صدیقه ابراهیمیان

In arid regions, rainfall shortage and evaporation from reservoir surfaces are among the issues that exacerbate the water scarcity problem in the country. One of the methods for combating and controlling this shortage is to reduce evaporation from reservoirs behind dams.

In this study, as chemical methods, a mixture of octadecane and hexadecane dissolved in ethanol was used. which were sprayed on the surface of the class A evaporation pond every three days. By spraying this powder on small reservoirs prepared to dimensions of    cubic meters at the Water and Meteorology Research Station, the quantitative (amount of evaporation reduction) and qualitative (possible changes on some chemical, physical parameters) effects have been investigated and the results are presented. Quantitative and qualitative results are compared over a two-month period between two control and control samples.

The results obtained show a 4% and 2% increase in BOD and COD in the pond with a monolayer of hexadecanol compared to the control pond. In addition, in the control pond, the possibility of contact with air, more incoming radiation and the occurrence of photosynthesis increase the concentration of dissolved oxygen. In contrast, in the pond covered with a monolayer of hexadecanol, the presence of floating coatings reduces the amount of water mixing. These factors cause an 8% decrease in dissolved oxygen in the pond with hexadecanol.

In semi-arid and mountainous regions, factors such as high wind speed and temperature in the hot seasons lead to high surface evaporation, which is the main cause of water losses. This evaporation even occurs at temperatures below the boiling point of water. So far, various solutions have been proposed to reduce evaporation. In the present study, which was conducted with the aim of investigating the performance of polypropylene balls without holes on the chemical quality of water, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey and Duncan's mean comparison test were performed on 18 data sets. The selected chemical quality parameters included nitrate, phosphate, total dissolved solids (TDS), and turbidity.The results of the study showed that the use of polypropylene balls without holes can significantly reduce the turbidity and total dissolved solids of water. The average turbidity of the control pan was 1.78 NTU, while the turbidity of the pan with polypropylene balls without holes was 1.64 NTU. The average total dissolved solids of the control pan was 699.4 mg/L, while the total dissolved solids of the pan with polypropylene balls without holes was 671.2 mg/L. The study also showed that the use of polypropylene balls without holes can reduce the oxygen exchange rate of water. The average oxygen exchange rate of the control pan was 69%, while the oxygen exchange rate of the pan with polypropylene balls without holes was 59%.The results of this study suggest that polypropylene balls without holes can be a effective method to reduce the turbidity and total dissolved solids of water in semi-arid and mountainous regions. However, the use of these balls can also reduce the oxygen exchange rate of water.

Nowadays, access to the Internet and virtual space has spread among all sections of society and has affected various aspects of life. The purpose of the research is the relationship between the use of virtual space and the social capital of people with disabilities. The research method is a survey and the statistical population of people with physical, mobility, vision, hearing, sound and speech disabilities is covered by the welfare of Tehran province. Using Cochran's formula, 383 people were randomly selected as a sample size. The social capital questionnaire of Nahapit and Ghoshal (1998) was used to collect data. The findings showed that the use of virtual space by people with disabilities had a direct and meaningful relationship with interpersonal trust, generalized trust, institutional trust, cooperation, social support and social cohesion. But the use of virtual space had an inverse and significant relationship with social participation and social relations. In general, 63.8% of the variance of social capital is explained by the use of virtual space. The educational and research use of virtual space compared to other variables has had the greatest impact on the social capital of people with disabilities covered by the welfare of Tehran province. The result is that although the use of virtual space has reduced the participation and face-to-face social relations of people with disabilities. But more use of this space, especially in the educational aspect, has led to cooperation, support, trust and social cohesion of people with disabilities.

Evaporation is one of the main reasons for water loss and pressure on water resources. Efforts to reduce its amount under different conditions, along with providing practical solutions and investigating the impact of these methods on water quality, are important. In this regard, the research area was selected as a part of the Cham  Angir watershed in Khorramabad city, Lorestan province, Iran. The present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the chemical effects of evaporation reduction on water quality using fatty alcohols (a mixture of hexadecanol and octadecanol) in class A evaporation pans. The study was conducted as a time series for 10 hours per day for 2 months, from 2021/8/23 to 2021/10/22. In addition, changes in water quality parameters including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and dissolved oxygen concentration were monitored daily at a depth of 10 cm during the aforementioned statistical period. The measured evaporation values were analyzed using the SPSS software. The variance ratio of this test, at the 5% level, showed a significant difference in terms of changes in evaporation rate and temperature. The results showed that the cumulative evaporation in the two-month period was 537 mm in the control pan and 398 mm in the pan with the monolayer composition, which reduces the evaporation rate by about 27%. One-way ANOVA with Tukey-Duncan test was used to analyze the data obtained from water quality parameters sampling at a 5% probability level. The mean results of the selected quality parameters including pH, electrical conductivity, and dissolved oxygen were analyzed in two tanks, the control tank and the tank with a monolayer composition of hexadecanol and octadecanol. The results showed a 4.6% decrease in pH, a 4% decrease in electrical conductivity, and a 5% decrease in dissolved oxygen in the tank with the aforementioned composition monolayer compared to the control tank.

In this study, the quantitative zoning is used to identify areas suitable for artificial recharge in the mountainous area of Gohar and Garbayegan plain, Fars province fitting a linear fundamental form to the surface. The structures with grade two for triplex windows and the data from the digital elevation model with a resolution of 10 m was used to determine the best fitable fundamental structure. The sum of square differences of the surface differences is used as an indicator to determine the degree of fitting the fundamental structures. By fitting the interpretable patterns to the Earth's surface it can be determined that the earth was similar to what pattern and formation mechanism. Mountain ranges upstream alluvial cones and plains located downstream of the upstream alluvial cones are not linear levels. Places which are not at the acceptable slope (gradient less than 0.002 and higher than 0.1) allocated to the zero fitting degrees and the fitting degree values are positive in alluvial cones and areas fall in the acceptable range of the slope. The results show that the surfaces located downstream of the alluvial cones and the plains are most suitable areas for floodwater spreading in the Garbayegan watershed.

Selection and accuracy of appropriate zoning methods and preparation of maps corresponding to variation of groundwater qualitative characteristics depend upon the region's condition and the available statistics and data. The goal of this research is to determine the most appropriate method of interpolation and spatial analysis of qualitative components such as Cl, EC, SO4, SAR, TDS and TH of groundwater in Mashhad Plain. In this research, at first, the data of 177 wells were selected with respect to their dispersion and accuracy for two consecutive years (1392-1393); then controlling and reconstruction of data were performed. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test showed that the data were not normal and to normalize them their logarithm was obtained. Then using GS+software, the best variogram model was fitted to the spatial structure of data. The results show that for qualitative parameters, the exponential, Semi-variogram and linear models are the best semi variogram models. The precision of groundwater qualitative parameters in the three methods of Kriging, Cokriging and Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) was assessed and the precision rate results showed that Cokriging method has a higher precision and lower error. The spatial structure of studied characteristics follows the exponential, spHerical and linear model with an influence range of 9656 to 71100001m and the threshold range of 0.965 to 5.65, and the spatial dependency class was in the range of 0-0.87. Finally, the zoning maps of water qualitative parameters were prepared using GIS software. Due to population concentration in the southern parts and overuse of wells and recent droughts, the highest values of qualitative components belong to the south of the study area. According to the geological formations and the type of rocks in the northwest and southeast, the concentration of calcium, potassium, sodium, chlorine, as well as the percentage of evaporation and transpiration and temperature are more evident.

In this research, three methods of interpolation, namely, Weighted distance image, Kriging and Co-kriging are used to predict some quality indicators such as Na, TH, EC, SAR, CL, CA, Mg, and SO4 in 2013-2014. Data have been collected from 177 piezometric wells in the Mashhad Plain. In this study, after data normalization, parameters were interpolated using three geostatistical methods (ordinary kriging, co-kriging, and IDW). In order to evaluate the methods of interpolation, the mutual evaluation test was used. Then, based on the best method of mediation and the use of geographic information system, a map of some parameters and plain zoning maps were prepared.

The purpose of this research was to determine the most appropriate interpolation method in order to investigate and spatially analyze the changes in some quality characteristics of underground water in Mashhad plain. After the appropriate model was fitted, according to CO/(CO+C) observations, the strength of the spatial structure in the quality components of the studied water is not very strong. For the zoning of the quality components, the Co-kriging method was introduced as a suitable method, and considering that correlation between different variables is used in this method. It can be said that there is a significant relationship between the components of groundwater (Zahtabian et al., 2019). The results of zoning the quality of the parameters showed two inappropriate ranges in the northwest and east of the region, which about 70% of the exploitation wells are located in these areas. Also, due to the recent droughts, the process of desertification will be accelerated in this region; therefore, more attention should be paid to the proper management of underground water in this region.

 According to the obtained results, the best fitted model for CA and MG parameters is linear model; EC parameters are exponential model and NA parameters are Semi-variogram model. Regarding the spatial structure, parameters MG and TH have strong location continuity (less than 0.25) and parameters MG, NA, EC have weak continuity (more than 0.75). According to the obtained results, was used to estimate TH from anion, CL from TDS, anion from cation, CL from anion and vice versa and estimate CL from SAR.The results show that the concentration of calcium, potassium, sodium, chlorine, SAR, TH, PH is higher in the northwest and southeast, and as a result, the quality of water for various uses is lower, which is one of the possible reasons, in addition to the different formations of the earth. The geology and type of rocks (that is, the presence of gypsum materials and stones in the northwest and southeast parts or smaller amounts of these materials in the north, central and south parts (Owaisi, 2000)) can lead to higher temperature and drier environment which is the result of the higher rate of evaporation and transpiration as well as the type and density of land use (Laleh-Zari, 2019)

In this study, the quantitative zoning is used to identify areas suitable for artificial recharge in the mountainous area of Gohar and Garbayegan plain, Fars province fitting a linear fundamental form to the surface. The structures with grade two for triplex windows and the data from the digital elevation model with a resolution of 10 m was used to determine the best fitable fundamental structure. The sum of square differences of the surface differences is used as an indicator to determine the degree of fitting the fundamental structures. By fitting the interpretable patterns to the Earth's surface it can be determined that the earth was similar to what pattern and formation mechanism. Mountain ranges upstream alluvial cones and plains located downstream of the upstream alluvial cones are not linear levels. Places which are not at the acceptable slope (gradient less than 0.002 and higher than 0.1) allocated to the zero fitting degrees and the fitting degree values are positive in alluvial cones and areas fall in the acceptable range of the slope. The results show that the surfaces located downstream of the alluvial cones and the plains are most suitable areas for floodwater spreading in the Garbayegan watershedIn this study, the quantitative zoning is used to identify areas suitable for artificial recharge in the mountainous area of Gohar and Garbayegan plain, Fars province fitting a linear fundamental form to the surface. The structures with grade two for triplex windows and the data from the digital elevation model with a resolu.

In the methods of utilizing nanometer coatings, it is usually possible to reduce the amount of evaporation by using long chain molecules and spreading them on water and forming molecular monolayers. In this research, quantitative (evaporation reduction rate) and qualitative (chemical parameters) effects of octadecanol monolayer dissolved in ethanol as a chemical evaporation control method were investigated. Every three days, it was sprayed (4% concentration) on the water surface of natural ponds with dimensions of 2×2×2 cubic meters located in Faculty of Natural Resources meteorological research station. Accumulated evaporation for the two measured months in the control pond was 559 mm and in the pond with the octadecanol monolayer was 455 mm. Quantitative and qualitative analysis results in the two-month period between the two control ponds and the pond with octadecanol monolayer from 2021/8/23 to 2021/10/22 were performed based on ANOVA test, by comparing means with Tukey's and Duncan's methods. The octadecanol monolayer sample had a significant difference at 0.05 level in terms of changes in the rate of evaporation compared with the control, and the octadecanol monolayer with 20% efficiency was significantly effective in terms of reducing evaporation. Selected qualitative parameters including electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen were investigated. The results of obtained data using SPSS software and ANOVA test, showed a non-significant difference due to sig greater than 0.05% of dissolved oxygen and electrical conductivity between the average of the control pond and the ponds with octadecanol monolayer. In the control pond, due to the possibility of contact with the air and more incoming radiation, the concentration of dissolved oxygen increased compared to the pond with octadecanol monolayer. The achieved results showed 5% decrease in electrical conductivity and in dissolved oxygen in the pond with the monolayer of the mentioned composition compared to the control pond. In terms of changes in water surface temperature (physical parameter), which was measured with a thermometer, its average was 24.4 ⁰C in the pond with octadecanol monolayer, while it was 23.11 ⁰C in the control pond with monolayer. Empirically, the effect of a dense layer in reducing evaporation losses is proportional to the increase in water surface temperature.

In arid and semi-arid regions, surface evaporation can be considered the main cause of water loss. Evaporation occurs at temperatures lower than the boiling point of water and it is an inevitable phenomenon and it plays an important role in the loss of water resources in countries according to their geographical and meteorological conditions. One of the main methods to reduce evaporation from the surface of open tanks, which is used in many hot and dry regions, is the use of physical and chemical coatings. In the current research, which was conducted with the aim of reducing the rate of evaporation from class A evaporation pans, it was tried for the first time to investigate the efficiency of three types of balls with monolayer composition of hexadecanol as an evaporation reducing coating. Three types of balls with a diameter of 7 cm made of propylene were used; balls with two holes, six holes, and no holes. In order to investigate the performance of these coatings in reducing the evaporation of class A pans, they were investigated for 2 months from 1400/6/1 to 1400/7/30 (two months). The measurement of evaporation has been repeated once every hour from 8:00 am to 5:00 pm and the resulted times series were analyzed statistically. The measured evaporation values were analyzed in SAS software and the comparison of averages was done at the 99% probability level based on Duncan's average comparison test. Results showed that the combination of hexadecanol monolayer and three ball samples had a significant difference at the 5% level in terms of changes in evaporation rate and temperature. The results of comparing the average effect of different coatings on the rate of evaporation showed that the control pan had the highest amount of evaporation among other pans, while the pans covered with the monolayer combination of hexadecanol and non-porous balls showed the lowest amount of evaporation. The comparison of average evaporation values in Duncan's test did not show any common letters which means that all pairs of coatings have a significant difference at the 5% level. The results showed that the combination of hexadecanol monolayer and non-porous balls with an efficiency of 86.7% contributed the most in reducing evaporation. While the combination of hexadecanol monolayer with two-hole and six-hole balls with efficiency of 59.6% and 56.7% were placed in the next priorities. Finally, the combination of hexadecanol monolayer and balls without holes were identified as the best evaporation reducing coating in the present study due to the appropriate surface roughness and the constant percentage of empty spaces over time.

Evaporation is one of the most significant losses from water levels, especially in desert areas. Because a large amount of water is stored in reservoirs, water losses evaporate from the surface of water reservoirs, which is one of the sources of water loss. So far, various solutions have been proposed to reduce the rate of evaporation. In the present study, which was conducted with the aim of reducing the rate of evaporation from Class A evaporation pans, it was attempted to investigate for the first time the efficiency of three types of balls as evaporation reducing coatings. The balls used, including three types of two-hole and six-hole balls and without holes with a diameter of 7 cm, made of propylene were used. In order to evaluate the performance of these coatings in reducing the evaporation of Class A pans for 2 months from 1400/6/1 to 1400/7/30. Based on the Tukey and Duncan mean test, the three ball samples had a significant difference of 5% in terms of changes in evaporation rate and temperature with the control. The results showed that holes without holes with 70.6% efficiency had the largest share in reducing evaporation, while two-hole and six-hole balls with 45 and 30% efficiency were in the next priorities. Finally, holes without apertures were identified as

In the management of desert areas, studies related to water, soil and vegetation are carried out at the watershed or regional scale. Geomorphological zoning is one of the basic studies.. Considering the increase in population and decrease in rainfall, it seems necessary to use surface waters.  Therefore, identification of geomorphological Features of the earth's surface is important for the construction of water structures and their site selection Identifying geomorphological types and land units of Earth's surface is necessary for Landuse planning and land use for different uses. So far, Identification of geomorphological features has been done qualitatively and based on expert opinion In this study, the quantitative zoning is used to identify suitable areas for artificial recharge in the mountainous area of Gohar and Garbayegan plain, in Fars province fitting a circular fundamental form to the surface. In this research, with digital elevation model and ArcGIS 9.3, Matlab 7.1 and ENVI 4.8 softwares, and using quantitative relationships for the Kuhghar area in the Garbaigan plain of Fasa, site selection of the floodwater spreading was investigated. The structures with grade two for triplex windows and the data from the digital elevation model with a resolution of 10m was used to determine the best fitable fundamental structure. The sum of square differences of the surface differences is used as an indicator to determine the degree of fitting the fundamental structures. Using the degree of fitting, the degree of suitability of the surface for artificial recharge has been determined only by surface morphology view. By fitting the interpretable patterns to the Earth's surface it can be determined that the earth was similar to what pattern and formation mechanism. The results show that the surfaces located downstream of the alluvial cones and the plains are most suitable areas for floodwater spreading in the Garbayegan watershed. One of the uses of quantitative zoning in the field of erosion and sedimentation is that by accurately fitting the areas exposed to erosion, it is possible to accurately calculate the ratio of height changes in the margins of basins and erosion areas, as well as the height increase in low-lying areas as a result of sedimentation.

Drought is a climate phenomenon that there is possibility of this phenomenon, anywhere in the world and under anyDrought is a climate phenomenon that there is possibility of this phenomenon, anywhere in the world and under any climatic conditions. Based on this, monitoring systems are very important in preparing plans to deal with drought and its management. In this study, in order to investigate the drought in Lorestan province from annual rainfall data of Kamandan, Ab Barik, Dere Takht, Borujerd Organization, Kazem Abad, Tirroud, Azna, Golroud, Sabze Ab, Rahim Abad, Surkhab during a statistical period of 49 year (1969-2018) was used. Drought Status Based on the mentioned data using Standard Precipitation Indexes (SPI), Chinese Z (CZI), using DIP software, these data were entered into ArcGIS software. And then, using Kriging method, the drought zoning was done for the last 30-year study period (1988-2018). The results indicated that drought zoning does not follow a regular trend in any of the indices, during the study period. The results of the zoning of CZI and SPI indices showed that severe drought occurred in 1991 and 1999 and 2008 years for SPI index and1990, 1999, 2008 and 2012 years for CZI index, respectively, and severe humidity for both indices, has spread in the whole province 1992 and 1995 years. The results of both indices show that the maximum severe drought on the SPI index for the Ab Barik station in (1998-1999) and (1969-1970), and the Azna station in the years (2008-2009 and 2011- 2012), and the CZI index relates to the Ab Barik Station (1969-1970 and 1997-1998), and two cases are related to Rahimabad station during the years (1985-2003).

The basis of land management is the geomorphological zoning of the land surface, which is determined based on the same geomorphological characteristics of the zoning. Ground zoning detect land features by basic surface features such as height, slope, and slope direction. In this study, quantitative zoning of the land surface with small coefficients to the surface has been used to identify suitable areas for artificial feeding in the mountainous region of Gohar and Dasht-e Gorbayegan in Fars province. Quantitative zoning of the land surface has been performed by Evans-Shri coefficients due to the accurate determination and separation of types, faces, and surface features of the land has an important role in determining the exact land use. In this research basic models included linear, circular, and divergent models. These basic models with the dimensions of the final windows are ranked second in the MATLAB software to the level the ground is fitted to determine the fit of these models, the parameter of total squared difference has been used. In addition, the suitability of the study area for flood distribution in five different classes was determined using fuzzy logic. The most suitable areas for feeding downstream of the cones had five parameters with a maximum score of 20. The inappropriate class related to the lower plains of alluvial fans have a minimum score of five input classes in fuzzy logic, which is equal to zero.

Geomorphological zoning of the earthchr('39')s surface is the basis of land use planning. The first step of land use planning is to determine homogeneous zones of the earthchr('39')s surface in terms of geomorphological characteristics. Geomorphologically homogeneous areas can be managed in one approach. Ground zoning is the detection of land features by basic surface features such as height, slope, and slope direction. In this research, the appearance of the earth from the quantitative point of view and geomorphological zoning of the earthchr('39')s surface are studied. The quantitative zoning is conducted using automated and predefined based on zoning criteria. Quantitative zoning does not involve the expertchr('39')s taste and skill level, and the zones will be obtained using specific quantitative strategies. The specified zones are determined by coefficients, which changes of these coefficients in different regions can be used to compare zones. In this study, quantitative zoning was performed by a digital elevation model, Arc GIS 9.3, Matlab 7.1, and Envi 4.8, and applying relationships for the mountainous region in the Gerbaigan plain of Fasa. For this research, digital elevation data with an accuracy of 10 meters from the surveying organization has been used. Using the level fitting tool in MATLAB software, the relationship related to each form to limited parts, or limited windows, has been fitted from the surface. These windows are selected in such a way that they have a square shape and their dimensions are, for example, 3*3, or 9*9. By applying for the given programs, each of the quantitative coefficients is presented as zones. To determine the degree of fit, the RMSE has been used. Evans-Shary quantitative parameters have the highest and lowest values for the valleys and peaks, respectively.

The basis of land use planning is geomorphological zoning of Earth's surface. The quantitative zoning is conducted using automated and predefined based on zoning criteria. In this study, the quantitative zoning is used to identify areas suitable for artificial recharge in the mountainous area of Gohar and Garbayegan plain, Fars province by fitting a linear fundamental form to the surface. The structures with grade two for triplex windows and the data from the digital elevation model with a resolution of 10 m was used to determine the best fundamental structure fit. The sum of square differences of the surface differences is used as an indicator to determine the degree of fitting the fundamental structures. By fitting the interpretable patterns to the Earth's surface, it can be determined that the earth was similar to which pattern and formation mechanism. Mountain ranges upstream alluvial cones and plains located downstream of the upstream alluvial cones are not linear surfaces. Places which are not at the acceptable slope (gradient less than 0.002 and higher than 0.1) allocated to the zero fitting degrees and the fitting degree values are positive in alluvial cones and areas fall in the acceptable range of the slope. The results show that the surfaces located downstream of the alluvial cones and the plains are most suitable areas for floodwater spreading in the Garbayegan watershed.

The basis of spatial planning is the geomorphological zoning of ground surface, in which the first phase is determining the homogeneous zones of the ground surface in terms of geomorphological characteristics. The current study aimed at determining the proper zones for artificial feeding in Gahar mountainous region and Garebayegan plains in Fars province by the use of zoning the ground by Evans-Chezy quantitative coefficients. The quantitative zoning of ground surface plays a vital role in more accurate determination of the land capabilities due to precise determination and division of the types, facies, and surface terrains. For this study, the elevation numeral data with 10m resolution obtained from the National Cartographic Center was used. By the use of surface fitting tools in MATLAB software, the equation for each form was fitted to limited fragments of the surface and the program was applied. Then, each of the quantitative coefficients was illustrated as some zones. For determination of fitting degree, the total squared difference between the rate parameter was used and by the use of fitness degree, the propriety degree of the surface for optimal positioning of flood spreading with surface morphological view was determined. The results indicate that the surface downstream the alluvial fans and plains located on the southern region of the studied land is the most appropriate zone for the Flood Spreading. This area constitutes a surface of 10% of the total area of the region.