صادق اسدالهی

One of the important issues in the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran is the third chapter related to the rights of the nation. This chapter of the constitution is important because it accurately states the fundamental rights of individuals in society. The constitutional legislature has tried to provide the necessary mechanisms for the realization and guarantee of these rights. That is, both judicial and non-judicial instruments provide for the realization of these rights in the constitution.This article seeks to evaluate the non-judicial instruments of guaranteeing economic, social and cultural rights enshrined in Chapter Three of the Constitution. In fact, the article seeks to answer the question of what tools the legislator has provided to effectively guarantee these rights in the legal system of the Islamic Republic of Iran.The article has tried to study and study the non-judicial mechanisms in the Constitution and the legal system of the Islamic Republic of Iran with a descriptive-analytical approach.

Red meat is one of the best dietary sources of fat and protein for humans. The fatty acid composition of meat has long been studied, but still receives a lot of attention in research because of its implications for human health. Besides a lower total fat intake, human nutritionists are recommending a higher intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids, and especially of n-3 fatty acids at the expense of n-6 fatty acids. Numerous animal feeding trials have been carried out using different species and breeds aiming at bringing the polyunsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid (P/S) ratio of meat closer to the recommended value (>0.7), as well as for the n-6/n-3 ratio (<5). Sugar beet pulp (SBP) contains 70% carbohydrates mainly as neutral detergent soluble fiber, which has high water-binding capacity and a slow fermentation rate in rumen compared to the barley grain. Replacing barley with SBP may overcome digestive disorders such as acidosis problem and lead to the utilization of dietary energy towards animal growth, carcass gain, and muscle intramuscular fat deposition. On the other hand, feeds containing fats and oils are being used in animal diets to increase energy density and to manipulate intramuscular fat content and fatty acid composition of the meat. Canola seed contains approximately 40 to 43 % oil in which oleic acid, linoleic acid, and α-linolenic acid contribute to 61, 20 and 10%, respectively. High fat content of canola seed makes it an attractive feedstuff to improve energy density of diets for finishing lambs grown in dry regions, where pasture availability is low. To our knowledge, information containing the effects of SBP as a slow fermentable carbohydrate source with an inclusion of roasted canola seed on growth performance and meat quality characteristics of fattening lambs is not investigated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects SBP with or without RCS in a high concentrate diet on performance and muscle composition of Arabian fattening lambs. This experiment was approved by the Animal Care and Ethics Committee of Ramin University of Livestock Research. In this study, twenty-four Arabian male lambs, 4 months old, (23.7±2.5 kg; mean initial BW±SD) were kept in individualcages (1.4×1.2 m). The fattening period was 99 d including 14 d as adaptation period. At the start of the adaptation period, all the animals were treated for external and internal parasites and vaccinated against enterotoxaemia. The animals were randomly assigned to one of the four dietary treatments included 1) starch, 2) starch with roasted canol seeds, 3) Neutral detergent soluble fiber and 4) Neutral detergent soluble fiber with roasted canola seed. The diets were offered to animals to meet the requirements of growth rate at 250 g/day according to National Research Council (NRC, 2007). Lambs were weighed weekly throughout the experimental period prior to the morning feeding. Feed conversion ratio was calculated as the ratio between average daily intake and average daily gain. Average daily gain was calculated for each sheep from regression analysis of live weight vs. time from day 1 to 99 of each treatment. At the end of the trial, all the animals were slaughtered according to Halal method. Samples from Longissimus dorsi (LD) between 5th and 6th ribs trimmed of all external subcutaneous fat were collected. These were used to determine moisture, crude protein, fat, and ash contents of meat according to Association of Official Analytical Chemistry (AOAC, 2006). Lightness (L*), rednes (a*), and yellowness (b*) of meat samples were measured using a Minolta CR-300 colorimeter in the CIE L*a*b*. Hue angle (H*) was calculated as tan−1 (b*/a*) × (180/π) and Chroma (C*) as (a*2+b*2)1/2. The colorimeter was set for using the illuminant A and 10° standard observers. About 50 g of the LD muscle between 6th to 9th ribs were taken for determination of fatty acid profiles. Muscle lipids were extracted as described by Folch et al. (1957), using dichloromethane and methanol (2:1 vol/vol), instead of chloroform and methanol (2:1 vol/vol), and were methylated according to Metcalfe and Schmitz (1961). The transmethylated samples were analyzed by a gas chromatograph with a flame ionization detector and a capillary column measuring 100 m in length × 0.25 mm i.e., with a thickness of 0.20 mm. Helium was used as the carrier gas at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Also, tridecanoic acid (C13:0) was used as internal standard. The initial temperature of the oven was 70 °C and was increased by 10 °C/min to 175 °C, where it was maintained for 25 min. The temperature was then increased by 7 °C/min to 220 °C, where it was maintained for 10 min, followed by another increase by 10 °C/min to 230 °C, where it remained for 4 min. The temperature of the injector was 280 °C, and the temperature of the detector was 300 °C. Identification of the fatty acids was carried out by comparison of the retention times with standards of fatty acids from butter, and the percentage of fatty acids was obtained by means of Chromquest 5.5 software. Performance data were analyzed completely random design with repeated measurement PROC MIXED and compound symmetry model. Meat Characteristics data were as a completely randomized design with a 2×2 factorial arrangement using PROC GLM in SAS software. Partial replacement of starch with soluble fiber significantly increased performance concentration of capric, c17:0 anteiso and behenic acid and significantly reduced lauric, heptadecanoic, oleic, linoleic and polyunsaturated fatty acids of longissimus dorsi (P<0.05). Addition of roasted canola seed to diets increased performance (average 288 g vs. 262 g) and reduced the concentration of isopalmitic and behenic acid and significantly increased concentration of Lauric, Myristic, Anteiso-pentadecanoic, Pentadecenoic, Palmitic, Palmitoleic, Stearic, Vaccenic, Conjugated linoleic, Oleic, α-Linolenic, γ-Linolenic, Gondoic, Docosatetraenoic, h-γ-Linolenic, Arachidonic, Eicosapentaenoic, Nervonic, Docosapentaenoic, Docosahexaenoic acids and the total concentration of unsaturated fatty acids with one or polyunsaturated fatty acid pattern longissimus dorsi (p<0.05). Canola seed addition significantly increased n-6/n-3 and p/s ratio (P<0.05). Replacement of starch with soluble fiber significantly decreased and fat addition significantly increased meat cholesterol concentratin (P<0.05). The results showed that the use of canola seeds by changing the indicators of unsaturated fatty acids, omega-6 to omega-3 ratios reform and polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids
can improve the quality and quantity of meat.

The aims of the present study were to estimate economic values and to determine breeding goals of functional traits of Lori sheep in the rural development system with two strategies, one lambing per year and three births in two years. For this purpose, functional parameters, management and economics of 32 flocks (according to Cochran's sample size formula) under the cover of a livestock breeding plan with a capacity of 3000 generative ewes from 2013 to 2015 were analyzed for two production cycles using a bio-economic model. The performance data were obtained from Animal Breeding Center of Iran and management and economic data were collected through preparation of a questionnaire and interviews with farmers. The results showed profit per head of ewe in the strategy of one lambing per year and three births in two years was 1723376 and 3429140, respectively. In both strategies, feeding considered more than 75 percent of total costs and the sales of meat with 98.5% had the highest percentage of total costs and revenues. In addition, in both strategies, relative economic coefficient of the number of lambs born per ewe had the highest relative economic value and wool produced for per ewe had the lowest relative economic value. Litter size and conception rate were the most important traits in the breeding objective for ewe in village system. Birth weight, weaning weight, yearling weight and survival at 3 and 12 months of age were the most important traits in the breeding objective for ewe lamb in village system. The strategy of three lambings in two years was superior to one lambing per year strategy due to the increase in the number of lambs for consumer sales.

The effect of partial replacement of barley with sugar beet pulp (SBP) with and without roasted canola seeds (RCS) on the performance, morphology, VFA and digesta pH in the small intestine of finishing lambs was investigated. In this study 24 Arbia male lambs with average body weight of 23.7±2.5 kg were used in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment over 84 days. Treatments were carbohydrate factor (barley or SBP) and roasted canola seed (with and without RCS). Partial replacement of barley with SBP significantly increased average daily gain (P

In this study 7363 records of birth weight, weaning weight, weight at six months and nine months of age from Lori sheep were used to estimate the genetic and phenotypic trend of growth traits under nomadic rearing system.
The records that related to the nomadic herds were collected during years of 2001 to 2010 by agricultural organization of Lorestan province.
(Co) variance components, genetic parameters and breeding values of growth traits were estimated using restricted maximum likelihood method based on univariate animal model by the DFREML software.
The highest and the lowest direct heritability estimated were birth weight (0.33) and weight in six months (0.052), respectively. The genetic and phenotypic trends were calculated using SPSS software, based on dependency of the breeding value mean and dependency of phenotypic mean on birth year, respectively. The direct genetic trend for birth weight, weaning weight, six months and nine months weight were 13±2, 73±5, 48±8 and 242±21 gr/year, respectively. Phenotypic trend for birth weight, weaning, six months and nine months weights were 38±12, 242±74, 185±98, 129±94 gr/year, respectively. Direct and maternal genetic improvement of birth, weaning, six months weights after 10 years were 161.42 and 52.40, 571.99 and 140.39, 466.14 and 140.71 gr, respectively and direct genetic progress for nine months weight was 469.59 gr.
Genetic trend of traits under study was positive and upward. Considering that the highest direct and maternal heritability estimates in this study was related to birth weight, this attribute can be considered in breeding programs.

In order to investigate the effect of partial replacement of barley starch with neutral detergent soluble fiber with or without roasted canola seed on histomorphometry of lamb rumen، reticulum and rumen fermentation parameters، 24 Arabian male lambs were used for 84 days in a completely randomized design with a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Dietary treatments were، 1) starch of barley، 2) starch of barley with roasted canola seed 3) beet pulp and 4) beet pulp with roasted canola seed. Forage: conceantrat ratio was 10:90 for all diets. Partial replacement of starch with beet pulp led to increase thickness of the epithelium، tunica muscularis and the rumen wall (p<0. 01). Interactions between carbohydrate source with roasted canola seed were significantly associated with villus height and thickness of the epithelium، and addition of the roasted canola seed to the diet with high soluble fiber lead to significant increases in both parameters compared with high starch diets. Partial replacement of starch with soluble fiber increased height، thickness and number of folds، the thickness of the epithelium، muscular floor and the reticulum wall (p<0. 01). Addition of canola seed was followed by increase in the number of folds، the thickness of the epithelium and muscular wall in the reticulum. High starch diets decreased rumen pH and addition of canola seed increased this parameter. Partial replacement of starch with soluble fiber and addition of roasted canola seed increased acetate concentration and decreased concentration of propionate، butyrate، and isobutyrate. The results of this study showed that partial replacement of starch with neutral detergent soluble fiber and addition of fat from roasted canola seed could affect the histological structure of reticulo- rumen and increased absorption of volatile fatty acids، prevent their accumulation in the rumen and provide a more favorable pH when animals fed by high concentrate diets.

In order to investigate the effect of partial replacement of barley starch with beet pulp soluble fiber with or without roasted canola seed on apparent nutrient digestibility، dry matter intake، daily weight gain، feed conversion ratio and rumenal pH 24 Arabian male lambs were used for 84 days in a completely randomized design with a 2×2 factorial arrangement. Treatments had no significant effect on the dry matter intake، feed conversion ratio، and apparent digestibility of protein and organic matter (P>0. 05). High starch diets compared with high soluble fiber diets caused a significant decrease in the digestibility of DM، OM، ADF and NDF (P<0. 01). Canola seed addition significantly decreased ADF and NDF digestibilities (P<0. 01). The carbohydrate source by canola seed interaction was significant for daily weight gain and rumen pH (P<0. 01) indicating that addition of canola seed to high starch diet increased daily weight gain and rumen pH more dramatically in comparison with diet containing soluble fiber (P<0. 01). It is concluded that partial replacement of starch with soluble fiber and addition of canola seed to these diets could have positive effects on growth performance، nutrient digestibility and rumen pH.

This study was designed to estimate the economic values for important economic traits of Lori goat in Lorestan. Finally the breeding objectives of this animal were determined. Phenotypic and production data for the study were collected from 6 flocks of goats raised under Lori goat breeding project. The questionnaire was designed and the goat rancher breeders were interviewed too. Statistics on revenues and costs were calculated based on the prices of years 2010-2011, according to mentioned questionnaires. Four traits including litter size, birth survival rates, replacement rates and the amount of milk in a lactation period were examined in this study. Also four growth traits including birth weight, weaning weight, daily growth from weaning to 6 months, and 6 months weight for kids were estimated in this research. A biological-economic model as an overall model and sub models for each of the above traits were designed. The corresponding coefficients for traits were estimated. Finally the production system was also analyzed. Based on this study the relative economic weights for litter size, survival rates, replacement rates and the amount of milk yield measured in two systems (one birth in year and 3 births in two years) were 361.89, 487.37, -1.38, 1, and 591.88, 799.75, -1.03 and 1 respectively. The relative economic weights for birth weight, weaning weight, daily growth from weaning to 6 months and 6 months weight in two mentioned systems were 4.96, 11.92, 92.28, 9.25 and 4.07, 18.97, 157.69 and 15.81 respectively. As a conclusion, the reproductive traits and growth rate have the highest economic coefficient, hence shoul be considered in Lori goat breeding programs under rural system.

(Co) variance components and genetic parameters for growth traits including birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW) and six-month weight (6MW) as well as parameters, genetic and phenotypic trends of reproductive traits including total weight of lambs weaned per the ewe (TWLW) and the number of lambs born at birth per ewe (NLBE) in Lori sheep were estimated using the Bayesian method. The data included 7363 records for BW, 7054 records for WW, 6765 records for 6MW, 1012 records for TWLW and 1048 records for NLBE. The data were collected by the Agricultural Organization of Lorestan Province between the 2001 to 2010 years (for growth traits) and 2003 to 2010 years (for reproductive traits). The estimates of direct heritability for lamb body weights were 0.36 at birth, 0.11 at weaning and 0.05 at six months of age. The genetic and phenotypic trends reproductive traits were calculated based on regression of the mean of breeding value on birth year and mean of phenotypic value on birth year, respectively. Heritability, genetic and phenotypic trends for TWLW trait were 0.05, 5.4±1.16 and 255±0.45 grams per year, respectively. Heritability, genetic and phenotypic trends of NLBE trait were 0.09, 0.002±0.02 and 0.125±0.07, respectively. Genetic improvement of TWLW and NLBE traits at considered period were 31.64 grams and 0.008 of Lamb. The estimate of heritability at birth was higher than other traits so selection based on this trait would increase the genetic advances. Genetic and phenotypic trends for reproductive traits were not significant and the genetic trend was low.