شریف ترکمن نژاد

Every day, all over the world, some people suffer and die due to corruption in the health sector. Corruption in the health system affects the access of vulnerable groups (who do not have sufficient knowledge and financial resources) to health care and vital and essential medicines, which can be from the highest to the lowest level. Its main effect can be to reduce the impact of health care on patients. Corruption affects health policy and spending priorities and can have a direct negative impact on the availability and quality of patient care and endanger the health of people in the community.

The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of health science students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences about the outbreak of water and foodborne diseases in 2017.
In this descriptive and analytic study, 335 students from school of Health and school of Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) were randomly assigned to the study. Data collecting tool was a researcher-made questionnaire containing 61 questions. The data were analyzed using SPSS 18 software.
The mean and standard deviation of knowledge, attitude and practice of students were (66.15 ± 61.15), (66.63 ± 14.68) ± 66.33 and (±21.55) ±65.96, respectively. Only 13.7, 6.6 and 24.5% of students had a good knowledge, attitude and good performance regarding the subject. Mean score of knowledge, attitude and practice among students of the School of Health was more than the students of HSE. The results showed a significant relationship between knowledge and attitude (p According to the average level of knowledge, attitude and practice of students, it seems necessary to plan for an effective intervention in order to improve the level of education of students who are studying in the field of health and will be the trustee of public health as people who guide other sectors of society.

Health inequality and inequity had been assessed in many studies within and between countries. Reducing this inequity can be achieved through the adjustment of social determinants of health and primary healthcare. These two paradigms, social determinants of health and primary healthcare, are the main concerns of policy making in health care system.
The aim of this study was to design a model for integrating social determinant of health into primary healthcare system. The implementation of this model can help to reduce health inequalities and promote health equity.
This study was conducted in two phases. First, the integration models were compared between selected countries. Then, based on the results obtained and the capabilities of Iranian primary healthcare system, we designed and proposed an integration model of social determinants of health in primary healthcare system for Islamic Republic of Iran.
Successful integration of social determinants of health in the health system requires policymaking and an appropriate mechanism that include policies, a comprehensive healthcare system, welfare system and the evaluation strategies and indicators.
We proposed a model of integration of social determinants of health compatible with the Iran’s primary healthcare system. This model contains three levels, national, meso, and micro level. Implementing this model is more likely to improve the health equity indicators.

Job satisfaction is an important variable in the area of organizational behavior. Without job satisfaction it is not possible to achieve organizational goals. Therefore the purpose of this study was to assess job satisfaction among Shomal health center of Tehran personnel affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. This cross- sectional study was a descriptive-analytical one. Shomal health center of Tehran personnel with at least six months of work experience participated in the study. Data were collected by demographic characteristics and the Minnesota Satisfaction questionnaire. Job satisfaction was categorized into six areas and five levels. Reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed through Chronbach’s alpha calculation. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS- 18 software. Two hundreds and Fifty-nine personnel participated in the study. The mean (SD) of overall satisfaction score was 50.1(12.3) from 100. The study showed that job satisfaction of financial facilities and welfare, educational facilities and job promotion, politics and policy management, quality of human relations, Job security and professional social status were 40%, 43.4%, 53.4%, 66.6%, 54.3% and 57.4%, respectively. Statistical analysis showed a significant relationship between gender and occupational field. Improving the physical conditions at workplace, increasing employee participation in decision-making, the relative increase in salary, Encouraging personnel, job promotion and intimate relationships between them can lead to increase job satisfaction among employees.

Healthy eating in adolescent girls has a crucial role in normal growth and reducing the incidence of chronic disease related to nutrition in adulthood. The purpose of this study was to determine high school girl's eating behaviors in north of Tehran. In this cross-sectional study, 722 female students who were selected randomly from public high schools in four districts of Tehran participated. Demographic variables and nutritional status were evaluated using systematic interviews with them by health professionals. Anthropometric parameters were also assessed. Most girls (42.4%) had a normal BMI. The mean (SD) of daily consumption of fruits, vegetables and dairy products were 2 (1.1), 1.8 (1), 1.9 (1.07) servings, respectively. The mean (SD) of weekly intake of red meat, poultry, fish, eggs and beans were 3.08 (2), 3.15 2.9), 0.95 (0.9), 2.6 (2.9) and 2.2 (1.2) times, respectively. The mean (SD) frequency of eating breakfast was 4.9 (2.6) times per week. 16.9% of girls never consumed fast foods. Girls who do not consume salty snacks and fast foods per week, had significantly normal BMI (p<0.05). Low-fat milk consumption, daily consumption breakfast and non consumption of fruits were significantly associated with social status (p<0.05). Do not eating breakfast had significant association with BMI (p<0.05). The consumption of major food groups in this study was lower than the recommended amounts. Further research is needed to determine enabling and reinforcing factors to healthy eating behaviors. Also, improvement attitudes and empowerment of adolescent girls to adopt healthy eating behaviors can be effective.

Under 5-years mortality year is one of the most important indicators of development and health in the countries. Therefore, generating accurate picture of child mortality in order to evaluate the death causes and identifying the avoidable factors for designing the interventions and preventing similar death is necessary. The present study aimed to investigate the causes of deaths in 1 to 59 months children in the area covered by Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in 2012. In this descriptive cross-sectional study that conducted from March 2012 to March 2013, all of 1 to 59 months children deaths in the area covered by Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences were investigated. Required data was extracted from registration forms of the child health office of ministry of health and medical education. The total number of deaths in 1 to 59 months children was 383. The highest frequency of death was observed in the children who aged between 1 to 12 months (57.8%). More than half of the children who died were boy (52.5%). Totally, the most common causes of death were congenital and chromosomal abnormalities (17.5%), injuries (15.4%) and cancers (11.2%). Based on the results, designing interventions such as genetic counseling in high risk couples, training of the parent and children for prevention of injuries and public awareness about the warning symptom of the cancers and respiratory system disease in order to reduce the children deaths is essential.

According to the World Health Organization's approach on health and the importance of the social determinants of health on provision of public health, a set of 52 indicators were established to assess the equity of health in Iran. The health care‘s function will be evaluated based on these indicators. In this study we attempted to introduce a new instrument and assess the ability of these indicators in measuring the equity of health. In this descriptive-analytic study, by reviewing the national and international resources, in order to assessing the appropriateness of equity in health indicators a new instrument was introduced and validated by the expert's opinions. Finally each of the 52 Iranian health equity Indicators evaluated by using this instrument. The instrument’s internal consistency measured in a pilot study on 20 indicator that previously confirmed by the World Health Organization and Cranach’s Alpha was 0.9 -0.975. The evaluation of the health equity indicators using mentioned instrument showed that six from 52 health equity indicators did not match the appropriate standard to be used as a national determinant of health disparities. This study showed that six from 52 Iranian health equity indicators did not appropriate. It proposed that some indicator such as vaccination coverage and housing could be added to these indicators.

This study reviews the prevalence of present as well as prior history of sexual abuse and depression among the street children of South Tehran. Using K-SADS, 87 street children as the subjects of the study from District 12 of Tehran were screened for depression. The prevalence of their experience of sexual abuse was assessed through clinical interviews. The average age of the subjects was 11 years. 56 children (64%) were boys and 31 children (36%) were girls. The results showed that 26 girls (86.7%) and 27 boys (48.2%) were diagnosed with depression. Significant co-relations were indicated between depression and the following variables: fathers’ history of imprisonment, fathers’ unemployment, and family income provided by someone other than the father. The findings also demonstrated that 18 subjects (20.9%) had been victims of sexual abuse in 55.5% of the cases, the abuse was committed by a stranger. No significant co-relations were found between sexual abuse with depression, drug abuse, cigarette smoking, or other variables under study. The high prevalence of depression and sexual abuse among homeless children demands serious attention from both governmental and non-governmental organizations in provision of protection and education for these children. Special attention invested in this stratum of the society is quite indispensable in the eradication of venereal diseases and the prevention of the spread of AIDS.