شادمهر میردار

Background and Aims:

 Wrestling techniques are mainly based on continuous displacements, pushes and pulls, with the overall goal of maintaining own balance and disrupting the opponent's balance. The balance related systems are matured during adolescence. The level of balance training in prepubescent athletes is not well-defined. The present study aims to investigate the effect of age-focused balance exercises using functional tests tailored to the wrestling sport on the balance of prepubescent male wrestlers.

Methods:

In this study, participants were 28 boys aged 11-16 years in two groups of 18 wrestlers (training groups) and 10 non-wrestlers (control group). The training group performed age-focused balance exercises for 16 weeks, three times a week. The intensity, duration and type of balance exercises were changed every week. The control group was used to control balance changes during four months. The balance parameters including distance and surface area of the center of pressure (COP) movement were measured in the guard position immediately after 25-30 seconds of perturbation by a foot scan plate. The independent t-test was used to examine the statistical differences between the two groups. Statistical calculations were performed in SPSS software, version 27. The significance level was set at 0.05.

Results:

Results of the independent t-test showed that the wrestling group had a significant improvement in the surface area for the COP displacement compared to the non-wrestling group (17.60 vs 9.06 cm; P<0.001), while the distance of the COP displacement did not show a significant difference between the two groups (P=0.13).

Conclusion:

The age-specific balance exercises can lead to a significant improvement in the balance of prepubescent male wrestlers. If these wrestlers regularly perform these balance exercises, they will show greater improvement in balance and may perform wrestling techniques better.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a respiratory disease in which inflammation plays a significant role in its progression. Exercise and nutritional strategies are effective in improving inflammation; therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of a combined exercise program and N-acetylcysteine supplementation on inflammatory markers in patients with COPD.

In this semi-experimental study, 80 male patients with COPD were randomly divided into 4 groups (20 subjects each): combined exercise, combined exercise with supplementation, supplementation, and placebo. The exercises were performed for 12 weeks, 6 sessions per week, for 60 minutes. 1800 mg of N-acetylcysteine supplement was administered daily along with 3 main meals. The levels of interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and C-reactive protein were measured in the blood at pre- and post-test.

After 12 weeks of intervention, the mean values of interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and CRP decreased significantly by 12.9%, 20.3%, and 5%, respectively, in the exercise + supplement group (P=0.001). Interleukin-6 (P=0.001), interleukin-8 (P=0.001), and CRP (P=0.04) levels were significantly lower in the exercise + supplement group compared to the placebo group. Moreover, interleukin-6 (P=0.001) and interleukin-8 (P=0.001) levels were significantly lower in the exercise group compared to the placebo group.

It seems that combined exercise and N-acetylcysteine supplementation have a positive effect on interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and CRP markers in patients with COPD.

Maturity is one of the main confounding variables in evaluating the physical, physiological and functional characteristics of immature wrestlers. The aim of this research was to investigate 16 weeks of age-based training on the physical and functional abilities of immature male freestyle wrestlers using a specific test.

The present study was a semi-experimental field study. Eighteen male freestyle wrestlers, divided into two age groups (12-13 years and 15-16 years), participated in a 16-week age-specific training program. Before and after the training period, isometric strength of the back and leg muscles, upper body power, and performance of the subjects during a specific wrestling performance test (SWPT) conducted over two 2-minute rounds were evaluated. The findings were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon tests, with a significance level of P<0.05, using SPSS software version 24.

Comparison of SWPT scores revealed significant differences only in the sled pull station. Adolescents showed improvements in power output by 41.92% in the first half (P=0.003) and 23.89% in the second half (P=0.003). Children demonstrated improvements of 75.38% in the first half (P=0.043) and 284.13% in the second half (P=0.043). Additionally, the medicine ball throw test outside the SWPT showed improvements of 15.79% (P=0.036) and 27.68% (P=0.028) in both groups. No significant changes were observed in isometric strength.

It appears that the effectiveness of age-specific training in pre-pubescent age groups requires longer training periods based on developmental characteristics, with a focus on exercises that prioritize neuromuscular coordination and movement and technical patterns.

Targeted exercise training plays an essential role in cardiorespiratory function by improving antioxidant capacity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 8 weeks of cross-fit training with spirulina supplementation on serum levels of malondialdehyde, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in young male athletes.

In this quasi-experimental study, 20 athletes with an Average of 22.95 88±1.88 years were selected and randomly divided into two groups of placebo (n = 10) and supplement (n = 10). The supplement group participated in an 8-week crossfit exercise program for 3 sessions of 60 minutes while taking four spirulina tablets (500 mg) daily. Blood samples were taken 24 hours before and 48 hours after the intervention period to measure the above indicators. Data analysis was performed using paired t-test and analysis of covariance.

After eight weeks of training, malondialdehyde levels decreased (P=0.02) and glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase levels showed a significant increase in the supplement group compared with the placebo group (crossfit training).( P=0.01). Covariance test showed that there was a significant difference between the groups. Malondialdehyde (P=0.01), superoxide dismutase (P = 0.02) and glutathione peroxidase (P=0.03) were improved in the supplement group compared with placebo group.

It seems that crossfit training along with spirulina supplementation can improve antioxidant status and reduce oxidative damage and possibly improve cardiac and respiratory performance of athletes

High intensity interval training is associated with impaired immune function and cellular damage in lung tissue. Adiantum capillus-veneris has been considered as an herbal supplementation in traditional medicine as an antioxidant. Therefore, the present study investigated the effect of high-intensity interval training on HIF-1α levels and the rate of bronchial and bronchiole apoptosis in lung tissue. For this purpose, 24 healthy Wistar male rats (4 weeks with a mean weight of 72 ± 9 g) were divided into experimental (n = 18) and control (n = 6) groups. After 6 weeks of high-intensity interval training, 6 rats in the experimental group were transferred to the supplement group (n = 6), continued training (n = 6) and exercise supplement (n = 6), and were monitored for another three weeks. At the end of the ninth week, lung tissue samples were taken and assayed to measure HIF-1α levels and bronchial and bronchiole apoptosis. One-way analysis of variance at the significant level (p ≥ 0.05) was used to analyze the data. The results showed that despite a significant increase in HIF-1α and bronchial apoptosis and pulmonary bronchioles (p ≥ 0.05) following increased exercise activity of Adiantum capillus-veneris, herbal supplementation in both supplemental group alone and exercise supplementation was significantly decreased. (p ≥ 0.05) associated with HIF-1α, bronchial apoptosis and bronchial lung tissue. Therefore, Adiantum Capillus-Veneris can lead to a decrease in HIF-1α levels and associated bronchial apoptosis and pulmonary bronchioles.

Chitinase-3-like protein (YKL-40) is an inflammatory biomarker associated with asthma and allergic diseases; While exercising may reduce the inflammatory effects of asthma. The present study has been undertaken to investigate the effects of 8 weeks of interval, resistance and concurrent training on YKL-40 and immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels in the lung of asthmatic Wistar rats.

Twenty five male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups including control (C), interval training (IT), resistance training (RT), concurrent training (CO), and salin (S) groups. The asthmatic groups (C, IT, RT and CO) received (1 ml) of Ovalbumin intraperitoneally injection after exercise and exposed to Ovalbumin challenge three times per week for 20 minutes. The IT group (three times per week, 60-80% maximum capacity, 30 minutes), RT group (three times per week, 60% one-repetition maximum, three sets of 10 repetitions) and CO group (combination of IT+RT) also completed intervention training protocols for eight weeks. YKL-40 and IgE levels were measured by ELISA method. One-way analysis of variance and LSD post hoc tests were used for data analysis at the p≤0.05 level.

YKL40 levels in IT (p= 0.05), RT (p=0.005) and CO (p=0.001) groups significantly increased compared to the control group; so that, CO training induced more changes in YKL40 compare to other training intervention groups (p<0.05). Moreover, IgE level increased significantly in the IT (p<0.005), RT (p<0.03) and CO (p<0.004) groups than control group.

It seems that the use of eight weeks interval, resistance and concurrent training cannot counteract the effects of inflammatory of YKL-40 in the asthma and play a protective role.

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of six-week sand surface training on the biomechanical variables associated with an anterior cruciate ligament injury in female adolescent futsal players during cutting. The data collected from 12 subjects were recorded before and after 6 weeks of training on the sand surface during 45- and 90-degree cuts by a force plate and cameras. Comparisons between variables in pre- and post-tests were performed using mixed ANOVA. During the initial contact, knee flexion was greater in the cut of 45° than 90° in post-test condition. The peak knee external adduction moment and speed of movement in the anterior-posterior direction increased after training on the sand surface during both 45- and 90-degree cuts. Based on the results, training on the sand surface improved performance through increasing the speed of movement, and on the other hand, increased the load on the knee joint, indicating the need to provide solutions such as technique improvement training along with this protocol.

This study aimed evaluate the effect of short-term detraining following 6 weeks of high-intensity interval training on HIF-1α, bronchus, and bronchioles apoptosis levels on lung tissue in male Wistar rats. For this purpose, 18 healthy Wistar male rats (4 weeks with a mean weight of 72±9.9 g) were divided into experimental (n=12) and control (n=6) groups. After 6 weeks of high-intensity interval training, 6 rats the experimental group was transferred to the detraining group (n=6) and kept in detrain condition for three weeks. To measure of HIF-1α and bronchus and bronchioles apoptosis, a lung tissue sample was taken and measured at the end of the ninth week. One-way analysis of variance at the significance level (P≤0.05) was used to analyze the data. The results showed that despite the significant increase in HIF-1α and bronchial apoptosis and pulmonary bronchioles (P≤0.05) during high-intensity training, there was a significant decrease (P ≤ 0.05) in HIF-1α, bronchial apoptosis and bronchioles of lung tissue were observed. It seems to be done by the increase of the amount of HIF-1α and apoptosis in multiple cell lung bronchi and bronchioles, but the detraining period will decrease.
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From the point of view of molecular studies, the effect of interval training on the expression of ATP-sensitive potassium channel proteins and proteins related to mitochondrial biogenesis has not been studied. Therefore, the present study aimed to immunohistochemically ATP-sensitive potassium channel proteins and mitochondrial biogenesis in the heart tissue of male rats after 8 weeks of interval exercise.

The present study was an experimental study in which samples were composed of 10 healthy male Wistar rats (5 weeks old and mean weight 150 70 70) which were randomly divided into control and interval exercise groups. Exercise group periodically performed the: interval exercise protocol for 8 weeks. External cardiac tissue and levels of mitochondrial biogenesis proteins (TFAM, PGC1α) and ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KIR6.2, SUR) were measured by immunohistochemically tests. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test was used to analyze the data. Significance level was considered less than 0.05.

After 8 weeks of interval exercise, it was shown that the interval training group had a significant difference in terms of expression of (TFAM, PGC1α) and KIR6.2, SUR compared to the control group (P = 0.001).

It seems that interval exercise appears to increase the number of ATP-sensitive potassium channels in the heart tissue of mice, which in turn increases mitochondrial biogenesis in heart tissue.

Post-exercise Blood Flow Restriction (BFR) is a novel training method that, through alterations to the haemodynamic, metabolic, and hypoxic stimulus, could augment skeletal muscle adaptation in endurance-trained individuals. This study aimed to compare the effect of eight weeks of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and BFR on PGC-1α and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) as mitochondrial biogenesis and angiogenesis biomarkers, respectively, in amateur male runners.

In the current study, 15 runners (Meas±SD of age: 23±3 years; height: 172±5 cm; weight: 73±4 kg: BMI: 23±1.7 kg/m2) voluntarily participating in this study were divided into three groups: 1-Control 2-HIIT and 3-HIIT+BFR or BFR. The experimental groups performed three sessions a week (six trials each session) for eight weeks. The biopsy samples were collected from the vastus lateralis muscle at the first and end of eight weeks. The protein expression levels of the PGC-1α and VEGF were studied by immunohistochemical method. Data analysis was performed using the one-way Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA), and a significance level of P<0.05 was considered.

The findings showed that PGC-1α values were significantly increased in the HIIT and BFR groups (54.9% and 60.85%, respectively) compared to the control group, as well as VEGF levels were 51.31% and 57.52%, respectively (P<0.05). There were also significant differences between experimental groups in the protein expressions (P<0.05).

Given that activation of VEGF from the PGC-1 pathway is part of cellular-molecular mechanisms of high-intensity interval training, It seems that the combination of intense interval training and BFR can effectively affect the process of angiogenesis in the vastus lateralis muscle of amateur runners.

Asthma is a heterogeneous disease whose inflammatory processes are involved in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction, and increases the prevalence of cardiovascular disease. This study was designed to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of interval training on some of the effective factors in atherosclerosis in heart tissue of asthmatic rats.

In this experimental study, 15 rats were randomly divided into three groups of sham, asthma, and asthmatic-interval training. The model of asthma was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 1 ml ovalbumin for 2 weeks, and then asthmatic-interval training rats for 8 weeks participated in interval training. During the training protocol period, twice weekly intraperitoneal injections of ovalbumin 1 ml, and were placed into a glass container exposed to 5% ovalbumin spray. 48 hours after the last training session, the rats were anesthetized and their hearts were ejected. The levels of proteins expression of ICAM, VCAM, and galectin-3 were measured by immunohistochemistry, and western blotting, respectively. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA in SPSS at the significant level α=0.05.

The results of this study showed that the expression of ICAM (P=0.001), VCAM (P=0.001), and galectin-3 (P=0.001) was significantly increased in heart tissue of asthma rats. Whereas, interval training decreased the expression of ICAM (P=0.001), VCAM (P=0.001), and galectin-3 (P=0.01) proteins in the asthmatic-interval training group compared to the asthma group.

It seems that, interval training is effective in preventing atherosclerosis in patients with asthma.

Achieving the peak of athletic performance by being in environmental conditions such as hypobaric hypoxia and maintaining it by reducing exercise pressure is of great importance for athletes, among which injuries to internal organs such as lung tissue due to these conditions are less considered. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the response of HIF-1α and the rate of bronchial and bronchiole apoptosis in lung tissue of male Wistar rats following reduced exercise load in hypoxic hypoxia.

The samples of the present study included 24 male Wistar rats (8 control, 16 experimental), healthy and without disease (4 weeks with a mean weight of 72 9 9 g). The experimental group was kept in hypobaric hypoxia for 3 weeks after 6 weeks of periodic training. Half of the experimental rats performed periodic exercises with less intensity (Taper) during three weeks of exposure to hypobaric hypoxia. To measure HIF-1α levels and bronchial apoptosis and pulmonary bronchioles, lung tissue was removed and assayed. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance.

Findings showed that exposure to hypobaric hypoxia caused a significant increase in HIF-1α and bronchial apoptosis and pulmonary bronchioles (p ≥ 0.05). Taper was also associated with a significant decrease (p ≥ 0.05) in HIF-1α and bronchial apoptosis and lung tissue bronchioles compared to hypobaric hypoxia and high-intensity interval training.

Exposure to hypobaric hypoxia is associated with an increase in HIF-1α and bronchial apoptosis and pulmonary bronchioles, which can be used as a method to reduce HIF-1α and bronchial apoptosis and pulmonary bronchioles.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of taper intensity on the expression of caspase-3 in type I and II pneumocytes in the lung of young male wistar rats.

In the study, 30 five-week-old male wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups of fifteen (control and training groups). After 6 weeks of interval training for the training group and rest for the control group, 5 rats from the training group and 5 rats from the control group were removed from the test period by tissue sampling. Then, the remaining 10 rats of the training group entered the two- and three-week taper period and 10 rats of the control group were placed in two and three-week control groups. Progressive interval training was performed in 6 sessions, 30 minutes each session at a speed of 15 to70 meters per minute. Then, a taper phase for three weeks in decreasing intensity pattern was performed. An analysis is done with one-way ANOVA and Tukey test at P<0.05.

Immuno histochemical study of lung tissue from different groups showed that interval training causes the significant increase in the expression of caspase-3 in young rats (p≤0.001). While taper training could reduce caspase-3 expression levels in pneumocytes in the lung tissue. Three - week taper versus two weeks taper showed a significant decrease in the expression of caspase-3 in the type I pneumocytes (p≤0.033) and type II pneumocytes (p≤0.001).

The results of this study show that the use of a period of training load reduction can be investigated as an appropriate method to reduce apoptosis in the pulmonary alveoli after intense exercise, and this investigation can be considered to improve the Lung physiology indicators in human samplesproblems.

The aim of this study was to investigate the response of ERK1/2 protein and muscular morphological adaptations to a period of resistance training with local blood flow restriction.

Twenty healthy male Wistar rats without clinically evident disease (5 weeks old, 120±7 g weight) were divided into four equal groups: control, control with limited blood flow, resistance training and, resistance training with limited blood flow. The resistance group practiced squats for eight weeks with a frequency of three sessions per week. Blood flow restriction was performed using a cuff with a width of 16 mm and a length of 90 mm. For Immunohistochemical test of ERK1/2 and histological studies, the left quadriceps muscle of the left leg was removed. Data analysis was performed by one-way analysis of variance at a level of α≤0.05.

In the resistance training group, the ERK1/2 expression in the quadriceps muscle increased, while decreased in the groups with limited blood flow  (p<0.05). In both groups of the resistance training (with and without blood flow restriction), quadriceps muscle diameter increased (p<0.05). Also, the number of muscle fibers increased significantly (p<0.05).

resistance training seems to induce ERK1/2, which is consistent with increased skeletal muscle growth. Resistance exercises with limited blood flow may result in more muscle hypertrophy. However, such effects of the interaction between resistance training and blood flow restriction on the expression of ERK1/2 was not observed.

 Detraining may affect cardiovascular adaptations. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of a detraining period followed by resistance training on immunohistochemical expression of ATP-sensitive potassium channels and mitochondrial biogenesis of heart tissue in male rats.

The present study was experimental. Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (control, control-detraining, resistance training, and resistance-detraining training). The control group was sacrificed at the beginning of the study, and the control-detraining group did not exercise for 11 weeks. The resistance training group performed eight weeks of training. The resistance-detraining group did not train for three weeks after training. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s post hoc test were used for statistical analysis.

 The expression of KIR6.2, SUR2a, PGC1α, and TFAM in the heart tissue of the control-detraining group was significantly lower than those in the resistance training group (P=0.001). Also, they were significantly higher in the resistance training group compared to those in the resistance-detraining group (P=0.001). PGC1α expression in the resistance-detraining group was higher than in the control-detraining group (P=0.001).

 Resistance training increases PGC1α and TFAM in the heart tissue of rats by increasing the expression of KIR6.2 and SUR2a. But lack of exercise reduces the expression of potassium channels and factors that increase mitochondrial biogenesis.

People with asthma are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease and increased risk of death. Asthma is associated with the structure and function of vessel changes. In this regard, MicroRNAs, AKT and VCAM play an important role in endothelial function. So, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of interval training on expression of mir-126, mir-1185 AKT and VCAM in cardiac tissue rats with allergic asthma.

This experimental study was performed on 15 Wistar rats. Animals were randomly allocated into three groups (n=5) including healthy control, asthma control and asthmatic interval training. Ovalbumin solution was injected subcutaneously 3 times per week to asthma groups, and suffering from asthma was confirmed by increasing the amount of IgE. The asthma group participated in 8-week exercise training. The rats were anesthetized at the end of 8 weeks and then their heart tissue was isolated by surgical instrument and immediately placed in nitrogen fluid. Expression of mir-126, mir-1185, AKT and VCAM in rats cardiac tissue were evaluated.

AKT and VCAM expression was significantly increased in asthma control group compared to healthy control group (P<0.05). mir-126, AKT and VCAM expression were significantly increased in asthmatic interval training group in compared to asthma control group (P<0.05) while Mir-1185 was significantly reduced in asthmatic interval training group in compared to asthma control group (P<0.05).

Interval training by increasing mir-126, by reducing the expression of mir-1185, AKT, and VCAM reduces the risk of atherosclerosis in rats affected with asthma.

Researchers argue that supplements are somewhat capable of influencing the lung tissue exposed to smoking carcinogens through cell cycle. Cyclin D1 is a gene involved in cell cycle.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of 12-week injection of Nigella sativa nano-capsule on the expression of Cyclin D1 of the lung tissue of the rats receiving exposure to Nicotine-Derived Nitrosamine Ketone.

46 Wistar rats were assigned into five groups: NNK, Supplement, and Supplement, + NNK, Control and Vehicle group. 125 μg/kg body weight of Nigella sativa nano-capsule supplement was injected subcutaneously into the Supplement and Supplement NNK groups once a week. NKK and Vehicle groups received a weekly dose of 12.5 mg/kg NNK and distilled water for 12 weeks through subcutaneous injection. After isolating the lung tissue, the expression of the Cyclin D1 gene was measured using Real Time PCR-ABI. One-way ANOVA parametric analysis and Tukey post hoc test were used to analyze the data at the significant level of P ≤ 0.05.

According to the results, the expression of Cyclin 1 gene was relatively reduced in Supplement NNK (P = 0.003) and Vehicle (P = 0.001) groups in comparison to the NNK group. Nevertheless, no significant difference was observed among the Supplement, Vehicle, and Control groups. We believe that Nigella sativa nano-capsule supplement reduced the relative changes of Cyclin 1 in the lung tissues exposed to carcinogen NNK.

Apparently, this supplement is capable of reducing Cyclin 1 level in cell cycle; hence, it can reduce the carcinogenic effects of NNK and the negative effects of smoking among other therapeutic methods.

Surfactant protein (SP-A) is most abundant surfactant protein in lungs and plays an important role in eliminating the infection and inflammatory mediators. Further, Adiantum capillus-veneris Linn (Pare-siavashan) composed elements such as flavonoids and saponins maidenhair and may play an effective role in inhibiting the inflammatory responses. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of interval training along with Adiantum capillus-veneris Linn supplementation on levels of SP-A in lung male rats.

Thirty male Wister rats with three weeks old and average weight of 68 ± 9 g were randomly divided into 2 groups including interval training and control groups. The interval training group was divided into three sub-groups including training, supplementation and training+supplementation groups after the end of 6-week interval .training.  The Adiantum capillus-veneris Linn herbal supplement were fed orally for 3 weeks, with the daily dose of 200 mg per kilogram of body weight.. The levels of lung SP-A was measured using Cusabio ELISA kit (China Company). The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and LSD tests at the significant level of p

The results showed no significant differences between lung SP_A levels after 6 (p=0.28) and 9 (p=0.14) weeks of interval training compared to control group; however SP_A significantly decreased in the training - Adiantum capillus-veneris Linn group (P=0.001) compared to other interventions.

Regarding the significant reduction of SP_A after interval training, it seems that supplementation may inhibit the pathophysiological effects of incremental trainings and to reduce the inflammatory parameters well and to strengthen the lung immunity.

Adaptation to attitude is a complementary exercise to increase athletes' fitness and physiological performance. The present study investigated the effect of high intensity interval training at the hypobaric hypoxia conditions on weight changes and endurance performance test in rats following a three-weeks tapering period.

In this experimental study, 25 males four weeks age Wistar rats with average weight (81±9 g) were randomly divided in two groups, exercise and control. Exercise group after the end of 6 weeks high intensity interval training (HIIT) (5 days per week, 30 minutes per session and at a speed of 15 to 70 meters per minute) divided into HIIT, Hypoxia, Taper and hypoxia with taper groups for 3 weeks. Weight changes and Endurance Test Performance were evaluated on the end of weeks. Analyzed is done with one-way ANOVA and TUKEY test at p<0.05.

The results showed that there are significant differences (p≤0.05) in fatigue times in hypoxic and taper-hypoxia groups with interval training group, respectively, 30.59 and 37.08. (p=0.001). Also, taper-hypoxic group showed the best performance to compare HIIT and control groups, that was increase significantly (p=0.001).

It seems that use of hypoxic training program and taper techniques have a positive effect on endurance performance and time to exhaustion however the use taper with hypoxia condition need to be evaluated in combination.

Glucose is the major substrate of the lung tissue under physiological conditions. However, the glucose transfer in the lung tissue during training has not received enough attention. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of HIIT on GLUT-1 and PDK1 expressions at mRNA level in lung tissue.  14 Wistar male rats (age: 4 weeks old, weight: 68±9 g) were randomly assigned to training and control groups. The training program included 9 weeks of HIIT which started with the speed of 25 m/min. and ended with the speed of 70 m/min. Following tissue sampling, RNA was extracted and cDNA was synthesized, and the expressions of genes were determined by real time RT-PCR technique. GLUT-1 gene expression decreased following 9 weeks of interval training compared with the control group and this change was not significant. Also, PDK1 expression increased following the training program and showed a significant difference with the control group during the 9 weeks (P≤0.05). According to the current results, it is likely that other substrates other than glucose are involved in metabolic pathways of the lung tissue during training.

Despite the traditional use of the Adiantum capillus-veneris plant, there is little evidence of its clinical effects.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of the Adiantum capillus-veneris extract on Immunohistochemical expression of Lung heat-Shock Proteins in rats exposed to hypoxia.

Twenty-four male Wistar rats (control: 8, training-hypoxia: 8, training-hypoxia-supplement: 8) without clinically evident disease were used. The rats were exposed to hypoxia environment for 3 week following 6 weeks interval training. Tweleve of the experimental samples were taken 500 ml Adiantum capillus-veneris extract per body weight (kg) in during exposure to hypoxia environment. Finally lung tissue was removed for immunohistochemistry tests of HSP70 and HSP90. To analyze of data, ANOVA test was used (α≤0.05).

Expression of HSP70 and HSP90 increased significantly in hypoxia group comparison with the control group (P≤0.05). Expression of HSP70 and HSP90 protein decreased significantly in the Supplement hypoxia group comparison with the hypoxia group (P≤0.05).

Reduction effects of Adiantum capillus-veneris extract on expression of the parenchyma lung heat- shock protein in hypoxia conditions was observed that probably indicate decreased oxidative stress in the lung.

One of the powerful carcinogens in tobacco is nicotine nitrosamine ketone (NNK), which can activate annexin a2 and develop the irritation of the lung. Since the Nigella sativa plays a vital role in treating cancer, the aim of this research was to evaluation of annexin a2 expression and histopathologic changes of lung tissue in rats exposed to NNK and Nigella sativa nanocapsules.

In this experimental research, 45 Wistar male and female rats with average weight and standard deviation of 103.83 ± 23.48 grams were haphazardly separated into five groups including supplement, supplement + NNK, NNK, saline and control. NNK-induced groups received NNK subcutaneously one day per week at a rate of 12.5 mg/kg/bw. Supplemented groups similarly consumed Nigella sativa nanocapsules for 12 weeks at 12.5 μg / kg body weight. Annexin a2 expression in lung tissue were quantified by immunohistochemistry technique. One-way ANOVA and tukey’s multiple comparisons test were utilized for analyzing the data.

Exposure to NNK significantly augmented annexin a2 expression compared to the saline group (P<0.001). On the other hand, a period of Nigella sativa nanocapsules consumption significantly decreased the annexin a2 expression in supplement + NNK group compared to the NNK group (P<0.001).

It seems that Nigella sativa nanocapsules consumption along with other therapeutic methods, can be useful in reducing the role of carcinogenic NNK and inflammation caused by cigarette smoke.