شعیب بهمن

The new Islamic civilization, which is considered an emerging term, has been proposed in recent years by Ayatollah Khamenei, the leader of the Islamic Revolution, and observes that the victory of the Islamic Revolution is a turning point for huge changes that can eventually take the form of lead to a new civilization in the Islamic world. One of the important requirements for achieving modern Islamic civilization is having an Islamic-Iranian model for progress. Based on this, presenting a model that is in accordance with Islamic teachings, while preserving local culture and values, does not have the complications and unfortunate consequences of western models, and includes the material and spiritual aspects of progress, is an important issue that can ultimately lead to civilization. Novin Islami will end. Considering the importance of the topic, this article aims to answer the question, "What role and influence can the Iranian Islamic model of progress play in the formation of the modern Islamic civilization?" In response to this question, the hypothesis of the debate is explained as follows: "Iranian Islamic model of progress with an emphasis on spirituality based on the religion of Islam can become the basis for recognizing talents and making proper use of them, and for optimal progress in all dimensions and with the least damage, and has a tremendous impact on The formation of the new Islamic civilization will pass."

The Ukraine crisis is considered a reflection of systematic and organized conflicts that have accumulated between Russia and the West during the years after the collapse of the Soviet Union. At the same time, the war in Ukraine can be seen as the manifestation of the conflict between the great powers over the formation of the future world order. Despite the fact that Western countries tried to put the Kremlin under severe pressure by using the option of sanctions after Russia's military attack on Ukraine, they ultimately failed to change Russia's attitude. In the meantime, the passage of time has shown that the imposition of economic sanctions against Russia can act as a boomerang whose consequences will also affect the western countries themselves. The great economic dependence between Russia and European countries on the one hand, and at the same time Russia's potential reaction and the imposition of reciprocal sanctions that can emerge in areas such as energy, will confront Western countries with greater risks, which will bring the world to the worst point of It is time to end the Cold War. Therefore, it is very important to check the effectiveness of sanctions and also the status of sanctions in the scenarios facing the war in Ukraine.

Turkey has gone through two relatively different periods since the AKP came to power: In the first period, Turkey experienced a period of stability and security because of the right policies adopted by the AKP; But in the second period, which began around 2010 with the intensification of developments in the Middle East, Turkey also fell into the trap of insecurity and instability due to its wrong and sometimes mistake policies. While the AKP has managed to overcome some security crises in recent years and to control and manage them to a large extent. Of course, some of these crises remain and no solution has been found for them. Therefore, considering the impact that Turkey's security and stability will have on the security of the Islamic Republic of Iran, as well as Turkey's position in Iran's foreign policy, it is important to examine the country's internal security perspective over the next 10 years.
Accordingly, the present article seeks to answer the fundamental question of what will be the security situation in Turkey in the next 10 years and what scenarios may arise in this country?

Security patterns, willingly or unwillingly, affect the countries that use them. For example, countries that have used the models and theories of the liberal school of security have subconsciously had close relations with European countries and the United States. On the other hand, countries that have used the theories of the realist school have put increasing military capability and self-help on their agenda. Meanwhile, the current of resistance that has formed in the years after the victory of the Islamic Revolution of Iran in the West Asian region has its own view of security, which is very different from Western theories and approaches to this concept; Because while in most Western theories of international relations, security is based on states; The Axis of Resistance has a distinct perspective and a people- based view of security; In a way, this view has contributed significantly to the formation of people- based security in the region. Although this view is well reflected in the field of regional developments, it has not yet been seriously processed in the field of theoretical studies. Accordingly, the present paper attempts to address the various dimensions and angles of people-based security as a concept derived from resistance in the West Asian region.

The years after the collapse of the Soviet Union, which made the United States the only superpower of the world is about to finish. In recent years, as the power of the U.S has diminished internationally, the role of countries seeking to fill Washington's vacancy has grown. Meanwhile, a country like China is trying to use the mistakes of the United States quickly, and in the vacuum created, to strengthen its position to fill the vacancy of world leadership. In terms of strategic relations and geopolitical processes, China's growing position and power in recent years has been very important. China's rise to power in the economic sphere has raised the question of to what extent does it want to play a role in political and security processes at the international level? The extent of China's resistance in the international system, despite all the progress it has made, largely depends on its interaction with the United States. Evidence shows that Beijing-Washington relations will fluctuate between tension and calm in the short and medium-term.

Government and politics in Russia as a country with deep historical roots is very complicated. After collapse of the Soviet Union, it is for first time that Russia has established a democratic political system but definition of democracy in this country is different with common definitions of democracy. Especially long presence of Putin in the power and his position in Russia has gained a lot of importance. Hence, because of importance of reforms in constitution laws of Russia and also different scenarios that are possible for political future of Putin, this article deals about goals and results of future changes in Russia. So this article using elitism democracy framework tries to evaluate political events of Russia with the focus on reforms of constitution law and political future of Vladimir Putin.

In recent years, Russian foreign policy has shown the use of various tools to achieve Moscow's goals and objectives. Russian foreign policy is based on pragmatism, economic efficiency and the priority of national goals and the Kremlin leaders have repeatedly pointed to the need to use different sources of power and methods to achieve their goals. Vladimir Putin's independent foreign policies on the one hand greatly have enhanced Russia's position in the international system and on the other hand increased the confrontation between Moscow and the West. However, Russia's return to the international environment after the disordered conditions of the 1990s has also faced threats and restrictions. The results of the assessments of this article show that the persistence of rivalry with the West, the economic weaknesses and the future management of foreign policy after Putin's presence in power are among the issues that could affect Russia's foreign relations in the coming years.

Russia has enjoyed a relatively good standing in the foreign policy of Iran over the past years. Part of this position relates to Iran's position in the international system, especially the imposition of international sanctions, and partly because of its relatively uniform stance on important global issues. Meanwhile, US unilateral sanctions against the Islamic Republic of Iran, which have been imposed since Washington's exit from Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPA), have created difficult conditions for Tehran-Moscow relations. Especially since the sanctions are not limited to Iran and include companies and countries that cooperate with Iran. Therefore, given the importance of the relationship with Russia in the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the present paper addresses the question, "What capacity does Russia have to circumvent or mitigate US sanctions against Iran?" The research findings show under sanctions, Russia can help Iran in four areas: oil sales, banking, providing strategic goods and expanding regional cooperation.

The Central Asian region is of great importance to Iran because of its religious, ethnic, cultural, historical and civilizations shares with I. R. Iran have. the following article seeks to answer the question, "What are the factors affecting the future developments in the Central Asian region and what kind of relationship do they have with I. R. Iran?” The approach of the present study is “mixed” and based on purpose; it is an “applied- developmental” research. The target population consisted of 32 experts and experts in the area. In order to collect the required information for compiling research literature, "library studies" using "catch-up" tools, and "field studies", using "semi-structured interviews" and "closed questionnaires", were used to collect the actual data.. Interview questions and questionnaires were confirmed by experts in both aspect and content validity. The reliability coefficient (Cronbach's alpha) was calculated 0.906 using SPSS software, indicating high reliability of the questionnaire. "Shannon entropy method" was used to analyze the quantitative data collected by "descriptive statistics or parameters" and also to rank the importance of questionnaire propositions. Thus, all influential actors in the three groups; local actors (ethnicities, religions, movements and other local actors), regional and international, mentioning the type of relationship each had with I. R. Iran, as well as the extent of its impact on the future of regional developments, are identified and ranked, and finally, strategies to provide grounds for the expansion of presence and influence I. R. Iran has been suggested in this area.

In recent years, a trend has grown in Turkey, though it know itself influenced by the thoughts of Said Nursi, a distinguished Muslim Turk scholar, but has presented a new model in various ways. This trend, which is generally blended with the name of its leader, Fethullah Gulen, is also known as the Congregation of Service, the Noorchis Flow and the Gulen community. Not only this trend known as one of the major trends in the modern Turkey but also in the region is known as an influential one, and has been growing in recent years in areas such as the Balkans, Central Asia and the Caucasus, Africa and even the United States. Considering the importance this trend has had over the past years in Turkish society, politics and economy, as well as the fact that Gulen's trend is intellectually and ideologically competitive and even contradictory to the revolutionary Islamic model of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and over the past few years, its Anti-Shiite and anti-Iranian positions have increased, the study of the nature and extent of the religious and political influence of this trend is of great importance. Accordingly, the main focus of this paper is on the epistemology of the Fethullah Gulen trend  in Turkey.
 

New developments, particularly the power of the terrorist groups in Western Asia and the chaos of countries like Syria and Iraq, have created new conditions that have brought about changes in the policies of the Central Asian countries towards the issue of extremism and terrorism. One of these new developments is the possibility of the emergence of ISIS in Central Asia. Given the importance of the issue, the present article seeks to answer this fundamental question: "What are the implications and causes for the emergence of ISIS in Central Asia?" In order to answer this question, while investigating the internal and external factors affecting the emergence of ISIS in the region also studies the consequences of the activities of this terrorist group.

This article aims to formulate future scenarios of Islamic Awakening developments in Central Asia. This goal-based research is an "applied-developmental" research.  The population of the study consisted of 32 experts who were purposefully selected from the region.  In order to collect the required information for compiling research literature from library studies using surveying tools and for collecting real data field studies using semi-structured interview tools and closed questionnaires were used. Interview questions and questionnaires were approved by the experts in terms of both visual and content validity. The reliability coefficient (Cronbach's alpha) was calculated 0.842 using  Spss which indicates high reliability of the questionnaire. "Shannon entropy method" was used to analyze the quantitative data collected by "descriptive statistics or parameters" and also to rank the importance of the questionnaire step statements. Islamic awakening scenarios have been developed in the region based on the optimized Global Business Network model. Based on the key uncertainties cited, the plausible scenarios of Islamic awakening in Central Asia intersect with the three axes of Islamism (in line with the ideals of the Islamic, secular, and Takfiri Islamic Revolution) and the way in which the republics interact with the region. I. R. Iran (convergence and divergence) is formed. Thus, four scenarios have been written about the brilliant Islamic civilization, the Silk Road, the Turkish coffee, and the fall of spring.

In recent years, various countries have expressed their willingness to join to the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Some of these countries, such as India and Pakistan, have become permanent members of this organization, and others remain as observers or partners. Meanwhile, the issue of Iran's permanent membership in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, which has been repeatedly raised over the past years, has faced various challenges and obstacles that have prevented this from happening until now. This is despite the fact that Iran's membership in this organization has significant benefits. Considering the importance of this issue, the present article seeks to address the barriers of Tehran's non-membership in this organization by looking at Iran's capacities and position in the organization and discuss the prospects of this issue. The research findings indicate that both internal factors and external factors have contributed to the non permanent membership of Iran in the SCO.

Thoughts Ayatollah Khamenei is of utmost importance about the Islamic-Iranian pattern of progress. This article seeks to answer the fundamental question that "What are the necessity factors to creation of Islamic-Iranian pattern of progress from the perspective of Ayatollah Khamenei?". The research findings, based on analysis of statements, comments and discussion of Ayatollah Khamenei about the Islamic-Iranian pattern of progress. The failure of Western patterns of development (the concept of one-dimensional, non-religious nature of the material and worldly goals), indigenous and independent definition of progress (noncompliance with Western patterns and theories of development, Determine the theoretical principles and methods of realization of the pattern from Islamic sources, localized experiences and achievements of other nations theories and patterns, and design appropriate to the cultural and historical features of Iran), and explanation a pattern based on indexes and pillars of Islam (Monotheism, Resurrection, lack of separation in this world and the hereafter, Spiritual Vision, to human, the government, the Justice and immaterial look at the economy) Including the necessity of creation of Islamic-Iranian pattern of progress from the perspective of Ayatollah Khamenei.

An Investigation on the historical path of Western models and their effectiveness shows that these models have played an important role in directing the attitude of different countries, especially the Islamic countries; such that the countries which have used the Western models of development have been somehow dependent on the great powers that have invented and supported these models. Due to the impact of Western models of development on Islamic countries, the Islamic-Iranian model of development, posed by Iran's leadership, has lead to paying attention to its foreigner aspects and its application in the world of Islam; this is because such a model cannot be [merely] addressed to the interior due to the transcendental purposes of the Islamic revolution [of Iran]. Therefore I will try to answer the following basic question in this writing: "how can the Islamic-Iranian model of development be posed as an effective model in the world of Islam?" Answering the mentioned question and pointing how the theoretical teachings of the Western models of development impact on Islamic countries, this article will try to explain how the Islamic-Iranian pattern of development will affect the world of Islam.

In the years after the victory of the Islamic Revolution, it was believed that the construction of power and politics in Iran due to the ideological nature of the political system as well as the goals of the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic regarding the defense of Muslims and liberation movements on the one hand and the nature and characteristics of power and politics structure in the region on the other hand, makes it impossible for any management and control of trans-regional powers to be made. However, the type of Iran's management in regional crises and its authority that emerged in shaping the Islamic Resistance Front showed that Iran has the opportunity and chance to control trans-national powers and even making coalition with them, and if necessary, can take such an approach in its foreign policy. An important example of Iran's coalition in regional crises is in the Syrian crisis that Iran-Russia agreement brought big changes in the region and even brought global consequences. This agreement showed that the Islamic Republic of Iran is capable of making coalition with the opposition like United States. In spite of all the challenges and considerations, cooperation with Russia in the Syrian case is one example of the Islamic Republic of Iran play in regional and international era, which succeeded in changing the conditions of Syria to the benefit of the resistance front. At the same time, Russia's cooperation with Iran and Hezbollah in Syria has led to a series of debates on the expansion of Moscow's ties with the resistance front. Although the term "resistance front" is not well-established for the Russians, and they are more likely to use the term "Shiite Crescent", which is prevalent in Western and Arabic countries, but in any case, Russia's close cooperation with the main elements of the resistance front, such as Iran, Syria, Iraq and Hezbollah, puts forward the question "What influence does regional authority of Iran have on the management and control of trans-regional powers, including Russia?"

Justice is one of the most important value of spiritual values during the history of human civilization and has been favored by thinkers of different schools. It is effective for a political system to determine approach to issue of justice for designing and codifying theories and models of development. This paper tries to respond to this question that “what are distinctive features of justice in comparing the Iranian-Islamic model of progress with western models of development?” while comparing the place of justice in the Iranian-Islamic model of progress with western models of development. To achieve this objective, comparative, analytic and descriptive methodology has been used and validated Islamic sources and statements of the supreme leader, Ayatollah Khamenei have been referred to in order to make inferences. The findings show that the Iranian-Islamic model of progress is seriously distinctive from the western models of development in defining justice, desirable politico-economic system, determining justice-liberty relation, development-progress and justice and role of state in establishing justice and illustrating its final goals for establishing justice.

Especially by taking the conflicts between Iran and Israel in to account, Russia's return to the Near East and its acts on the Syrian crisis has raised serious questions about regional role-playing of this country. Actually, having appropriate relations both with Iran and Israel at the same time is one of the most complicated issues in Moscow’s foreign relations. Therefore, the present discussion is to answer the question that “how has Russia managed the issue of Iran-Israel conflict in its regional acts?” The findings as mentioned some below assert that Russia has not paid much attention to Israeli’s demands toward following issues: continuing the relation and cooperation with Iran, positive attitude toward Iran’s regional influence, cooperation with Hezbollah, and military presence in Syria in favor of Assad's government.

Justice has always been given considerable attention by man, (History) however, he has investigated this issue more in the realm of theory not in the world of action and generally, not comparatively and only in micro level! (Background) Therefore, it is not surprising that a comparison of justice in the liberal and Islamic viewpoints based on the viewpoint of Ayatollah Khamenei in the Islamic-Iranian pattern of progress is not available! (Problem) Thus, the present article seeks to answer the following question: What are the positions and differences of justice in the Islamic-Iranian pattern of progress and the liberal patterns of development and in the form of the ideas of Ayatollah Khamenei? (Question) From our viewpoint, these differences are substantial and can be analyzed in nature, knowledge and methodological dimensions. (Hypothesis) The present article tries to identify the differences between the Islamic-Iranian pattern of progress and the liberal patterns of development regarding the issue of justice (Objective) by using descriptive, analytical, and comparative methods and by referring to reliable Islamic sources and the words of Ayatollah Khamenei. (Methodology) In liberal patterns, attention to worldly life results in ignoring the role of justice in development, justice in the Islamic-Iranian pattern of progress and in the form of the ideas of Ayatollah Khamenei means avoiding discrimination, and progress based on justice is regarded as laying the ground for reaching the pure life. (Finding)

Considering the significant post 9/11 crises in West Asia region, the crises of Afghanistan, Iraq and Syria could be cited. Although each crisis in the West Asia region has its own characteristics that distinguishes one from another analysis of crises in the countries -Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria and Yemen- shows that military conflict and war were one part of it. A common remarkable point in all the crises in West Asia region is their relevance to Iran, i.e. each of the crises has somehow sought to undermine Iran's regional power and role. Accordingly Iran’s methods of confrontment as well as management of the crises in West Asia are of the essence. Therefor the article is seeking to answer “"What role does Quds Force of Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps play in managing West Asian crises and to determine what were the ramifications of this managment?"