سیدمحمدباقر نجفی

It is imperative to acknowledge the pivotal role that knowledge and technology play in addressing the multifaceted challenges that confront the world today. Concurrently, there has been a notable shift in industrial policy, which now places greater emphasis on the significance of technology and the unique solutions that vary across different regions. the notion of Leading Knowledge has emerged, underscoring the criticality of selecting one or more specialized fields of knowledge. This strategic approach recognizes the inherent limitations faced by any nation in attempting to invest comprehensively in all domains of knowledge simultaneously. The present investigation was carried out with the objective of ascertaining the Leading Knowledge within the industrial domain of the province of Hamedan. This was achieved through the utilization of the key technology approach and the hierarchical analysis process. Furniture production is the main economic activity in Hamedan province. Hamedan province has water and agricultural land issues. However, it possesses a significant reservoir of tacit knowledge pertaining to furniture production. Consequently, it is advisable to transition from agricultural activities and associated industries to furniture production in the initial stages of Hamedan province's development. Solar energy is important for later stages of industry development.

One of the first steps towards sustainable development is to establish equality between and within generations. In other words, sustainable development requires improving the welfare of the poor people of the society to reduce inequality. Inequality makes it difficult to achieve development in different ways such as the destruction of capital and social cohesion and the weakening of national security. This is because it prevents political stability. Moreover, inequality has a serious negative effect on the development of society by preventing capital formation and human development. Economic equality has a higher importance in countries with ethnic and religious diversity like Afghanistan. It has a major role in destroying the social cohesion of the society. On the one hand, the incentive for inequality of opportunities increases the interests and benefits of the governing groups, and, on the other hand, inequality is considered immoral and attributed to privileged groups and their rent-seeking. One of the important issues in Afghanistan seems to be the unequal distribution of development among different provinces of the country. Therefore, the first step in planning regional development and achieving more balanced growth and development in Afghanistan is to investigate the current situation of different provinces according to the degree of their development. The present research aims to investigate the difference in the level of development in Afghanistan in 2015 and 2019. Development can be measured based on various criteria such as income, literacy, education, health, physical and communication infrastructure. Thus, the degree of development in Afghanistan's provinces was examined by combining different criteria whose data could be accessed.

This study provided a new methodological instrument to supervise the development process of different areas in Afghanistan. The differences in the development level of 34 provinces of Afghanistan were examined by a three-step approach, including the selection of the development indicators, calculation of the degree of development in the provinces, and analysis of regional changes. Therefore, the TOPSIS technique, which is a ranking method, was used to understand the level of development and their spatial equality. It should be noted that the TOPSIS technique is a practical instrument to select and rank different alternatives. The data about the indicators were collected from the statistics of the World Bank, the United Nations, and the Central Bureau of Statistics and Information of Afghanistan.

According to the results, Kabul Province had the first rank of development in both periods. The development of Kabul decreased in 2019 compared to 2015 and reached 0.5280 from one. The level of development also decreased in other provinces of Afghanistan, except for Kunduz, Herat, and Helmand. The classification of Afghanistan's provinces into developed, developing, and underdeveloped categories indicates that only Kabul is a developed province. Most of the provinces of Afghanistan are in the developing category with a short distance from the underdeveloped ones. The changes in many provinces included in this category are similar to those in Kabul Province, but they cannot improve their conditions or maintain their previous situation. In general, development has not improved in this country considering that the average development of the provinces did not increase in 2019 compared to 2015, and the standard deviation of the country's development did not decrease either. As the gap between the most developed and the least developed provinces increases, the intensity of regional inequality and imbalance increases too.

According to the results, the policies adopted in Afghanistan did not improve the initial unequal conditions; rather, it worsened them. What has been achieved in limited areas has not penetrated to the bottom and has only been intensified through creating divisions in the center-periphery situation. Most of the small material and physical resources are concentrated in Kabul Province, and the severe poverty of the surrounding provinces has been neglected. However, the severe economic inequality between urban and rural areas and the center and periphery is only one example of the inequality that this country is faced with. Inequality can also be proposed and investigated in other areas such as social status and acceptability, power, working conditions, accessibility to job opportunities, and the selection right, which requires further research. To reduce poverty and inequality, it is necessary to pay attention to development programs. In this regard, planning for easier and fairer access to health and treatment facilities and primary education is very helpful. The expansion of educational and health services in poor areas helps to break the cycle of poverty and reduce inequalities by increasing their capabilities.

One of the most important stages of an academic research is choosing a certain suitable theoretical framework. Therefore, this research aimed to find a theoretical framework according to the prerequisites for sustainable rural development. A theoretical framework is a perspective and a school of thought based on which a research is organized. There are different theoretical frameworks and schools in economic knowledge, which can explain issues differently. Therefore, an appropriate theoretical framework should be chosen to identify a specific subject and analyze its related issues. Accordingly, to analyze and identify the issues related to sustainable rural development, it is necessary to use an appropriate theoretical framework that can provide a more realistic explanation. Thus, the data were analyzed using a descriptive-analytical method, and the most important prerequisites for sustainable rural development were identified by referring to the literature. According to the results, education, human development, institutional regime, social development, improvement of productivity, environment, equality, improvement of infrastructure, promotion of non-agricultural employment, and technology were recognized as the most important prerequisites for sustainable rural development, most of which having an institutional nature. Therefore, the best theoretical framework that can explain and analyze the issues related to sustainable rural development and provide more realistic explanation is “institutional economics”.

In the model of Knowledge-Based production, knowledge and innovation are the most important factors of production; therefore, knowledge and innovation are the main keys to economic growth and development. The process of production of knowledge and innovation require groundwork making; This paper examines the effect of three factors, research and development expenditures, and education expenditures also the infrastructure of information and communication technology, on the production of knowledge and innovation. The purpose is to identify the path to realization of the knowledge-based economy in order to policy making for its realization in the Iranian economy. The extent of patents is considered as an indicator for producing knowledge and innovation. The countries under this study are 23 OECD member selected countries. For modeling, panel data method in Eviews software is used. Finding a positive and meaningful relationship between the three variables of research and development expenditure, training and technology infrastructure with the amount of patents, is the result of this research. The results of the calculations show that these three factors are very important in the process of producing knowledge and innovation, such that the lack of attention to them will actually lead the production of knowledge and innovation to the serious obstacles. Also, the comparison between the descriptive charts of the data for these three variables for Iran and the selected countries suggests that it would not be desirable in Iran.

Nearly half of the world’s population, including four out of five people living below the poverty line, live in rural areas. Extreme poverty is concentrated mainly in rural areas. Rural people also generally have less access to education, health and other essential services. Rural development is an important and key strategy to achieve sustainable development in many developing countries. According to the World Bank, rural development is defined as “a strategy aiming at the improvement of economic and social living conditions, focusing on a specific group of poor people in a rural area. It assists the poorest group among the people living in rural areas to benefit from development Villages are the main focus of Afghanistan's economy because a large part of the Afghan population (approximately 71%) lives and works in rural areas so that out of the total population of Afghanistan, which reached 32.9 million people in 2019, 23.4 million lived in villages. In fact, 70% of the total population of Afghanistan lives in villages where the rate of poverty is 61%.
Therefore, new job opportunities can be found in the villages, and one of the most important grounds to achieve sustainable development in Afghanistan is the focus on the development of villages, which brings regional development. In other words, it can be acknowledged that regional development in Afghanistan depends on the development of villages.

Therefore, institutional economics was used in this dissertation as a suitable theoretical framework to analyze the problems of developing countries, including Afghanistan. Institutions are made up of formal constraints (rules, laws, constitutions), informal constraints (norms of behavior, conventions, and self-imposed codes of conduct), and their enforcement characteristics. All potentials in the region should be used by utilizing the institutional approach and capacity to achieve sustainable development in rural areas

Hence, the library-documentary method was used to collect data. The indicators of sustainable rural development were initially extracted by studying and evaluation the indicators formulated by organizations, international assemblies, and reliable papers. To localize these indicators according to the rural areas of Afghanistan, a five-point Likert scale questionnaire was designed, and an initial list of indicators was agreed upon by 30 experts of rural development in Afghanistan. Then, the most important ones were extracted and in the second step, the hierarchical analysis method was employed to determine the priority and importance of the indicators. Finally, a pairwise comparison questionnaire was completed by 30 participants and the weight and importance of these factors were determined using Expert Choice software.

The findings indicated that the economic environment with an importance factor of 0.34 accounts for the first priority of factors affecting the rural development of Afghanistan and the second, third, and fourth priority is assigned to the institutional environment with an importance factor of (34%), social environment (20%), and ecological environment (13%), respectively. The inconsistency rate of pairwise comparisons at this level was equal to 0.07, reflecting the validity of the results.

Thus, the first step to achieve sustainable rural development is to make changes in the economic structure of Afghanistan to create high economic growth and increase productivity, employment, and income. Agriculture is the main element of providing livelihood in the economic structure of rural areas of different countries, including Afghanistan. Moreover, it is the most important and the only economic element of villages in most development programs. Since traditional agricultural activities are performed in most rural areas of Afghanistan, the production level of agricultural products is very low compared to other countries throughout the world. It was found that the current production model of this country in the agricultural sector cannot create the economic growth necessary to achieve sustainable development, which requires a fundamental evaluation of the adopted solutions.
The second priority of rural development was found to be the institutional environment. According to the findings of this paper, the most important aspect of the institutional environment is good governance. Afghanistan was among the five countries that experienced the highest average annual compound growth rate (CAGR = 2.33%) in the governance index between 1996 and 2020; however, the very poor performance of this country in important sub-indicators such as "political stability and absence of violence and terrorism", "rule of law", and "corruption control" did not lead to a change in the development situation of this country in general and rural development in particular.
The social environment is the third priority of rural development in Afghanistan. Literacy and education were identified as the most important aspects of this environment and accounted for the first priority. With regard to the high rate of illiteracy in Afghanistan, the government must invest to provide suitable opportunities for public education and increase people's skills and awareness.
The environment accounts for the fourth priority in rural development. Accordingly, the experts introduced agriculture as the most important priority of the environment. The excessive use of chemical fertilizers and poisons and inappropriate use of production inputs to increase performance in Afghanistan in the last two decades have destroyed the environment and doubled the importance of attention to the stability of the agricultural system, continuity of production, and preservation of natural resources.

Food security has always been one of the concerns of human beings; therefore, ensuring food security has become moreFood security has always been one of the concerns of human beings; therefore, ensuring food security has become more complicated than ever with the rapid increase in population in the last two centuries. The positive growth rate of the global population reveals the extent of this problem in the future. Hence, a challenge is to increase food production while reducing pollution, improving its quality, and providing it to all people. Meat, or in particular, chicken meat and eggs, is a major source of human food, though the production industry of chicken meat in Iran faces numerous problems that have led to low productivity in the industry. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the Institutional factors affecting the productivity of the broiler industry in Iran. Moreover, the relationship between productivity and independent variables was estimated by the econometric model of panel data, census data of chicken farms in different provinces, and other macro information about Iran. According to the findings, it was found that the density of chicken farms in the provinces has a direct and significant relationship with capital productivity and workforce. In addition, capital productivity increased by increasing different components and centers related to the structure of the supply and production chain of chicken meat in a province. In addition, increasing per capita income on capital productivity and workforce differently affected the structure of the supply and production chain of chicken meat.

According to Kuhn, science in general has a paradigm that comprises three elements, namely, epistemology, ontology, methodology. The simplicity paradigm was formed after the Renaissance based on the ideas of Descartes and Newton. The method of understanding was based on the reduction of each phenomenon to its components. From the second half of the nineteenth century, with the discovery of irregular phenomena, quantum theories, and chaos, simplification was challenged and a new approach called the "complexity paradigm" was formed.
 The neoclassical, as the representative of the economic mainstream, is dominated by simplicity. New Institutional Economics (NIE) as the dominant institutional approach has a corrective (rather than critical) approach to neoclassical. This issue, in combination with the diverse and complex institutional structures in different societies, defines the purpose of this study to examine the components of complexity in NIE. Scholars introduce these institutions as the structure, rules of interaction, and patterns that govern human life. The findings show that institutional ontology is a complex realism and its methodology is pluralistic. The use of institutions to reduce uncertainty in combination with different mental models suggests that this approach benefits from both objectivism and subjectivism. Given the role of institutions in interaction, it is clear that the Inter- Objectivity of knowledge and strategy is emphasized by institutionalists. Consistent with the results, the NIE is influenced by the complexity.

The pattern of knowledge-based production has recently changed economic and social relations. If one wants to use the benefits of this pattern, they have to pay serious attention to the production, distribution, and dissemination of knowledge; in this regard, Leading Knowledge (LK) plays a vital role in developing areas. However, since government budgets have to be spent for public, especially for science and technology which are too expensive, it is impossible to experience the simultaneous advancement in all branches of knowledge. This qualitative and descriptive analysis adopts an applied approach, and tries to identify the LK of the agricultural sector in Kermanshah province, Iran. First, the initial list of LK and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method based on key technology techniques were prepared through reviewing documents and surveys, i.e. interviews and a panel of experts. In-depth and purposeful interviews were also adopted to extract experts’ opinions. Finally, data were analyzed by a panel of experts using the Analytic Hierarchy Process in Expert Choice (EC) software. The results showed that water engineering (0.223), horticultural Science (0.196), and biotechnology (0.138) were listed in order of priority in Kermanshah province. The results can be helpful in revising the educational policies of universities and research centers at the province level, allocating limited resources to the relevant government organziations, Agriculture Jihad and related research centers, and determining the policy of science and technology park and agricultural research centers at the national level.

Knowledge-based agriculture and technology development at its heart are now recognized as one of the most important factors shaping development in societies such as Iran. The application of knowledge in agricultural activities is expected to help curb crises such as food shortages, freshwater scarcity, environmental problems, and significantly improve productivity. Before answering the question of what sciences or technologies are suitable for the realization of knowledge-based agriculture in a society, it is necessary to address its prerequisites. The present study was designed to identify the future drivers of knowledge-based agriculture in Kermanshah province.

This article is based on structural analysis method. The key factors were identified in the first step through in-depth and purposeful interviews with 31 agricultural experts in the province. Finally, the data were analyzed by Mic Mac software. In this step, the panel method was used.

14 factors were identified as the driving forces of the realization of knowledge-based agriculture in Kermanshah province.

Findings show that the development of knowledge-based agriculture in Kermanshah province needs to review national variables such as political orientations, formal institutions, and government support and regional variables such as education, reform of decision-making and management processes.

Identifying the effective and determining factors of water scarcity in each region is a necessary condition for proper management of water supply and demand and laying the groundwork for adaptation to water scarcity. Although Kermanshah province is not in a crisis situation according to the usual indicators for determining the water crisis, the continuation of the current situation will lead to a crisis and requires a review of the province's water resources management approaches. This research seeks to identify and prioritize the determinants of water scarcity in Kermanshah province in the theoretical framework of institutionalism and with the hierarchical analysis process. For this purpose, with the Delphi method and hierarchical analysis tool, and EXPERT CHOICE software, these factors were identified and prioritized. The results show that contrary to conventional approaches to water resources management, which emphasizes water supply management, the role of demand-side factors in the problem of water shortage in Kermanshah province is much more decisive so that 72.5% of the water shortage problem is explained by these factors.  Demand-side factors, respectively, priority and share in water scarcity are: low water productivity in the agricultural sector (0.42), uncontrolled extraction of underground resources (0.21), agricultural production structure (0.13), virtual water exports (0.10), water loss in the route (0.06), water consumption culture (0.05), lack of meter (0.03). On the supply-side, the amount of precipitation (0.38), water budget (0.18), evaporation (0.18), time mismatch between precipitation and consumption (0.13), type of precipitation (0.05), precipitation fluctuation (0.05), and insufficient utilization of gray water (0.03) have the most important role in creating stress, respectively.

Changing the pattern of production has been known as the basis of all the developments that have taken place in economic revolutions since the beginning of human life. Therefore, the root of all the problems of developing countries can be traced to their production patterns. The knowledge-based revolution has transformed all economic and social relations in recent decades, providing developing societies with a unique opportunity for growth and development. But no revolution in itself encompasses all societies, and the use of the capacities created requires adaptation to the new pattern of production. Kermanshah province has significant capacities in the agricultural sector. However, due to the traditional production model, which is inefficient and has low productivity, agricultural activities in this province have little achievement. The present study is dedicated to designing a Pattern for the realization of knowledge-based agriculture in Kermanshah province. To achieve the research goal, the qualitative method of Grounded theory based on a systematic approach, including the three main stages of open coding, axial coding, and selective coding, has been used. The required information has been collected through 31 in-depth and purposeful interviews with agricultural experts. Findings show that Technological development is at the heart of knowledge-based agriculture. Attitudes towards knowledge-based agriculture, legal procedures, and inefficient management processes are among the most important factors hindering Technological development. Training Experts of Agriculture- Jahad Organization and farmers, financial support for small enterprises, and reforming the business regime to support knowledge-based companies will help achieve the realization of knowledge-based agriculture in Kermanshah province.

The realization of a knowledge-based economy requires appropriate cultural prerequisites. According to Stiglitz, one of the first and most important issues is to provide cultural prerequisites and realize the effective cultural factors in this regard. In fact, cultural factors are one of the most crucial factors and prerequisites for transforming the economy of Iran and Kermanshah province into a knowledge-based, dynamic, persistent, capable, and competitive economy in the country. Therefore, this study used an institutional theoretical framework to identify and prioritize cultural factors affecting the realization of a knowledge-based economy. It is of high importance to have an appropriate institutional regime framework to facilitate interactions between different parts of the knowledge-based economy. The institutional regime consists of formal rules, informal (institutions) restrictions, and their executive characteristics. Informal institutions are the informal behavioral rules of society that are part of the culture. The most important cultural indicators affecting the realization of the knowledge economy were investigated and selected by referring to the previous literature and upstream documents and interviews with 14 experts in the field. Then, pairwise comparison questionnaires were completed by 20 experts, and indicators were extracted by Expert Choice. Finally, the indicators were prioritized by hierarchical analysis. According to the results of the study:1. Education as one of the most important elements of the knowledge-based economy accounts for the first priority (28%) among the top 10 indicators. Hence, it is necessary to have a skilled and educated workforce to provide efficiency, learning, dissemination, and application of knowledge, which leads to increased productivity of factors of production as well as economic growth and development. Among the components of education, primary education (56%) is the most important grade, whereas secondary education accounts for 18%, which indicates the major role of primary education in the knowledge-based economy. In fact, basic education strengthens the foundations of human capital by training the skilled and experienced workforce, resulting in the realization of a knowledge-based economy by creating a scientism institution and social capital.2. Rationality: To achieve development in the knowledge-based economy, it is necessary to refer to reason and thinking and strengthen the rational and scientific attitude of rationality in society, because the production of science and knowledge relies on thinking and a rational approach. This indicator (14%) accounts for the next priority after education in terms of impact on the realization of the knowledge-based economy in Kermanshah province. Among the dimensions of rationality indicator, the most important dimension is the position of science and knowledge (24%) and the most important component of the dimension is scientism (30%).3. Thinking skill: Development is an internal issue, a collective phenomenon, and an important goal that requires the highest degree of coordination and participation. In other words, there must be coordination and consistency in the thoughts and ideas for coordinating peoples' actions. Therefore, harmonizing the thoughts leads to harmony in the actions of individuals, flourishes creativity and innovation, and ultimately enables the achievement of the knowledge-based model. This indicator (9.6%) accounts for the third priority.4. The fourth indicator is justice (8.6%) with judicial justice as the most important dimension of the justice indicator. Moreover, the most important component of the judicial justice dimension is the fair implementation of laws. Justice affects the realization of the knowledge-based economy in two ways: 1) by creating equal access for all to public facilities, in particular, educational and health facilities, and ultimately, the realization of human development, which is one of the main institutional contexts for achieving a knowledge-based economy, and 2) by establishing equal conditions for all in order to attend a fair competition.5. The ethics indicator (8.1%) accounts for the fifth priority, with the political dimension with the meritocracy component in the transfer of responsibilities as the most important dimension of the indicator. According to Williamson's four-level analytical framework, many of the ethical values affecting the realization of the knowledge-based economy, such as the emergence of informal institutions produce development at the first level. Informal institutions formed at the first level lead to the emergence of some rules at the second level. According to the rules of the second level, the proper management is accomplished at the society, and finally, the results obtained in the previous three levels lead to the realization of a knowledge-oriented society in the fourth level.6. Subjective culture (7.5%) and social order (7.4%) (the sixth and seventh priorities) play a role in the realization of this new model of production. The most important component of subjective culture is the attitude towards learning science. Moreover, the most important dimension of the order indicator is legality and the most important component of the legality dimension is the respect for private property. 7. In addition, scientific independence (6.2%) and cultural interactions (6.2%) account for the same priority (the eighth and ninth priorities). However, the objective dimension of culture (4.6%) accounts for the last priority in terms of the effect on the realization of the knowledge-based economy so that mismatch rate of 2% also reflects consistency between the results. In general, since culture, knowledge transfer, values, and other factors affecting behavior are defined from one generation to another through education and imitation, education by training skilled and capable people results in the development of rational attitude and changes in the attitude of people. According to Max Weber, harmony in the attitude of individuals creates a kind of collective reason called rationality. On the other hand, governing rationality in society leads to the establishment of social order and its stability.

Today, achieving sustainable growth and development is possible through the realizing knowledge-based economy. One of the key factors for success in this model is the identification and application of knowledge and innovation. Clusters are one of the tools for accelerating the growth and sustainable development of knowledge base. By providing a good platform for the production of tacit knowledge, clusters create the groundwork for innovation and technology creation, and thus realizing a knowledge-based economy. This article selects the information technology cluster and tries to explain the position of tacit knowledge and innovation in this cluster, examining the factors affecting the development of knowledge-based information technology, in addition to explain the relationship between clusters and knowledge-based economy. The countries studied in this article are thirteen European countries. For modeling, DOLS and FMOLS methods have been used for panel data. The indicators of research and development expenditures, education expenditures, exports of goods in the field of information and communication technology, as well as the number of firms active in the ICT cluster (as an ICT cluster index) are the indicators examined. The results of this study indicate that the important and influential indicators of knowledge-based economy have a positive and significant relationship with the index of clusters.

One of the Structural feature of the Iranian economy and many Middle East countries, is reliance on oil revenues. The oil revenues have a lot of Economic and social impacts in these countries. The impact of oil revenues is divided into two categories, positive and negative consequences. This article focuses only on the negative effects of oil revenues. This consequences consist of a wide range of outcomes that is not possible to review them all in one article. This article examines three of the negative effects of oil revenues. This research was conducted within the theoretical framework of institutional economics. detailed analysis of information was done with a descriptive - analytic survey . Theoretical arguments is general, but the case study is the Iranian economy. Results show that : 1 - Three of the most negative effects of Iran's oil revenues are : destroying the balance of payments ($ 1 billion increase in oil and gas export revenues, increases imports $ 840 million directly) , the stagnation of the manufacturing sector and the productivity slowdown(Each percent increase in oil revenues reduces total factor productivity by 0.24 percent) . 2 - Some of the most important channels through which the oil revenues affect Iranian economic variables , including; providing extensive import and consumption without dependence on revenues from production, environmental degradation and lack of transparency in decision making and business through opaque choices and finally reduce the competitiveness of domestic production through increased demand and input prices of non- traded sectors.

The knowledge-based economy is the newest pattern of production in the current era. So far, this pattern has resulted in unique achievements for a wide range of countries. This study aims to classify the provinces of Iran in terms of Knowledge-based economy. The classification of provinces based on their similarity in achieving the knowledge-based production pattern is the first step for correct and realistic planning. The same version cannot be used for different provinces. The regional knowledge-based economy index is defined in three dimensions: education, innovation, and information and communication technology, based on 15 sub-indices. The classification is based on the clustering technique, which is one of the branches of unsupervised learning. To do this, k-means and fuzzy c-means algorithms are used simultaneously to compare their results. The optimal number of clusters is calculated through the Silhouette coefficient. This coefficient also indicates the accuracy of the clustering results. Clustering based on the fuzzy c-means algorithm in 6-cluster case with a Silhouette coefficient of 0.77 is the most appropriate classification for research purposes. The results show that there is a clear discrepancy between different provinces in the context of knowledge-based economy. Tehran and Alborz are in separate clusters and are among the leading classes compared to others, while more than half of the provinces belong to backward cluster.

It is now about three decades since the third major economic revolution in human life, the knowledge-based economy, has begun. Like its former counterparts, the agricultural revolution and the industrial revolution, knowledge-based economics will change all aspects of human social life. Like the two previous revolutions, corporations and societies that recognize this phenomenon and its prerequisites and characteristics in time can benefit from its remarkable achievements, especially the revolution in productivity, and greatly increase growth rates, income levels, and welfare. To find. Knowledge, technology and innovation are factors of production in the knowledge-based production model. Creating a platform for achieving a sufficient amount of parturient and productive innovation requires a set of institutional reforms, which this paper examines the necessity of these reforms. The method of data collection is library-documentary and the method of data analysis is descriptive-analytical. The findings of this article show that innovation is intertwined with the institutional matrix of every society and that the framework for achieving a sufficiently parturient and productive innovation entails a set of institutional reforms in the social life system, socio-economic reward system, intellectual property, institutions of competitiveness of the economy, trust and collective participation and reforming the socio-economic path of society.

The purpose of this study is to identify and introduce the "starting point" of shifting the country's education and research system from the "oil-based" to the "knowledge-based" path. Given the ambiguities and complexities of "nature of starting point of correction process" for an individual or a society that has gone down in an undesirable historical path, using library studies, the views of experts in the fields of success, Islamic mysticism and development about the starting point of becoming an unsuccessful, perverse, and undeveloped, individual or community into a successful, transcendent and developed individual or community were examined. Experts in the fields of success, Islamic mysticism and development explain the starting point of the transformation process of an unsuccessful, perverse, or undeveloped, individual or community as "drinking the bitter drug", "repentance or vigilantism", and "changing ways of thinking", respectively that can be described as an identical phenomenon from different points of view: "confessing it self's responsibility for achieving the undesirable status quo". Many other scientists have mentioned the same concept. Therefore, in order to correct the intended oil-based path, Iran science and research system in the first step should "drink the bitter drug" that's mean it should admit the deterioration of the situation and accept its responsibility for achieving current situation; otherwise, any other action would be as continuing the inefficient historical path.

Creation, developing and strengthening of institutions, affects international trade and is prerequisite for it. Explaining of the process and channels of the influence of different types of institutions on the trade between the countries and quantifying of the Impact of Institutions on international trade, on the basis of scientific methods, has a particular importance, which has been studied in this paper. In this study, the effect of economic freedom and good governance institutions, as second and third levels of institutional analysis from the Oliver Williamson social analysis fourth levels theory, on the trade between a group of leading Asian countries in knowledge-based economy, using the gravity model and the method of panel data at 2005-2014 has been investigated. According to the results of the research, institutions are influential on trade and affect through important channels, such as competition and competitive advantage, human capital, productivity and transaction costs, on the between countries trade. The estimated model's shows that the effect of good governance and economic freedom on  the trade between the countries has been positive and significant. According to the results of the estimated model's, 1 percent increase in economic freedom index in the exporting and importing countries, their trading value has increased by 3.78 percent and 3.49 percent respectively. The trading value of the exporting countries, has increased by 0.933 percent, as a result of  1 percent increase in good governance, as well.

This paper aims to explain the role of good governance in the realization of the knowledge-based economy within a quadruple helix innovation system (QHIS). It employs an analytical-descriptive method, while focusing on the econometric models within Eviews9 software environment. Theoretically, the paper is based on institutionalism approach. The interaction of good governance and knowledge-based economy is described after defining the concepts of QHIS. Then, the relationships between innovation (as the goal of innovation systems and knowledge-based economy) and good governance indicators are evaluated within an econometric model. To do this, good governance indicators in Iran are compared to those of the Northern Europe and South-Easter Asia as regions enjoying high scores in knowledge-based economy indicators. The findings indicate the impact of good governance on realization of the knowledge-based economy through various channels including property rights, enforcement of contracts, domestic and foreign investment, brain drain, human capital development, and research and development. Alike the conceptual part of paper, the results reveal positive and significant relationships among good governance indicators and innovation. Considering the importance of good governance in realizing a knowledge-based economy, good governance index is selected as the fourth helix in QHIS for Iran.

Human societies have experienced three basic revolutions namely the agricultural, industrial and knowledge-based economic revolutions in modern socio-economic era. During those revolutions not only economic structure but also social and cultural structures have evolved. During the last two decades, the third revolution or knowledge-based economy has started. An era in which application of knowledge is the most important factor of production and it is a driving force behind industrial and economic progress more than any other factors .Given the present conditions and their profound changes, governments have prompted special measures in order to fulfill the prediction of their development. The process of development in this era depends on the right choice of leading knowledge and precise and systematic planning for pioneering it. In order to advance these measures, in addition to knowing the leading knowledge, selection criteria should also be analyzed.  This paper utilized the descriptive-analytical approach to explain the subject, only from the economic point of view, and data collection was conducted using the existing documents and evidence, such as articles, books, credible websites, etc. The findings of this research indicated that the four basic criteria for an accurate and systematic selection include the capacity to create added value, the capacity to cluster, the possibility of infrastructure, and the capacity to create sustainable employment opportunities which are all discussed in details in this paper.