شهلا جمیلی

The Persian Gulf is a semi-closed inland sea with specific ecological conditions, and the level of oil pollution in it exceeds the global average acceptable for the marine environment. Echinoderms, due to their benthic nature, are more exposed to sediment pollution. This study was conducted in the intertidal zones of Bushehr province, including the shores of Shaghab, Owli, Shirino, Nay-Band, the T-pier and the Northern Khark Island, to determine the level of contamination in sediments and the tissue of the sea urchin Echinometra mathaei. Sampling was carried out in two seasons, winter and summer (2014-2015). In the laboratory, the samples were analyzed for the type and concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using chromatography and GC-MS. The highest concentration of PAHs in the sediments at the T pier in Khark was found to be naphthalene (913.7ng/g dry weight) in the winter, while the highest concentration of PAHs in the tissue was measured as phenanthrene (371.5ng/g dry weight) in the summer. No significant difference was observed between the levels of PAHs in sediments and tissues (P>0.05). The trend of PAH accumulation in sediments and tissues was increasing. The level of PAHs in sediments across all study areas (3059-441ng/g) was higher than the global standards set for sediments (197µg/kg), indicating greater pollution in the examined areas. A comparison of pollution accumulation in the tissues of the sea urchin with other aquatic species revealed higher PAH levels in the tissues of benthic species. This finding is due to the habitat and feeding type of these organisms, highlighting the importance of this species and the need for environmental toxicological studies on it.

Collagen bears many applications in pharmacy and medicine, health and cosmetic products as well as food industry. In recent years, much attention has been paid to separation of collagen from marine organisms arising from the fact that its use in the diet is not restricted and triggers no risk of contagious diseases as well as religious restrictions. Moreover, fish collagen is unique in terms of its extremely high solubility in dilute acid on a scale with mammalian and chicken collagen. The purpose of this study was to investigate the isolation and evaluation of collagen from fish skin (Thunnus tonggol) as a biological material for medical tissue engineering.

Acid-soluble collagen (ASC) was isolated from fish skin using acetic acid. The Thunnus tonggol skin collagen was extracted by acid and base methods and evaluated by PAGE-SDS, FTIR and UV spectrophotography and amino acid composition analysis.

The results, predicated on SDS-PAGE and amino acid compositions, demonstrated that the fish skin collagen is of type I. Fourier transform infrared analysis also revealed helical compositions of both collagens. UV spectrophotometry in the Thunnus tonggol skin collagen indicated a maximum absorption of 235 nm. The amount of collagen extracted from the Thunnus tonggol skin turned out to be 17.3%. Through analysis of collagen amino acid extracted from the mentioned fish, glycine was predominant. The growth and proliferation of human fibroblast cells on the collagen extracted from the Thunnus tonggol skin was more than control.

The results revealed that the fish collagen is an accessible and advantageous material for medical usage and tissue engineering.

To evaluate the effect of cadmium on metallothionein gene expression changes as a biomarker, three experimental treatments including 200 (first treatment), 400 (second treatment) and 800 (third treatment) µg/L and a control (without cadmium) were considered with three replications. After 14 days’ period treatment with water soluble cadmium, the expression of metallothionein gene was investigated in the liver tissue of Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus). RNA extraction in liver tissue and cDNA synthesis were performed and the accuracy of gene expression and expression changes were evaluated by qualitative RT-PCR and quantitative Real Time PCR methods, respectively. Results of metallothionein gene expression after statistical analysis showed that the increasing cadmium concentration led to changes in metallothionein gene expression in the liver tissue of Persian sturgeon and at a concentration of 200µg/L showed a significant increase in metallothionein gene expression (P<0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that changes in metallothionein gene expression in Persian sturgeon can be considered as a biomarker of exposure to cadmium heavy metal at a concentration of 200µg/L. But, in general, an increase in water-soluble cadmium does not always lead to an increase in gene expression in the liver tissue of Persian sturgeon, and probably, other mechanisms are involved in the transport of this metal in the body of Persian sturgeon.

This study was conducted to feeding behavior of the Malabar trevally (Carangoides malabaricusin( in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. This study was conducted on the diet of the Malabar trevally (C. malabaricus) in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea (Hormozgan province) for 12 months from December 2016 to November 2016. Sampling was done with trawl nets and expected nets. 438 specimens of the Malabar trevall (C. malabaricus) were selected for dietary examination. Results of descriptive bioassay data indicated that the maximum total length was 365 mm (in May) and the minimum total length was 140 mm (in September) and the maximum weight was 534.5 g and minimum was 57.8 g. During the study period, the mean total fish length was 261 ± 18.41 mm and the mean fish weight was 191.78 25 25.35 g. The GASI index showed a peak feeding in June. Gastric emptying index (CV) for this species was 62.33% during the study, which can be said to be a relatively small fish. In terms of the type of food eaten, due to the volume of digested fish, Leognathus. Sp,Encrasicholina punctifer fish is considered to be the staple food for the Malabar trevall. Shrimp can be eaten as a side dish, and other varieties eaten as squid and crab can be considered as a random meal.

In this study, the effects of the hydro-alcoholic extract of grapefruit peel (Citrus paradisi) on growth performance and some antioxidant parameters of Caspian white fish (Rutilus kutum) blood plasma were investigated. Accordingly, 180 fry fish with an initial mean weight of 4.0 ± 0.3 g were fed with diets containing 0, 6.25, 12.5 and 25 mg hydro-alcoholic extract of grapefruit peel per kg feed. The fry fish were cultured for 56 days. The highest amounts of body weight gain (50.10±6.18 %), specific growth rate (3.05±0.79 % per day) as well as the lowest feed conversion ratio (1.32±0.11) were observed in the fish fed with Grapefruit juice extract 25 mg/kg hydro-alcoholic extract of grapefruit peel (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between treatments in condition factor and survival percentage (P>0.05). In addition, the highest activities of antioxidant enzymes including glutathione peroxidase enzyme and catalase enzyme were observed in 25 mg/kg hydro-alcoholic extract of grapefruit peel. Also, superoxide dismutase enzyme was significantly increased in fish fed with hydro-alcoholic extract of grapefruit peel compared to the control group. In general, supplementation of the Caspian white fish feed with hydro alcoholic extract of grapefruit peel at 25 mg/kg of feed can improve growth performance and antioxidant responses.

Skin as one of the organ, plays an important role in many physical functions. In skin aging process, should be prevented collagen degradation and multiple enzymes increasing, including matrix metalloproteinase (MMp < sub>S). Chlorella vulgaris is a marine alga and its beneficial effects on skin make it a proper ingredient to be used in anti-aging products. In this study, the effect of C. vulgaris extract and vitamin C on type І collagen and MMP-1 production in the human cell line Hu02 was investigated. Chlorella was extracted using ultrasonication plus enzymatic hydrolysis, and Chlorella extract at different concentration was investigated for its effect on gene expression of collagen І and MMP-1 in Hu02 cells. First, it was investigated whether alga extract induced cytotoxicity in Hu02 cells. MTT assay showed that extract was non-toxic to Hu02 cells. Using quantitative PCR, it was confirmed that extract increased the gene expression of types І collagen and decreased the MMP-1 expression, comparing to the control group. Chlorella extract and vitamin C with a similar viability (97%) was used to investigate the effect of extract on mentioned genes expression, compared to vitamin C. Type І collagen increased in both alga and vitamin C groups. The gene expression of MMP-1 in both alga and vitamin C groups was significantly lower than the control group (p < 0.05). These findings indicate that C. vulgaris extract induces collagen synthesis and MMP-1 enzyme inhibition in Hu02 cells.

Malabar trevally is one of the species of Carangidae family in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea, which biological and population characteristics of this species were less been studied . In this regard, reproductive indices such as gonadosomatic, first maturity length, sex ratio, spawning season, absolute and relative fecundity were investigated. Reproduction studies of Malabar trevally (Carangoides malabaricus) were carried out in the waters of Hormozgan province from December 2016 to November 2017. Samples were collected monthly using trawl nets. Total, fork length and weight were measured. In this study, the total samples were 438, out of which 258 were females, 150 males and 30 immature. The minimum and maximum average fish fork length during the different months was 14-34 and 26.42±3.33 cm, respectively. The maturity female fork length (LM50) was 180 mm.  The sex ratio of female to male was 1.72 to 1 which showed a significant difference (P<0.05). Maximum absolute fecundity was 185432±8127 eggs in April and maximum relative fecundity of 570 23 eggs per gram in April. The minimum absolute fecundity was 66542±14197 in September and the minimum relative fecundity of 130 14 eggs per gram in June. The maximum GSI index of female and male fish were calculated 1.8 and 0.68 in March respectively which spawning could be started from April.

The Alburnus chalcoides is of the species of teleost fish of the Caspian Sea. Sampling was done randomly on days 1 to 5 and days 7, 8, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, 90 after hatching, pre-puberty and puberty. The digestive enzymes studied in this fish include pancreatic enzymes (trypsin, chtotripsin, lipase, amylase) and intestinal enzymes (alkaline phosphatase and N-aminopeptidase). During the growth of fish, trypsin, kumotrypsin and N-aminopeptidase enzymes had an increasing trend which is caused by a high-protein diet. The phosphatase enzyme also has a rising trend up to one month of age and is then fixed under the effect of the pH of the environment. Amylase and lipase enzymes have an incremental reduction peak which shows that the fish diet has low sugar and fat compounds. Significant differences were observed for all enzymes (P≤0.05) which has been the start of a significant difference for the trypsin and chomitripsin from the third day, lipase enzyme from the second day, amylase enzyme from the seventh day and the alkaline phosphatase and N-aminopeptidase from day five. All the digestive tract enzymes studied in this fish on the day of onset of active feeding has had incremental peak.

In this study, the effect of diets containing different levels of Pontogammarus maeoticus extract as natural nutrient attractant was investigated on growth indices, chemical composition and mucosal Immunity of Rutilus kutum. For this purpose, fish with an average weight of 0.35±0.067 were stored in 100L fiberglass tanks containing 30 liters water with a density of 20 fish per tank for eight weeks. To perform this study, Gammaridae extracts were mixed with distilled water in three concentrations: 1:25 (25%), 1:50 (50%), 1:75 (75%) and two percent of each dilution was added to manual meals before each feeding. This experiment was performed as four triplicated treatments. Larvae were fed four times a day. At the end of the culture, growth indices such as: mean body weight gain, specific growth factor, food conversion ratio, survival, chemical analysis of carcasses and some mucosal immune parameters including; lysozyme, immunoglobulin, alkaline phosphatase and protease were studied. The results showed that although growth factor and carcass analysis were improved in all treatments (25%), this increase was not significant compared to the control (p>0.05). All Mucus immune factors significantly increased in all treatments compare to control (p<0.05). The result of this study showed that the Gammaridae extract had no significant effect on the improvement of growth performance, but increased the immunity of Rutilus frisii in culture conditions.

The Alburus chalcoides (Guendenstaedt, 1772), of Cyprinidae family, is a valuable bony fish of the Caspian Sea. Checking the start of a feedind is one of the most significant cases of larval growth. Actually, Specifying the day of opening the mouth of the fish and the day the active nutrition and pelleting is started will also affect the growth of the fish, especially as the guinea pig fish feed more on protein sources and this will speed up the digestion and absorption of food. The King of Gypsy was opened from the fifth day after hatching his mouth and was seen as a gutter. To evaluate morphological characteristics of larvae and infants, 10 samples were considered.The length of larvae on this day is 4.6 ± 2.2 mm and weighs 0.010 g. On this day, larvae can use environmental food in the water, but given the size of the mouth of this fish on the eighth day to the size The size is 84 micrometers (5.5 ± 4.4 mm in length and 0.013 grams in weight). This day was calculated as a starting point for feeding pellets, which could be used for larvae in addition to perennial food from pellet. The purpose of this research is to determine the appropriate feeding time for fish.

One of the unique and important aquatic species of Anzali wetland, Anadonta cygnea, native Anzali wetland and its rivers, and the most important two-body system of this blue system, has declined sharply in recent years due to various reasons. Is this species is considered to be smuggling and has a special sensitivity to environmental changes (biological pollution assessment).Anzali Wetland is a special ecosystem for the cultivation and development of various types of aquatic animals on the southern of the Caspian Sea. On the other hand, the special position of the mollusks in relation to the use of other creatures from them and the industrial industrial applications and the role of water purification necessitates the study of the Anadonta cygnea diet in the Anzali Wetland. Of the 14 stations surveyed, only 9 stations, including the stations entrance of the West Bank , Bahambar , Shijan , Soussar Rogah , Abkenar , Mahruzha , Karkan , Siakishim, and finally Hindakhale, were caught in the Anodont shell. In the above study, the average length and weight of Anadonta cygnea, regardless of their specific situation, were 8.25 ± 1.17 cm and 58.03 ± 27.53 gr, respectively. The most frequencies and distribution in different seasons belong to the entrance stations of West Wetland, Behmbar, Shijan and Sossar Roogah and the highest average age in the spring seasons belonging to the station of Behambar (7 years old), summer related to Mahrooz station (8 years old) Autumn belonged to the Sossar Roogah (7 year old) sonar station and finally to the Shijan Station (8 years old) winter. In general, it can be said that Anadonta cygnea feed from phytoplankton branches of Chlorophyta and Bacillariophyta more than other branches throughout the year. In an experimental study of the Anzali Wetland anodentic sheath, it can be stated from the different stations that most of the phytoplankton species used from the green algae of Scenedesmus, Chlorella and Pandorina were from the branches of the Diatoma Cyclotella, Cembella and Navicula algae. Nutrition from zooplankton was detected in a small amount, from the Ciliophora of Arcella and Amiibia, from Cilliata, and finally from rotifers Brachionus, Asplachna and Rotaria. Suitable substrate type is sandy with some flowers, with the range of silt-clay changes in stations ranging from 80.8 ± 3.8 to 97.64 ± 2.2 percent. In the study of Anadonta cygnea diet, it was determined that the above Anadonta cygnea are fed by filtration (non-selective selection). Therefore, with regard to different ages and abundance in the living environment, in the first place (more than 90%), branches Microscopic phytoplankton from 5 to 20 micron (branches such as Chlorophyta, Bacillariophyta and Cyanophyta), and in the next step (about 10 percent), microscopic zooplankton from 5 to 30 microns (orders such as Ciliopoda, Rhizopoda, Rotatoria and Cladocera, as well as detritus in these dimensions).

Longnose trevally is one of the most important species of the Carangidae and is considered as a commercially important fish species. In this research, 440 samples were collected by trawl net from different locations of fishing harbors from spring 2016 to winter 2017 in Hormozgan waters authority. After the initial analysis and biometry, the samples were frozen and transferred to the laboratory. At the beginning of the study, samples were dissected and the stomach weight, type of stomach contents, gastric contents and liver weight were analyzed.The results showed that the preference of food in males and females for fish, as main food, was 76.6% and 18.1%, respectively, for crustaceans were 11.1% and 17.4%, and for molluscs were 4.8% and 4.3% respectively. Among the fish samples obtained from the stomach, Engrauliudae, Ambassidae, Nemipetridae and Mullidae composed 56.6%, 19.62%, 5.6%, 4.67% respectively, and the total of the other fish was 13.51%. Among the crustaceans, shrimps and crabs made up 63.15 and 36.85% of the stomach contents, respectively. Statistical analysis did not show a significant difference between male and female nutritional preferences (P ≥ 0.05). The average Stomach emptiness index (CV) was 69.67%. The longnose trevally is a carnivorous species, and the results of  the current research show that the main food of this species are fish and crustaceans in the studied region. This species is considered as relatively low appetite fishes, and the highest percentage of Stomach emptiness index was obtained in the summer and winter seasons.

Lactic acid bacteria are the most common types of bacteria that have been introduced as probiotics. The present study was carried out to lactic acid bacteria isolated from the Astronotus ocellatus and to investigate their resistance to bile salts, tolerance to acidic conditions and the ability fermentation of sugars. In this research, 50 fish were sampled and cultured in MRS culture medium in order to achieve this goal. The lactic acid bacteria were isolated by phenotypic methods (Gram staining, biochemical tests). and their probiotic properties were evaluated. Then, furder identification was performed by using a pair of specific primers, the 16s rDNA gene of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casi, which was amplified using PCR.Using a specific bond, the bacterial species identified as a lactic acid. At the end of study, after staining and PCR testing, 21 samples from L.acidophilus and 18 Lcases of L. casei were identified from 50 samples.

Diclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug widely produced and consumed throughout the world. The advancement of this drug through medicinal and urban wastewater and exposure to aquatic organisms leads to changes in the physiology of non-target organisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of diclofenac on the activity of two antioxidant enzymes (Superoxide dismutase and Catalase) in Cyprinus carpio as a valuable species in the Caspian Sea. For this purpose, two control groups and three treatments with concentrations of 2.5, 5.1 and 5 mg/L diclofenac were selected. Samples from three replications were taken at 7, 14 and 21 days. After extracting the blood serum samples, colorimetric was performed using ELISA reader to determine the activity of Superoxide dismutase and Catalase enzymes by using Zellbio kits. The results of this study showed that two independent variables of time and exposure concentration had a significant effect on the changes of dependent variables of Catalase and Superoxide dismutase (p<0.05). Changes in the activity of Superoxide dismutase in the second and third weeks of treatment with 5 and 2.5 mg/L with 26 U/ml had a significant difference (p˂0.05), the severity of the changes was related to the concentration of the drug. The activity changes of Superoxide dismutase and Catalase enzymes were significantly correlated with the concentration and exposure time of Diclofenac, respectively. These changes in all treatments have been increased in comparison with the two treatments. The highest activity of Superoxide dismutase and Catalase enzymes belonged to treatment 5 (26, 15.3 U/ml), respectively, during the third week.

Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether(MTBE) increases oxygen consumption and reduces carbon monoxide and also air pollution. It is very active in soil, and its motility in water is a function of water movement in soil. MTBE is resistant to biodegradation, with high half-life and solubility in water and weak absorption in soil particles. The activities of SOD and CAT enzymes were examined in Rutilus caspicus in concentrations of 50, 100 and 150 mg L-1 MTBE for 7, 14 and 21 days. The mean water temperature and oxygen were 191°C and 7.60.2 respectively and salinity was maintained zero. 156 R. caspicus were stocked in aquariums, 3 specimens were randomly selected from aquarium in the first, second and third weeks. Blood serum was separated to assay the SOD and CAT activities. A strong significant positive relationship was found between MTBE concentration and SOD as well as CAT: [r(108)=0.73, P < 0.01]. Elevated MTBE increased the activity of SOD and CAT. In addition, there was a mean significant positive relationship between exposure time and SOD: [r(108)=0.41, P < 0.01]. SOD activity increased over time, and there was a negative weak significant relationship between exposure time and CAT [r(108)=-0.20, P < 0.05]. CAT activity decreased by prolonged exposure time. Moreover, there was a mean positive significant relationship between SOD and CAT [r(108)=0.41, P < 0.01].

MTBE increases oxygen consumption as well as reducing carbon monoxide and air pollution. It is very dynamic in soil, and its movement in water is a function of water movement in soil. MTBE is resistant to biodegradation, its half-life in water is long, its absorption in soil particles is weak, having high solubility in water, and being very dynamic. This research was aimed at investigating DNA blood cells of Rutilus caspicus in concentrations of 50, 100 and 150 mg/L MTBE for 7, 14 and 21 days. The mean temperature of water was 19 ± 1°C, water oxygen was 7.6 ± 0.2 mg/l, and salinity was considered zero. 220 R. caspicus with an average body length of 150 ± 30 mm and a weight of 15 ± 3 grams were prepared from Sijawal multiplication workshop located at the Turkmen port in Golestan Province and transferred to the laboratory by means of bags containing water (1/3) and oxygen (2/3). After the adaptation period, 13 fish were placed in 50-liter aquariums. The total number of control aquariums was three, and the number of treatment aquariums was nine. In the first, second and third weeks of the test, three fish were randomly taken from each aquarium and their blood samples were collected. After performing the determined stages, the blood samples of the fish were fixed on the slide and kept in the refrigerator for observation with a fluorescence microscope. In this study, Casp 1.2.3b1 software was used to evaluate the DNA degradation. In this software, several examples of alkaline comet data are extracted in data form. The results of this study showed that there was a significant difference between the control and other treatments in terms of DNA degradation. Furthermore, with increasing exposure time, the amount of DNA damage significantly increased (p < 0.01).

The current study has determined the toxicity effects of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) on the some vital organs such as gill, liver and kidney of Caspian Roach; Rutillus rutillus caspicus. For this purpose, 120 fishes were used as experimental fishes and exposed to 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 mg/L of Cu nanoparticles for 21 days, and 30 fishes as control. The mean water temperature of the aquaria was 22±2 ºC, dissolved oxygen 5.2 mg/L, pH at 7±0.004 and the concentration of Calcium Carbonate was 270 ppm. On the 7, 14 and 21 days after exposing the fishes to CuNPs, three fish were randomly selected from each aquaria, sacrificed and samples from their liver and blood were taken. Changing in antioxidant enzymes level were determined by evaluation of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities in the blood of fish. In first week, the samples that exposed to 0/1 mg/L of CuNPs concentration had more activities in SOD and CAT levels (p<0.01) but other treatments (0.2 & 0.5 mg/L) didn’t have any increase in enzyme activities. The liver microscopic sections were prepared and stained by H&E method and examined by light microscope which showed histological alternations in the liver tissues. Histological changes in liver included blood congestion in the central veins, cytoplasmic vacuolation of the hepatocytes, cellular hypertrophy, congestion in the blood sinusoids and necrosis of the hepatocytes and nuclear pyknosis. The degree of damages was more intensive at higher CuNPs concentrations. Evaluation of these changes could be useful in estimating the harmful effects of CuNPs. The result of the study showed that CuNPs could cause decrease in antioxidant enzyme activities and severe damages in the liver tissues of Caspian roach; Rutillus rutillus caspicus and have lethal effects for fish.

The aim of this study was to measure the concentration of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione S-transferase and catalase as biomarkers of heavy metal contamination in pearl oyster Pinctada radiata and their mechanism in aquatic ecosystems. Heavy metals lead, cadmium and nickel were measured in soft tissue and studied stations in two seasons. Samples were collected seasonally in Lavan stations, Hendurabi and Nakhilo (in the northern Persian Gulf) from spring 2013 to winter of that year by scuba diving. Pearl oysters are divided according to their shells size; shells separated from soft tissues and were transferred to the laboratory for analysis of heavy metals and enzymes. Moopam standard method were used for measuring the concentration of heavy metals and for analyzing tissue concentrations of glutathione S-transferase in Clam the method recommended by Habig et al In 1974 were used. For measuring acetylcholinesterase Ellman method were used. Catalase contamination in pearl oyster in the supernatant obtained from the study based on the method homogeate soft tissue of mussels which Abeiwere evaluated. The concentration analysis of heavy metals nickel, cadmium and lead in the soft tissue of Pinctada radiata in all three stations, respectively 0/12 ± 0/58 and 1/86 ± 0/04 and 1/94 ± 0/30 in parts per millionThe, concentration of acetylcholinesterase at several stations, in large and small sizes and in the seasons had no significant difference. Variations of catalase, and glutathione S-transferase were almost similar to each other and parameters, station and seasons were significantly different in the concentrations of these enzymes. Seasonal changes in antioxidant enzymes related to (assuming a constant in salinity and oxygen) to age, reproductive cycle, and availability of food and water temperature. With increasing temperature at warm season, antioxidant enzymes were increase, with increasing temperature and abundance of food in the environment the amount of antioxidant enzymes may increase. The presence of the enzyme concentration may indicate that the higher levels of the enzyme to eliminate ROS activities to be any healthier situation. At the time of gonads maturation and spawning season catalase activity increases. This study also indicates that catalase was significantly higher in the warm season. Due to low pollutants of heavy metals in the study area, a lower level of contaminants were observed in shellfish tissue incidents of international standards and strong correlation between the amount of heavy metal contamination in pearl oyster tissue and enzymes was not observed, Therefore, we can say that the pearl oyster remains in a healthy condition and the amount of enzyme is normal.

Sampling of adult Alburnus chalcoides was conducted randomly in the Bony Fish (Osteichthyes) Center of Shahid Ansari of Rasht. At first, measurements were made to study the morphology of Alburnus chalcoides and then the gastrointestinal tract of this fish was extracted for histological examination. For histological studies, Hematoxylin-eosin staining (H & E), and to investigate the polysaccharide neutralization, Periodic acid Schiff (PAS), and finally for evaluation of the proteins compounds Bromophenol blue (BPB) were used. In the studies, it was observed that the gastrointestinal tract of this fish included the esophagus and intestines. Esophagus was short and has relatively long mucosal shapes and in the intestine, there were also these mucosal shapes with more space apart. Cyprinidae have not real stomach. In the anterior part of the intestine, shapes are more and deeper but the Goblet cells are seen in the posterior part of the intestine. Goblet cells are also observed in both the esophagus and intestinal areas which showed a positive reaction with PAS due to neutral polysaccharide compounds. Protein compounds in the enterocyte cells of the intestine as well as mucosal cells of the esophagus rarely respond to BPB. Reactions with these two colors were also observed in liver cells and hepatopancreas. The results show that the characteristics there are specific variations of species related to the esophagus and the intestines.

In this study, proximate composition of Holothuria leucospilota from Sistan and Baluchistan, Hormozgan to some parts of Bushehr provinces which were caught by diving, during autumn and winter 2016 and spring and summer 2017, determined. For this purpose, one station was selected in each province, three specimens from each three replication of different seasons sampled. In nutrition laboratory, all specimens from replication of each season of separated province, minced and analyzed proximate compositions protein, lipid, ash and humidity based on standard methods. Results showed that the studied sea cucumber species compromised relative high protein level (p<0.05). The highest protein content was found in Hormozgan at summer season (15±3.69) and lowest not significantly in Bushehr at autumn season (10±1.73) and Sistan and Baluchistan province at spring season (10±1.8), caused by higher WT. and consequently higer chlorophyll a contents in Hormozgan water at summer season compare to samples from other studies provinces at the same seasons. Humidity percentage were the highest in the sea cucumber caught at winter both in Bushehr (86.1±8.43) and Sistan–Baluchistan (86.1±7.43) provinces not significantly (p>0.05), while the lowest (p<0.05) was obtained from Hormozgan samples at spring season (81.1±5.63). Lipid contents with low levels in this species showed the highest in Sistan and Baluchistan province at winter season (0.29±0.08) and the lowest lipid content was obtained from sampled in Hormozgan province at Summer time (0.12±0.02) (p<0.05). Ash body content of H. leucospilota species was the highest in samples from Bushehr province at winter season (3.0±0.24) and the lowest ash was found in specimens from Hormozgan province at winter season (2.08±0.24) (p<0.05).

Alburnus chalcoides is a member of the Cyprinidae that a few studies have done on its internal organs. Considering the importance of the gastrointestinal tract on the growth and survival of animals, it has been examined in this study. Sampling of the fishes was taken randomly from the first day after hatching to pre-puberty at different intervals. In fact, the growth of this fish was assessed through morphological and histological study using Hematoxylin-Eosin staining method and the secretion of the gastrointestinal mucosal layers of the gastrointestinal tract in terms of the carbohydrates was carried out by histological procedure by staining the Periodic acid Schiff (PAS). Anatomical study on this fish showed that its digestive system consists of two major parts of the, esophagus and intestine. In the early days, gastrointestinal tract was a simple and primary tube, in which no mucosal secretion activity was observed however this activity began after the appearance of Goblet cell and a layer of neutral polysaccharide compounds was observed on the gastrointestinal tract. The presence of neutral polysaccharides in the gastrointestinal mucosa showed its role in digestion and absorption of food, and it is important to protect the epithelial layer of the digestive tract and food passage. The evolutionary features of this fish are somewhat similar to other fish of Cyprinidae, but specific differences are also evident in this species.

Collagen has a wide range of applications in biomedical, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. Collagen from cow has a risk for contamination from bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE). This study proceeds to extract collagen from the skin of  Rutilus Kutum main and economical species of the Caspian Sea and Scomberomorus guttatus. Scomberomorus guttatus  one of the tuna species of Persian Golf. Acid-soluble collagens (ASC) from the fish skin of Scomberomorus guttatus and Rutilus Kutum were extracted and characterized by Pico.Tag, SDS-PAGE, FTIR and UV spectrophotometry. Based on the data from the SDS-PAGE and the composition of amino acid, both collagens  were probable that the obtained collagen classified as type I collagen. Collagens consisted of two different types of α chains, including α1 and  α2,and  β component. Also, FTIR analysis revealed the presence of helical arrangements of collagens. Moreover, UV spectrophotometry exhibited this collagen have an absorbance at 220 nm. According to the basis of dry weight, the yield of Rutilus Kutum  and Scomberomorus guttatus ASC were calculated 15.6 % and 14.5 %. Amino acid analysis revealed a much higher glaycin content in the both collagens extracted which accounted to one third of the total amino acids. Besides, proline as an unique amino acid in Rutilus Kutum  and Scomberomorus guttatus ASC had the specific amount of89.6  and  86.8 residues per 706.1 residues.

In this study, mouth morphological development and the importance of size of pellet food at the onset of exogenous feeding, with respect to mouth size from hatching through 60s day after hatching (DAH), were studied in larval and juvenile Vimba bream (Vimba vimba). The samples were randomly taken at 1-8 DAH, then with 2, 5, and 10 days intervals until 60 DAH (being released into the sea). Morphological examinations of mouth were followed using SEM. The length of upper and lower jaws as well as the size of mouth gap at 45° and 90° were calculated to estimate the size of pellet food. The larval mouth opened at 1 DAH and filiform papillae, and lips began to form at 2 DAH. The first taste buds developed at 3 DAH. The larval mouth developed a crescent shape at 4 DAH and the structure of papilla became clear. A number of neuromast cells were observed around the mouth at 8 DAH. Finally, it can be concluded that with the onset of exogenous feeding, Vimba vimba larvae is probably able to ingest and digest 110 µm pellet food since 8 DAH. Thus, since 20 DAH until the end of larval rearing period, formulated diets can only be used.

The aim of this study was to measure the concentration of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione S-transferase and catalase as biomarkers of heavy metal contamination in pearl oyster Pinctada radiata and their mechanism in aquatic ecosystems. Heavy metals lead, cadmium and nickel were measured in soft tissue and studied stations in two seasons. Samples were collected seasonally in Lavan stations, Hendurabi and Nakhilo (in the northern Persian Gulf) from spring 2013 to winter of that year by scuba diving. Pearl oysters are divided according to their shells size; shells separated from soft tissues and were transferred to the laboratory for analysis of heavy metals and enzymes. Moopam standard method were used for measuring the concentration of heavy metals and for analyzing tissue concentrations of glutathione S-transferase in Clam the method recommended by Habig et al In 1974 were used. For measuring acetylcholinesterase Ellman method were used. Catalase contamination in pearl oyster in the supernatant obtained from the study based on the method homogeate soft tissue of mussels which Abeiwere evaluated. The concentration analysis of heavy metals nickel, cadmium and lead in the soft tissue ofPinctada radiata in all three stations, respectively 0.12 ± 0.58 and 1.86 ± 0.04 and 1.94 ± 0.30 in parts per millionThe, concentration of acetylcholinesterase at several stations, in large and small sizes and in the seasons had no significant difference. Variations of catalase, and glutathione S-transferase were almost similar to each other and parameters, station and seasons were significantly different in the concentrations of these enzymes. Seasonal changes in antioxidant enzymes related to (assuming a constant in salinity and oxygen) to age, reproductive cycle, and availability of food and water temperature. With increasing temperature at warm season, antioxidant enzymes were increase, with increasing temperature and abundance of food in the environment the amount of antioxidant enzymes may increase. The presence of the enzyme concentration may indicate that the higher levels of the enzyme to eliminate ROS activities to be any healthier situation. At the time of gonads maturation and spawning season catalase activity increases. This study also indicates that catalase was significantly higher in the warm season. Due to low pollutants of heavy metals in the study area, a lower level of contaminants were observed in shellfish tissue incidents of international standards and strong correlation between the amount of heavy metal contamination in pearl oyster tissue and enzymes was not observed, Therefore, we can say that the pearl oyster remains in a healthy condition and the amount of enzyme is normal.