شهریار غریب زاده

Changes in corticospinal excitability will cause a change in the neural output and finally the maximum force will be changed. Various training and non-training factors affect this neuromuscular response and it seems that the intensity of the intervention is one of the effective factors in this regard. Based on this, the present study sought to investigate the response of corticospinal excitability to different intensities of postactivation potentiation in young trained subjects.

Eight young men (24.8±2.70 year) performed the research protocol in three separate sessions with preparatory contractions during the handgrip movement with intensities of 20, 50 and 80% root mean square of maximal voluntary contraction. Several times after that, the amount of corticospinal excitability, the electrical activity of the flexor carpi radialis muscle (FCR) and the maximum force in the hangrip were measured with a dynamometer. Then, the results were extracted by using the statistical method of repeated-measures analysis of variance at a significance level of p<0.05.

The amplitude of motor evoked potential increased after preparatory contraction with intensity of 20%, but it decreased significantly after intensity of 50% and 80%; so that, there was no significant difference between the intensity of 50% and 80%. On the other hand, the amount of voluntary force measured by the maximum voluntary contraction did not show any significant change as well as the electrical activity immediately and after 5 minutes of preparatory contraction.

None of the changes in corticospinal excitability were associated with changes in muscle strength and electrical activity. Therefore, there is a complex interaction between changes in supraspinal excitability following preparatory contractions and their effect on an individual’s ability to improve or maintain force output, and further investigations are needed in this area.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of wearing a face mask on face perception in children with autism spectrum disorders. 18 children (13 boys, 5 girls) with high functioning autism and normal intelligence in the age range of 7 to 12 years old (Mage = 9.917, SD = 1.7342) participated in the research using an available sampling method. The participants in this research performed a face recognition and discrimination task that included familiar and unfamiliar faces for the child. During the task, the number and duration of fixations in the areas of interest (AOI) were recorded by an eye tracker. Finally, the dependent t-test method was used to analyze the collected data. The results showed that when comparing familiar and unfamiliar faces with face mask, as well as, when comparing familiar and unfamiliar faces without face mask, the number and duration of fixations in the different AOIs are not significantly different. Also, for familiar and unfamiliar faces separately, the number and duration of fixations in the eye area was not significantly different from the face mask area. The pattern of the results obtained from comparing familiar faces with and without face mask was similar to the pattern of the results obtained from the comparison of unfamiliar faces with and without face mask. Overall, the findings indicate that the face mask has a similar effect on the pattern of looking at familiar and unfamiliar faces. Furthermore, the way we look at the eye area is almost comparable to that of the face mask area.

Brands play a pivotal role in establishing connections with customers, transcending mere commercial transactions to foster sustainable and profitable relationships. These roles manifest themselves in functional, symbolic, and emotional domains, sometimes even evolving into emotional bonds between individuals and brands. Brand personality is considered a critical element in brand differentiation and positioning strategies. It has attracted significant attention from researchers and marketers over the past three decades, leading to numerous studies in this field. Given the increasing research in brand studies in recent years, with more researchers expected to focus on this area, a comprehensive analysis of its conceptual structure is of paramount importance. This study aims to review articles on brand personality published in reputable international journals and analyze publication trends to identify opportunities for future research.
 

This study employs a systematic literature review approach to identify publication trends in brand personality in the Web of Science database to determine future research opportunities. The methodology involves a five-step literature review process: identification, selection, eligibility, and inclusion. Each article was carefully reviewed to extract relevant information such as publication year, authors, research methods, findings, and conclusions. The extracted information was analyzed to identify trends in research topics, methodologies, and theoretical frameworks. Based on the analysis, research gaps and opportunities for future studies were identified.
 

A total of 1,069 articles on brand personality were reviewed in the Web of Science database. The analysis revealed several key trends: First, the number of publications on brand personality has steadily increased over the past three decades, indicating growing interest in this field. Second, the most frequently studied topics include brand personality dimensions, measurement scales, consumer responses, and brand personality management strategies. Third, quantitative methods, particularly surveys and experiments, are the most commonly used approaches in brand personality research. Fourth, a wide range of theoretical frameworks have been applied to study brand personality, including social identity theory, self-congruity theory, and brand anthropomorphism. Additionally, a scientometric analysis was conducted, including co-occurrence analysis, co-citation analysis, and thematic analysis of the brand personality field using VOSviewer © software and the Bibliometrix R tool. Using scientometric analysis of keywords, clusters of frequently used keywords were created as thematic areas. The outputs generated from the analysis of studies published in the Web of Science in the field of brand personality identified specific research gaps that may be relevant for future studies in this area.
 

This study provides a comprehensive review and analysis of articles related to brand personality in reputable international journals. The identified research trends and gaps can assist researchers interested in brand personality in publishing articles or books by guiding topic selection. The identified research gaps and future research directions can inspire researchers and practitioners to develop new approaches in the field of brand personality. This study contributes to the advancement of knowledge in brand personality research and provides valuable insights for future research endeavors.

Ethical perspectives in moral psychology are used as a basis for understanding and measuring moral judgments. This construct can be used to predict and explain ethical decisions. Among the most fundamental and common views in the classification of moral perspectives is the utilitarian/deontological dichotomy. In this study, the Ethical Perspective Questionnaire (Survey of Ethical Theoretic Aptitudes) was investigated for its factorial structure and psychometric properties.               

the design of the study was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of methodology. In total, 245 (51 males) residents of Tehran, over 18 years of age, participated in the study and were selected via an online invitation. They then filled out an Ethical Perspectives Questionnaire. This study investigated the internal consistency of items, content validity (with the participation of experts in psychology and measurement), and construct validity (using confirmatory factor analysis). For the statistical analysis, SPSS-23 and AMOS-23 were used.

The results revealed that the internal consistency coefficient of the items was at an acceptable level (α = 0.78). Additionally, the content validity coefficient was in line with the criteria (CVR = 0.78). The results of confirmatory factor analysis also supported the 15-item single-factor scale.

The Persian version of the Ethical Perspectives Questionnaire has acceptable psychometric properties in the population of adults living in Tehran and can be used as an appropriate instrument to assess ethical perspectives in the studies of moral psychology.

The aim of this study was to compare Compassion Focused Therapy (CFT) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on improving the attentional bias to negative stimuli in individuals with depression symptoms. For this purpose, 42 volunteers were selected and were randomly divided into three groups of 14 people. Participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory (DBI) and the Computational Emotional Stroop Test as pretest. Then the first group received CFT according to Gilbert ten-session protocol, the second group received five sessions of anodal tDCS over F3 area with current of 2 mA and 20 minutes duration, along with CFT, and the third group only underwent tDCS. The results of statistical analysis with non-parametric tests showed that there was a significant effect on cognitive bias and no effect on depression symptoms and the effectiveness in the combined group on attention bias was higher than the third group. Therefore, combined intervention and then electrical stimulation intervention are recommended to improve attention bias

This study delves into the concept of consciousness in the Qur'an, comparing it with cognitive science. While cognitive science views consciousness as a function of the brain, the Qur'an employs various terms such as soul (al-nafs), heart (al-qalb, al-ṣadr and al-afʾidah), hearing (al-samʿ), sight (al-baṣar), etc. to describe tools of consciousness. In order to explore the Qur'anic perspective on consciousness and its compatibility with cognitive science, an in-depth analysis of relevant areas pertaining to human consciousness, as well as the capacities of the heart and brain, is essential. Employing an analytical-comparative method with an extra-religious perspective, we extract cognitive terminology associated with consciousness from the Qur'an. By employing graph-based tools to create and analyze a conceptual map of these terms, we find that soul, heart, hearing, and sight emerge as crucial tools for generating consciousness. Of these, the Qur'an highlights the human soul as the primary tool for acquiring and processing consciousness, distinct from the spirit (al-rūḥ). This soul is balanced in such a way that it can collaborate with the body and brain of the human to achieve consciousness.

This study aimed to comparison of the effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) and Transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) combined with cognitive training on working memory performance of people with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. For this purpose, 45 children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in zahedan city were purposefully selected as the research sample. Subjects were divided into three groups: tDCS, tRNS and placebo group. Subjects in the experimental groups received 5 sessions of electrical stimulation (tDCS and tRNS) with an interval of 24 hours between each session; placebo group also received fake stimulation (non-effective). At the same time, all subjects also received cognitive rehabilitation of working memory. All subjects were evaluated before and after the stimulation and one week after the stimulation using the N-back task and the Wechsler Digit span test. The data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance. The results showed that in the tDCS group, there was a significant difference in most working memory components from the pre-test stage to the follow-up (p<0.001). In the tRNS group, a significant difference was found in the component of direct digit span and reverse digit span in the research stages. In the comparison between the two experimental groups, the effectiveness of the tDCS group was higher than that of the tRNS group. Also, no significant difference was found in most of the components between the tRNS and placebo groups (p>0.05). Overall, the results of this study show that tDCS was more effective than tRNS in working memory and this method can be used together with other treatments to improve the working memory of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

The present study has aimed to investigate the developmental trajectories of cognitive intelligence in Iranian preschoolers to provide earlier prevention or intervention. The study sample was 433 healthy Iranian children (girl=47.8%) from Tehran, Bandar Abbas, Mashhad, Zarand, and Tabriz, who ranged from 48 to 78 months. The third Persian version of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence was used to assess cognitive intelligence. A positive moderate (.3<r<.7) significant Pearson correlation was observed among 22 cases out of 42 correlations. It indicates a high internal correlation of cognitive components. The results of ANOVA showed no significant difference among Verbal Intelligence, Performance Intelligence, and overall Intelligence, in boys and girls. Results of the Kruskal-Wallis test showed there were significant differences among developmental trajectories of Verbal Intelligence, Performance Intelligence, and overall Intelligence among the six-month age groups, which were followed up by the Games-Howell post-hoc test. Significant increase (p<.01) in cognitive intelligence at 48 to 78 months of age indicates that this age is one of the critical periods associated with the development of cognitive ability. Founded developmental trajectories in present study, can help administrators and professionals to cause better planning for early childhood.

The issue of perception and its relationship with external reality is one of the old issues in philosophy that has received more attention, especially in recent centuries, with the emergence of issues related to epistemology. This issue has also been studied in contemporary cognitive sciences. The most important studies in this field belong to researchers in the field of visual perception. More traditional theories in this field claim that the perceptual apparatus will be effective when it can represent external reality as accurately as possible, and therefore the logic of evolution and natural selection must have led to the creation of reality-consistent perceptual systems. But on the other hand, there are extremist theories, such as Interface Theory of Perception, which claim that, contrary to traditional theories, natural selection leads to the evolution of the perceptual system in such a way that our perceptions have nothing to do with external reality. We have shown in our previous work that neither traditional theories nor Interface theory are entirely correct, and the optimal state is for our perceptual apparatus to provide an approximation of reality.

In this study, we intend to obtain an estimate of the maximum accuracy of this approximation by using mathematical modeling of various perceptual devices in the framework of Agent-Based Modeling.

In this study, we have shown that even with strict conditions, our perceptual system can represent approximately 50% of reality. Also, by increasing the perceptual categories for the reality-approximating species to a level close to 40%, this species will still have a greater survival advantage than the interface species, and the precise realistic species.

Contrary to the interface theory of perception, in terms of realistic environmental conditions, not only evolution allows the survival of species that there is some kind of  homomorphism between their perception and reality, but even the possibility of the formation and survival of perceptual systems approximating reality to a reasonable extent.

Due to the role of neural adaptations in the primary stages of resistance training, this study aimed to determine the adaptations of cortical-spinal excitatory and inhibitory pathways in strength changes in agonist and antagonist muscles after 4 weeks of resistance training using TMS. 10 healthy untrained individuals participated in this study voluntarily. The training protocol included 4-week of seated one-arm dumbbell curl training with 80% of a one-repetition maximum. To assess MEP and CSP, the area under the curve (AURC) was used, which was obtained based on different intensities of the TMS. Repeated-measures ANOVA and Bonferroni were used to analyze the data. The results showed a 21% and 31% increase in agonist muscle strength in weeks 2 and 4 respectively. In contrast, the antagonist muscle just showed a 15% increase in strength in the fourth week. The area under the MEP curve showed a significant increase after 4 weeks of training (p <0.001) in biceps but not in triceps. In addition, CSP showed a significant decrease in biceps and triceps after 4-week (p> 0.05). However, the changes in corticospinal function were not associated with increased muscle strength. The results of this study showed that cortical-spinal responses to resistance training in the upper body are not limited to trained muscles and the nervous system to increase strength by modulating the cortical areas creates different adaptations for both agonist and antagonist muscles.

Socio-emotional development is one of the fundamental bases of individual and social health. The present study aims to investigate the developmental trajectory of socio-emotional tendencies (SET) and its components in preschoolers. Our sample was 447 healthy Iranian preschoolers (girl=47.4%) aged 48-78 month-old (mean=66.57, SD=6.79). they were from Tehran, Bandar Abbas, Mashhad, Zarand, and Tabriz as the representative provinces of the Iranian population, based on the geographical distribution and socioeconomic status. We used the Persian version of the Kindergarten Inventory of Social-Emotional Tendencies (KIST) which consists of six components. It included hyperactivity-maladaptive behavior, social skills, communication skills, daily living skills, eating behavior, and separation anxiety symptoms. We used Kruskal-Wallis test to investigate the developmental trajectory of SET. Results showed that there were significant changes in daily living skills and separation anxiety symptoms during 6-month periods, meanwhile there were no significant changes in the other four components and SET in total. Then, the Games-Howell post-hoc test was performed to follow up the observed differences among age categories. Results of the present study showed that SET doesn’t change significantly in early childhood. It propose that the critical period of the socio-emotional ability development occurs sooner or later

The main aim of this study was to examine the relation of the sequential implicit learning and visuospatial working memory capacity in childhood. The statistical population for this study were all pre-elementary and elementary female students who are studying at schools of Tehran in 2018 – 2019 academic year. The sample of this study consisted of 27 girls aged 6 to 7.5 and 25 girls aged 9 to 10.5 recruited based on availability sampling method. The participants completed the Corsi span task and a modified version of the Serial Reaction Time (SRT) task in a single session. Data were analyzed using independent sample t-test and the Pearson-r. The results showed that although younger children had a lower visuospatial working memory capacity in comparison with the elder children, there is no significant relationship between the visuospatial working memory capacity and SIL. This means that implicit learning of the sequences is not influenced by the differences of the visuospatial working memory capacity.

The precedence of emotion and cognition and their independence was a mostly philosophical subject until the twentieth century. Then it became the basis of the theories of many experimental psychologists. The emotion and cognition interaction is the architectural foundation of the human psychological system; its proper function leads to healthy functioning. Despite the old notion of the primary role of emotions in instinctual actions, the intelligence of emotions and their effect on thoughts have been shown now. The usefulness of strengthening emotional and cognitive abilities in establishing positive and constructive relationships with others and its importance in academic and career success has also been revealed. Despite this importance, although several theoreticians have attempted to explain the multiple relations between emotion and cognition, they have not yet succeeded in bridging the gap. Neurological findings are not integrative. The emotional system of the brain is so interconnected with the cognitive system; It is too difficult to distinguish between them. Accordingly, the terms emotional brain and cognitive brain are mistaken, and the two systems are highly intertwined. To clarify the issue, firstly, we define emotion and cognition concepts. Then we categorize different types of interaction between emotion and cognition into five categories in two ways. Then we have outlined some barriers to research on the emotional and social abilities and presented eight recommendations for overcoming these barriers. These recommendations are: examining emotional components and their interactive compositions in detail, age classification and using a developmental approach, applying appropriate assessment methods, using a neurological approach, using computational and mathematical models, precise and operational definition of emotion and avoidance of ambiguity, consider the interpersonal and interpersonal aspects of emotion and study of intermediate constructs. Applying these recommendations in research can help parents, the educational community, and policymakers to better planning for society.

Health investigations require a wide and continuous range of studies over physical and moral aspects of humans. Health is feeding good and not being sick. Many factors affect the sustainability of health; one of the important factors is cognitive (memory) factors since  episodic memory plays on important role in recording a person’s personal experience related to time and place. Memory bias includes positive or negative orientation and more or less recall. So, the purpose of this study was to examine this orientation and its relationship with public health.

The causal-comparative or causal method was applied to conduct this study; in other words,  the reasons had happened previously and researcher could not manipulate them. The research data were collected from healthy and unhealthy people by Williams test and then analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the data.

Memory is a cognitive function that plays an important role in individual activities. Any wrongdoing in the memory system, including bias can provide the context for other cognitive functions and threaten the public health. Therefore, it can be concluded that the intellectual functions of individuals affect their mental and behavioral performance.

Intellectual functions of individuals affect their behavioral performance orientation.

However, cardiac function depends on several factors, but one of the cases that has been proven to be related to people's mental states is HRV. HRV is a well-known non-invasive tool for assessing cardiovascular system and autonomic nervous system. On the other hand, the sound and text of the Quran is a stimulant of thought and emotion. Therefore, the analysis of heart rate changes can be used as a monitoring tool for modifying the autonomic nervous system. Indeed, in this research, indicators of the HRV are identified that change when they listen to or read the Quran. To do this research, 31 healthy subjects including male and female with no history of cardiovascular disease in the age range of 25 to 40 years old were used as volunteers. Then, in four stages: rest and listening to the Quran, reading the Quran and combining the two ECG signals from each candidate were obtained and the characteristics of the HRV signal were obtained. The results showed that some of the features of the HRV signal in the different stages of the experiment were significantly changed relative to the resting state with P-Value. Changing these features showed that sympathetic nervous system function increased. After this test, the SAM emotion test was taken out by volunteers, which made it more pleasant for volunteers. Therefore, it can be concluded that the effect of the experiment on the volunteers has been a positive emotion due to the increased function of the sympathetic system and the result of the test of emotion.

Background and The water purification is a subset of public health that is important for the people health. The first water purification unit is reported in the “Antillen islands”, while the Iranian Scientists have done about several thousand years ago.
The first and oldest water purification unit in the world was located in “Chogha Zanbil” which is Iranian scientists have made this. Iranian scientists were using physical laws and materials, including asphalt, brick and inclined surfaces, which are currently used in the world, purified water of Karkheh River.
Roman Ghirshman, a French archaeologist, discovered the water purification unit in Chogha Zanbil. This unit with a layer of gravel, sand and coal was filtered water. This method is very similar to that currently used for separation. This method is used for separation in zeolite membranes. In this article, the separation mechanism in Chogha zanbil water purification unit was described, and compared with the separation mechanism in zeolite membranes.

The incidence of behavioral disorders among children and teenagers has recently found interest among researchers. Due to their harsh and offensive mood, most of the affected individuals are rejected from their families and society, which leads to decreasing their chance of normal development, so it is important to identify and treat them in the course as early as possible. Diagnosing and distinguishing attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder from other similar behavioral disorders such as depression, anxiety, comorbid depression and anxiety, and conduct disorders is one of the most important and essential proceedings in field of child psychology disorders.
The samples consisted of 271 children, including 44 with ADHD, 31 with conduct, 35 with depression, 33 with mixed depression and anxiety, and 41 with anxiety as well as 87 children with normal but temporarily aggressive behavior. In the present study, two different decision support systems, multilayer perceptron and Radial Basis Function neural networks, were designed and compared based on the signs and symptoms.
The mean of accuracy of the networks in diagnosis and distinguishing reached to 95.57 and 96.30 percentages with MLP and RBF, respectively. Therefore, the designed decision support systems, especially RBF, was observed to be a reliable assistant for the experts in the diagnosis and distinguishing the mentioned behavioral disorders.
Both designed systems, especially RBF, can be used as a reliable device for distinguishing, diagnosing, and also screening of child emotional and behavioral disorders

The Dentistry is a subset of public health that is important for the people health. The Iranian Scientists were one of the first dental workers about several thousand years ago.
Iranian and Islamic physicians were used the gold teeth instead of extracted teeth to preventing the asymmetry of the teeth. Also, recommended that the decayed cavities could be filled with cement made of “Mastic” and alum. Ibn Sina has pointed to prevent tooth decay, too.
On the other hand, the same works that Iranian scientists were used to treat dental diseases are used in nanotechnology and nano-zeolite sciences. In some researches the fluoride in drinking water is separated by adsorption technology. Also, other technologies that can be used for separation of fluoride from water are the using of membranes, nano-filtration, dialysis, electrodialysis and reverse osmosis. Additionally, nano-zeolites are used as a teeth cover to prevent teeth decay. On the other hand, nano-zeolites are used in dental filling materials to make more strength of these filling materials. As mentioned, the new sciences methods were used in the last days of Iran and Islam which are the developed traditional methods.

Behavioral disorders are one of the most considerable disorders in children during these days. Accurate diagnosis and early identification, especially in disorders with similar sysmptoms, are noticeable and very important. Moreover, most of the affected individuals are rejected by their parents and teachers, decreasing their chances of normal development and their future life will be affected. Due to many similarities among oppositional defiant disorder and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder, differentiation of these disorders is challenging, although diagnosing and distinguishing of these disorders are very important. Due to overlapping between oppositional defiant disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and normal behavior with temporarely aggression, it was tried to design an artificial neural network to assist in accurate distinguishing these classes.Samples were consisted of 85 children with behavioral disorders (including ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder) and 50 children with normal behavior but temporarly sign of aggresion. Multilayer perceptron neural network was used to designe the system. The average of accuracy of correct classification with the desined network reacehed to 95.55%. The designed system can be used as a reliable assistant for the psychiatrists and it can increase the diagnosis realiability. The designed system can differentiate children with behavioral disorders with high accuracy. It can be used as a screening tool for high risk children.

There is no study about fractal variability of breathing pattern in patients with respiratory diseases, such as asthma. The aim of this study was evaluating fractal variability of breathing pattern in healthy and asthmatic cases. Forty men, including 10 healthy volunteers, 10 patients with controlled atopic asthma (CAA), 10 patients with uncontrolled atopic asthma (UAA), and 10 patients with uncontrolled non-atopic asthma (UNAA) referred to the outpatient clinic of Dr. Masih Daneshvari Hospital (Tehran, Iran) were enrolled in this study. The thoraco-abdominal movements were collected using two respiratory belts and then signals were calibrated to respiratory volume. We analyzed the fractal variability of inter breath interval (IBI) and volume fluctuation using detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA). The α index values in healthy, CAA, UAA, and UNAA cases with respect to IBI were 0.82±0.03, 0.73±0.06, 0.68±0.04, and 0.57±0.04, respectively, and with respect to volume fluctuation were 0.83±0.10, 0.75±0.06, 0.70±0.05, and 0.59±0.04, respectively. There were significant differences between all groups in α index values of both IBI and volume fluctuation (p<0.05). We concluded that the fractal correlation of breathing pattern in asthmatic patients is lower than healthy cases. This difference increased in uncontrolled asthma.

The central nervous system (CNS) uses a redundant set of joints and muscles to ensure both flexible and stable movements. How the CNS faces the complexity of control problem is not still clear. Modular control is one of the most attractive hypotheses in motor control. In this hypothesis, some motor primitives (e.g. muscle synergies) are considered as the building blocks that can be combined to present a vast repertoire of movements. EMG signals are required for extracting muscle synergies and NMF (nonnegative matrix factorization) is one of the most accepted methods for extracting synergies. Due to tonic component elimination of EMG signals involved in reaching movements in vertical planes, the standard NMF method is not applicable to extract muscle synergies. In this paper a modified NMF method, so-called semi-NMF, is applied to resolve the tonic component problem. On the other hand, to improve the accuracy of synergies' estimation and to find the global optimum for the optimization problem, we have proposed using HALS method. The proposed algorithm was applied to the experimental EMG recorded in arm reaching movement in the frontal plane. The results showed a good improvement both in accuracy and repeatability of extracted synergies. In addition, extracted muscle synergies were physiologically interpretable.

There are numerous applications for acoustics in medical diagnosis and treatment. An important fact to consider is accurate simulation of the acoustic waves and their interaction with body tissues. In medical applications, the nonlinearity of the ultrasound wave propagation plays a significant role in its interactions with body tissues. Currently, there are three approaches to modeling and simulation of nonlinear ultrasound waves in fluid mediums: macroscopic, mesoscopic and microscopic methods. In this study, a Lattice Boltzmann based mesoscopic method (LBM) is investigated. The Boltzmann equation is employed to simulate the flow of a Newtonian fluid in place of the conventional system of Navier- Stokes’, continuity and state equations. Through the application of the proposed model distorted nonlinear waves and the shock wave have been calculated for the ultrasound waves in a lossy medium. Moreover, the results are compared to the published results of the macroscopic methods. Resolution of the results signifies the accuracy and effectiveness of the LBM for modeling and simulation of nonlinearity of ultrasound waves for Mach numbers up to 0.01, which stands in the range of ultrasound waves availed for treatment cases (eg HIFU).

Performing cognitive and motor tasks simultaneously, which is called dual task, could be a challenging topic to children with motor disorders. Since in everyday life, each person can encounter situations in which require concurrent activities, and also there are deficits in cognition and motor control among autistic children, so we aimed to investigate the effect of cognitive task on children’s postural stability.

In this study, fifteen boys with high function autism in the age range of 9-13 were recruited. Individuals with sever intellectual disabilities and other neurological or skeletal disorders were excluded. The same numbers of healthy children who were typically matched according to their sex and age with problematic children were included. Then sway parameters in the single (only standing) and dual (standing and counting) conditions were calculated with force plate.

The postural sway score was higher in autistic group than control (p <0.05). Dual task makes the sway parameters increased. These changes are statistically significant in mean velocity among patients and also RMS (root mean square) among healthy children (p <0.05).

In one hand, autistic children have more postural instability in contrast with the control group. Developmental delay or deficits in the central neural system can lead them to confront difficulties. In the other hand, the decreased postural control and increased sway in dual task, suggest the higher usage of the limited attentional capacity.

The typical features of eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage are delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and prolonged loss of muscle strength. It has been shown that passive warmth is effective in reducing muscle injury. Due to the interaction of different systems in vivo, we used isolated perfused medial gastrocnemius skeletal muscle to study the direct effect of temperature on the eccentric contraction-induced force loss. After femoral artery cannulation of a rat, the left medial gastrocnemius muscle was separated and then the entire lower limb was transferred into a prewarmed