شهرام تقی زاده انصاری

In this paper, while making a short reference to the different goals Orientalists and travelers follow in Iran, the author examines the purpose of Heinrich von Poser, the German Iranologist, from traveling to Constantinople, Iran, and India. This paper has been written based on Professor Friedrich Kochwasser’s studies on Poser' s notes following a descriptive-library method. Here, the author has also dealt with Poser's view of the cultures, customs, traditions, and languages of eastern nations. He was greatly interested in traveling and observing the nature of far-off lands. It seems that he traveled to Iran (Shiraz, Isfahan, Yazd, Tabriz, and Birjand) for the sake of pleasure, which greatly motivated him to study this country at the same time.

The present paper aims to introduce the cultural and literary works of Iran in Germanspeaking countries, including Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. German-speaking Iranologists initially conducted a series of research endeavors on Orientalism and then mainly focused on the study of Iranian literature in the above-mentioned countries. Presently, the most important Iranology center in Europe is located in Germany. Iran and Germany share several cultural features, both have the same ancestor, and their languages (Persian and German) belong to the Indo-European language family. Based on the results of this study (which was conducted following the library method), most of the efforts in the field of Iranology have concentrated on the translation and publication of Iranian literary, classical, and gnostic books, Persian language and orthography, Persian linguistics, and history of Iran. Today, it can be claimed that the research products of German-speaking Iranologists are among the most important sources and references for studies in relation to Iran.

In the present article, the author tries to review general ideas about relation between science and religion and, while doing so, he explains Einstein's view to science and religion. The essence of Einstein's view is that not only science and religion are not in conflict, but they are in harmony and have mutual influences. He has summarized his own idea in this famous sentence "Science without religion is lame, religion without science is blind".

In this article, the author shows the way to bring analytic philosophy close to phenomenology through raising well-proportioned questions. For this reason, at first, he tries to bring analytic philosophy and phenomenology close to each other, so that, finally he may be able to show that the implanted organ resulted in phenomenology is able to be a beginning for a relation between analytic philosophy and existentialism. According to Husserl, outline of the problem, at least from a formal point of view, is very similar to the outline of Frege's main question. He tries to show development of the two in parallel through acquisition of formal syllogisms, taking into account simultaneously of difference of phenomena in terms of contents, and with the help of understandable tools in solution of the problem. Two final points are that, in Husserl's theory, "ego-constitution" has many common points with existentialism; and according to him, the task of phenomenology is to study structures of "bioworld" and rules governing it.