, respectively), and the lowest wheat biomass and grain yield was related to 90:50 intercropping and iron-nitrate, but the highest pea biomass and grain yield in most fertilizer treatments at the concentrations of 750 and 1500 mg/L was related to iron-nitrate and nano-iron, respectively. The results of this experiment showed that in most of the planting pattern treatments and in all studied traits, the concentration of 750 mg/L iron nano-fertilizer was similar or even higher than the concentration of 1500 mg/L and therefore, a lower concentration of nano-fertilizer can be used and the consumption of fertilizer can be reduced.

Intercropping is one of the most important components of sustainable agriculture. In the present study, the effects of intercropping and bio/organic fertilizers on yield of maize and pinto beans were investigated. A split plots experiment arranged in a completely randomized design was carried out with four replications. The experiment was performed in the research filed of Agricultural Faculty, University of Tehran, Iran, during 2017-2018. Four fertilizer systems, control, no fertilization, biofertilizer (Azotobacter chroococcum), organic fertilizer (vermicompost) and integrated fertilizer (Azotobacter + vermicompost) were the main plots and five cropping patterns, single cultivation of maize, single cultivation of pinto beans, replacement intercropping patterns of 50% mazie-50% pinto bean, and additive intercropping patterns of 60% maize-60% pinto beans and 80% maize-80% pinto beans were subplots. The results indicated that the highest grain yield of maize (245.8 g/plant) was observed in 50% mazie-50% pinto beans the replacement intercropping patterns under vermicompost fertilization and also, the highest grain yield of pinto beans (5.4 g/plant) was obtained by sole cropping of pinto beans and vermicompost application. Generally, the results demonstrated that the most land equivalent ratio (LER, 1.22) was obtained from 60% maize-60% pinto additive intercropping patterns, fertilized by vermicompost. Considering the aim of sustainable agriculture, which is elimination or reduction of chemical inputs application, it seems to be appropriate and reasonable using bio/organic fertilizers for additive/replacement intercropping patterns would be appropriate and reasonable.

What may raise the question at the outset as to what connection there may be between the Ferdinand de Saussure, a twentieth-century Swiss linguist, and Ibn Khaldun, an eighth- and ninth-century Tunisian ideologue and theorist, which led to this Writing, should the idea of ​​comparing their views on language come to the writer. Louis Ferdinand de Saussure was the first to examine language as a grammatical and lexical element of syntax and vocabulary. In his view, linguistic constructivism is based on the duality of the signifier and signified in language; In other words, the structure of language has dual aspects in his view; One is the language that he considers to be a general mental system, and the other is speech that has a physical and objective aspect. Ferdinand de Saussure was a Swiss linguist who propounded language as a social structure or, in other words, "The Public Knowledge of language" and discussion about it as a system with two separate elements; language and speech and also two methods Diachronism and Synchronism approach; Louis Ferdinand Sosor for the first time in the contemporary age and considered as a unique theory. However, this theory, to some extent similar, was formed by "Abdurrahman ibn Khaldun" a Muslim luminary theorist who propounded "The theory of mechanic and organic versatility in sociology and the philosophy of society about developed and undeveloped societies before Emile Durkheim. First, this article wants to briefly propound some outstanding ideas in Sosor's theory and then assess their value according to Ibn Khaldun's words.

To evaluate both thyroid hormones status in different ages and sexes of Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) and the correlations between these hormones and some biochemical parameters, such as electrolytes, lipids, glucose, BUN, and creatinine, these parameters were measured in twenty-six adult camels. The camels in two sexes (male= 18 and female= 8), aged between 2 and 11 years old (2-4 years old= 8, 5-8 years old= 9, and 9-11 years old= 9) were chosen for this study. Significant differences were detected for the thyroid hormones between the two sexes and among the different age groups of camels. Also, there were significant correlations between these hormones and phosphorus, Fe, Na, K, Mg, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, HDL, urea, creatinine, and glucose. The cause of these findings and some contradictory findings regarding the relation between serum thyroid hormones, triglyceride and cholesterol are not clear and could be due to the effect of some factors such as breed, geography and diet on serum profiles of sampled groups. More research is needed to evaluate these parameters in Camelus bactrianus

Water and nitrogen stress are among the most important factors that reduce wheat yield. To study the effect of water and nitrogen stress on some morphological traits, grain yield and yield components of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and determination the effective traits on yield, a split-plot factorial field experiment was carried out at Research Field of the School of Agricultural and Natural Resources University of Tehran, Karaj, in 2016-2017, in a randomized complete blocks design with 3 replications.The main factor was water stress at two levels, (No water stress and 40% of water requirement) and the sub factors included the combination of nitrogen fertilizer at two levels (0 and 200 kgha-1 of N) and wheat (Sivand and Pishtaz) and barley (Fajr 30) cultivars. Water and nitrogen stress reduced all traits such as 50 percent reduction in grain yield. In terms of water stress, the highest correlation was observed between grain yield and biological yield, peduncle length, number of grain per spike, spike dry weight and plant (more than 75%). Stepwise regression showed 5 and 3 varialbles significantly explain the variation of yield under normal irrigation stress conditions, respectively. Results of factor analysis revealed that factors justified 98.4% and 99.5% of total variance variation under normal and stress conditions, respectively .According to the results, biological yield was the most effective variable on grain yield under water and non-stress conditions; therefore, it could be used as a marker for yield.

Hassan Ibn Thabit Ibn Al Monzer – Prophet’s poet – shone brightly on the darkness of Arabic literature. This research attempts to study the effects of Verses of Quran on the poems of Hassan Ibn Thabet , and has been done according to the arrangement of the Quranic Chapters. It should be acknowledged that the poet's eloquence transcends the realm of the senses; images consummate numerous symbols under Holy Spirit’s shadow and expands all the basis of his thoughts and opinions on the world influentially.

Intercropping system, increasing species number at area, is offered as way to increase production in agriculture. In order to investigate yield and yield components of maize and sorghum at different intercropping pattern, a randomized complete block design with four replications was conducted at the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Karaj, University of Tehran during 2014. The plants used in this system were fodder sorghum (Pegah cultivar) and grain maize (KSC600 cultivar). An alternative intercropping system was applied. The treatments consisted of sorghum monoculture, 75% maize: 25% sorghum, 50% maize: 50% sorghum, 25% maize: 75% sorghum and maize monoculture. The results showed that monoculture of sorghum produced the highest yield and intercropping of 75% sorghum: 25% maize produced the highest stem height and number of leaves per stem for sorghum. In maize, monoculture treatment obtained the highest grain yield (8.8 ton/ha) and 25% maize: 75% sorghum intercropping obtained the highest ear length (24 cm), number of rows per ear (18), number of seeds per row (42), and 1000 grain weight (157 g). LER was used to evaluate the efficiency of intercropping. The results showed that the index was affected by intercropping ratios. The highest level of LER = 1.8 was calculated in 25% maize: 75% sorghum. According to experiment data analysis, intercropping of maize: sorghum has useful resuls under Karaj climate.

Conservation of production resources and sustainable agriculture is one of the principles desired by scientists at current period, and intercropping that sustains the production factors and resources can foster the future of agricultural production. This experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with four replications at the Agricultural Research Station of the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran during the growing season of 2014-2015. The intercropping system was a replacement type. The proposed cultivars were fodder sorghum (Pegah cultivar) and corn (ksc600). Replacement treatments factors included pure maize cultivation, 75% corn + 25% sorghum, 50% corn + 50% sorghum, 75% corn sorghum + 25% corn and pure sorghum culture. The results showed that the Planting pattern of single cropping sorghum, 75% sorghum + 25% corn and 50% sorghum + 50% corn with 61, 60 and 45 t/ ha yield, respectively, produced greatest sorghum forage yield., and in corn, the single cropping of corn, 75% corn + 25% sorghum and 50% corn + 50% sorghum had the highest grain yield with 8.7, 8.6 and 8.4 t/ ha yield, respectively, but decreased the number of plants per hectare does not follow yield reduction and the yield (gram per plant) reveals this share.

Given the important role of ethics in organizations such as educational centers and the mission of educators for training of next generations, this study was conducted with the aim of presenting a causal model of moral competencies for high school teachers in Shiraz, Iran. In this descriptive-correlational study, 330 high school teachers were selected using Cochran's formula and stratified random sampling method in academic year of 2015-2016. Gregory's Occupational Work Ethic Inventory (1990), Ghahramani's Professional, Organizational and Individual Ethics (2010), Smith's Job Satisfaction (1969), Salzman & Anderkolk's Management Style (1982), Sedaghati Fard's Organizational Alienation (2007), Niehoff & Moorman's Organizational Justice (1993) questionnaires were used to collect data. Data analysis was done using Path analysis method by SPSS and Lisrel soft wares. The variables of job satisfaction, organizational justice, leadership style and organizational alienation, interest in work, participation in work, perseverance and seriousness, healthy human relations and individual factors had a significant effect on teachers’ moral competences (p=0.01). 38% of the variance for moral competences was explained by exogenous variables and. The causal model of the teacher's moral competencies was well suited. The findings showed that the exogenous variables had a significant positive effect on the teacher's moral competencies with mediating role of individual factors. Since observance of moral behaviors in an organization depends first and foremost on the value of moral values in its general policies and management practices, school managers are advised to take appropriate measures to ensure the background to moral norms and competencies.

In order to find an alternative to summer monoculture forage maize (Zea mays), intercropping systems of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum): soybean (Glycine max) (P:G) and maize: soybean (Z:G) and intercropping patterns, substitutive (XXG, XXGG and XGG) and additive (X%100G%25, X%100G%50 and X%83G%67) were evaluated as factorial in RCBD at research field of Agriculture and Natural Resources College of Tehran University in Karaj during 2013 and 2014 (G and X respectively: soybean and cereal including maize, Z, or pearl millet, P). Results showed that yields of cereal forage and mixed forage in Z:G were significantly higher than P:G. Cereals were dominant component in intercrop and the dominance of maize was higher than millet. Intercropping system or pattern did not affect total land equivalent ratio (LER).The highest LER was recorded 1.15 by P%100G%25 in 2013 and 1.07 by Z%83G%67 in 2014 without 2nd cut of pearl millet, and 1.10 by PGG in 2014 with sum of 2 cuts of pearl millet. In X%83G%67 despite the 83% cereal density of monoculture, partial LER was 0.95 for maize but 0.70 for pearl millet. It is concluded that additive patterns with a small ratios of soybean or with some decrease in ratios of cereal component, tend to have potential to achieve higher LERs. Thus intercropping, specially additive pattern can provide suitable alternatives to monoculture in production of forage with customized quality and higher diversity in ecosystem, in consistent with sustainability.

One of the rational ways is to follow complete complementary patterns in order to attain prosperity and spirituality. All human beings are endeavoring for their perfection. But in order to achieve perfections, one must follow those who know the true happiness and perfec- tion and know how to reach it. Believers to the unique creator, after having proved the existence of God with all the traits of his beauty and glory ac- cording to the wisdom order, in order to achieve prosperity and spirituality,
should follow the Prophet of Mercy (PBUH) and the Imams (peace be upon them) - who are his true successors.
This study was conducted using descriptive-analytical and library resources were used to collect data.
Findings and In this article, the author has tried to show how to ac- quire the spirituality and desired prosperities of humanity by referring to the words of Imam Ali (PBUH), in Nahj al-Balaghah. It is clear that the following Imam Ali (PBUH) is the same as following the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). According to the affirmation of the verse, “˜ã æÃäÝÓäÇ æ ÃäÝÓ ” (Al Imran: 61), Ali (PBUH) represents all the traits of the great Prophet (peace be upon him and his family) except for prophecy. Also, following the Prophet is exactly follow- ing the Almighty Allah “ Çáøóáå ÇÚó Ø Ãó ÏúÝóÞó æáó ÇáÑøóÓõ ÚöیõØö äú ”ãó (Al-Nisa 80). Also, following other Imams is the same as the following Imam Ali (peace be upon him), and they are the manifestations of the perfections of Imam Ali and his compan- ions (peace be upon them) and prophets (peace be upon them).

To determine the effect of intercropping maize with pearl millet on dry fodder yield and quality an experiment was conducted at research field of Agriculture and Natural Resources College of Tehran University in Karaj in 2011. The experiment designed in a randomized complete block with four replications. Intercropping treatments included replacement series of pearl millet 25%: 75% forage maize, pearl millet 50%: 50% forage maize, pearl millet 75%: 25% forage maize and augment series of pearl millet 20%: 100% forage maize, pearl millet 40%: 100% forage maize, forage maize 20%: 100% pearl millet, forage maize 40%: 100% pearl millet plus pure culture both forage maize and millet. The results showed that sum of two harvest times gave the highest forage yield of millet per plant (dry) from treatment combination of pearl millet 75%: 25% forage maize. Similarly, the highest maize forage yield per plant (dry) from treatment combination of pearl millet 75%: 25% forage, respectively. Different arrangement of intercropping on quality traits, dry mater digestibility, acid detergent fiber and water soluble carbohydrates fodder millet (second harvest) and quality traits dry mater digestibility, acid detergent fiber, total ash, water soluble carbohydrates and crude protein fodder maize put a significant effect. In the experiment, the maximum amount of land equivalent ratio in the dry forage makeup additive intercropping 20% corn: 100% millet with a 60% performance increase allocated.

Adages and aphorism, notwithstanding their differences, are considered to be the most veridical of literary tools, revealing nations’ internal and external mentalities. As the garnish of words along with a means of bolstering the power of argument, they have been prevalent in all literary eras and constitute one of the major, precious branches of literate and are credible documents of bygone customs, culture, and traditions, through which forebears’ thoughts and opinions together with their ways of reflection and mentalities can be laid bare. Undoubtedly, among the symbols of every country’s culture, civilization and literature are its adages and aphorism or apothegms and sage sayings, exuding from the mind and thoughts of elites of science and literature or the common people of a land, spreading mouth to mouth, from one generation to the next. All the living languages of the world, specifically Persian, are replete with adages and aphorisms, each with its own specific sweetness and beauty, in its place, denoting opulent tastes, thoughts, and euphemism in rendering meaning, so much so that multifarious opuses based on nations’ and people’s culture have been penned. Adages and aphorism are, in fact, the very popular customs, traditions, and renditions, endued with anecdotes, religious teachings, hints, preaching, and advices, forming the basic structure of social, political, religious, and cultural life in human societies in the light of which, people and generations find their identity. Iran, with an ancient, historical background, is the land of adages and aphorisms and all over the country, scholars and literati have made enormous strides in this respect, leaving us with worthwhile compilations; among them, Khorasan holds an outstanding, unique position. It won’t be unwarranted to claim that the literati of this land have outstripped many other nations in the distribution of culture and civilization and the likes of al- Thalabi along with other intellectuals of that era such as Abubakr Kharazmi, Abulfath Basti, Badiozaman-e-Hamadani, Abolfazl-e-Mikali etc. are among the outstanding, unique examples whose names glorify the cultural diadem of, not only Iran and Khorasan, but also the Arab and Islamic world. In this paper we aim to investigate the adages and aphorism used in the numerous, unparalleled oeuvres of these luminaries, among most of which, the vestiges of religion and belief in Islam is ostensible.As a word, aphorism(in its Persian sense) conveys such meanings as: justice, wisdom, knowledge, sage saying, faithful promise, and realization of truth; it is a rationale and reason inculcated by God enabling the man to distinguish between lawful and unlawful and discern what is logical and what is not; just as He has bestowed us with the vision to witness the visible. In Koran, this word has been used to mean the descended book, wisdom, guidance, awareness, and understanding. But aphorism, which (in Persian) means similarity and sameness, is a short saying distilled from years of human experience in various fields, becoming universal due to its clearness and smoothness of meaning and its sublime combination, being used, unchanged, or with minor changes, by plebian and gentility in conversations. Adages and aphorism are among the essential elements of the language and literate of every nation and people, indicating and portraying their taste, initiative, moral, and ethical characteristics, thoughts and visions, together with their customs and traditions and each, having a hortative purpose, succinctly or diffusely, guides its audience towards a transcendent goal. In this respect, proverbs, enjoying a higher degree of verbal and spiritual beauty, are more established in comparison with aphorism. In this paper, we have tried, relying on the opus of Khorasan’s intellectuals, to lay eyes on some of these worthwhile and prevalent meanings, which with a social and ethical approach, using the element of religion, aim to express the ideas and experiences of the forbears under the guise of poem or prose, as Koranic, prophetic, Alawite, ethical, education and regal adages, and aphorisms and, additionally, to come to the conclusion that Great Khorasan is one of the few of ancient Persian lands which has tried to give Persian literature and culture its identity and depict that Arabic, with the entrance of Arabs into Persia, was able to find its way into ancient Persian customs, beautifully and with prowess, and in the form of such meanings, relying on the element of religion, intertwine with it and reveal its domination. In the light of this boon, great intellectuals emerged in the scientific centers of that land and quenched the parched throats of those seeking and interested in the ancient history of that land with their limpid thoughts .Hence, it is thanks to these wise men that we can, in the literature of this Persian-Arabic land, witness the deepest concepts in words and verbal imagery, glittering as a beacon of truth and verity.

Intercropping is a beneficial farming system to intensify and sustain farm productivity. In order to evaluate forage production of maize and seed yield of bean in maize/bean (maize var 704 and bean var Goli) intercropping، a field experiment was conducted at Research Farm، Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Engineering، Tehran University during 2006. Sowing dates of plants with three levels، simultaneous sowing for both plants، 20 day delay in sowing of bean and 20 day delay in sowing of maize were arranged in main plots. The five planting ratios (100/0)، (66. 7/33. 3)، (50/50)، (33. 3/66. 7) and (0/100) were the percentage of bean/maize arranged in subplots. Results showed that the bean seed yield / plant and bean pot number / plant were affected by interaction of sowing date and planting pattern. Delay cropping of bean in maize under planting ratio of 66. 7/33. 3 of bean/maize produced the highest dry weight of maize among intercropping treatment. Pure maize had the highest plant height and produced maximum dry weight /ha. The highest pod number per plant، yield per plant and hectare، and the lowest seed number per pod were observed in pure bean.

One of themost important issues incivil liabilityis «uncertain causation”. Whenwe know that the cause of loss is one factor out of several factors، but we can not determine itwith certainty، then» uncertain causation «comes to mind. Aboutthe» uncertain cause «،differentideasandsolutionshave been proposed. Early lawyers with stressing on the need to prove legal causation relationship between the harmful act by a certain person and the affected loss، generallybelieved that،inthis case،there is nocivil liability. But after a while،the view ofcollective responsibilitywas made، whichwas ofliabilitypartnership typeinFrance and in thecommon law، it was of proportionate type; the positive side ofthisis an important point. InIslamicjurisprudence، one ofthe existingviews is the» draw rule«that was adopted in IslamicPenal Code1375 (2006). But the Islamic Penal Code، adopted in 1392 (2013)، considered and approved the views of contemporary scholars، and preferred an equal responsibility of several uncertain factors.