صمد زارع

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the toxicological effects of lead on hematological and biochemical indices of common carp. For this purpose, 90 fish were exposed to two sub-lethal levels (1.3 mg/l and 2.6 mg/l) for 21 days. Then, the blood samples were taken to measure the cortisol, cholesterol, triglyceride, red blood cells, white blood cells, hematocrit, and hemoglobin. The amount of cortisol and total white blood cells in the group exposed to 2.6 mg/l of lead were 12.03±2.30 μg/dl and 23.10±0.25×103/ mm3, respectively, which were significantly decreased compared to the control group. Compared to the control group, cholesterol and triglyceride levels were significantly higher in the group exposed to 1.3 mg/l, (178.50±3.17 mg/dl and 341.38±5.87 mg/dl, respectively). A decrease in the values of hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red blood cells indicates anemia in the exposed fish.

Food restriction may have beneficial or detrimental effects on the brain functions such as learning and memory. Also, dopamine receptors are involved in learning and information retrieval. This study was performed to determine the simultaneous effect of food restriction and dopamine D2 receptor inhibition on spatial memory of rats.

In this experimental study, 60 male Wistar rats were allocated into 6 groups including controls, 25%, 50% and 75%, food restriction, sulpiride (D2 receptor antagonist, 4 mg/kg/day, ip), 75% food restriction and sulpiride and treated for 21 days. To evaluate the memory, an eight-point radial arm maze was used. Then, the catalase and malondialdehyde level of the hippocampus were measured.

Twenty-five percent food restriction caused to 11.8 percent decrease in spending time to find the food compared to control group (P<0.05). The 75% food restriction and or sulpiride injection significantly increased that time by 24.4% and 18.3%, respectively (P<0.05). The group with 75% food restriction were received sulpiride showed the most increase in the time of food finding compared to all groups (P<0.05). Catalase activity was only significantly reduced in the 75% restricted groups to 17.6% and 22.2%, respectively (P<0.05). Malondialdehyde production was significantly increased in the 75% food restricted groups to 50.2% and 59.3, respectively and sulpiride-received group to 31.2% compared to the control group (P<0.05).

Simultaneous applying of food restriction and inhibition of dopamine D2 receptors resulted in increased hippocampal prooxidant levels and exacerbated memory impairment.

Food restriction (FR) affects on depression and anxiety behavior. Previous studies have pointed to the role of sulpiride in the treatment of depression and anxiety. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of dopaminergic system and food restriction on depression and anxiety. Forty two adult male Wistar rats (180-220g) were divided into 7 groups including: control, sham, 25%, 50%, 75% FR, 75% FR with sulpiride and sulpiride(50µg/rat). The treatment period was 21 days. Day 19 surgery and cannulation was performed and Sulpiride was injected intracrebroventricularly (icv) on the 21st day. Depression and anxiety tests (Tail suspension test and Elevated Plus Maze), was taken from the rats on the 21st day. Data were analyzed by ANOVA test.  Ethical points were observed according to the declaration of Helsinki and acts of Bioethics Committee at Urmia University (Ref No: AECVU-180-2018). Mobility time in FR groups and sulpiride compared to control and in 75% with sulpiride compared to 75% had significant increase. immobility time in FR and sulpiride had significant decrease compared to control. Open arm entry in 75% FR had significantly decreased compared to control and in 75% FR with sulpiride had significantly increased compared to 75%. Open arm spend time in 75% FR with sulpiride had significant increase compared to 75%. Motor activity was reduced in FR groups and injection sulpiride. It seems that sulpride and FR play a role in improving
semi-depression circumstances. Sulpiride also play a role in controlling the anxiety behavior induced by FR.

In traditional medicine, some plants can relieve pain. Scrophularia striata is traditionally used among people living in Zagros area for its analgesic effects. In this study, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Scrophularia striata seeds are investigated.

Eighty-four adult male NMRI mice were used. Xylene-induced ear edema test was used to evaluate anti-inflammatory activity and formalin test was used to evaluate anti-nociceptive activity. In each of these two tests, the animals were divided into 6 groups (n = 7) including control, positive control (receiving dexamethasone in inflammatory test, and morphine in formalin test), and experimental groups receiving hydroalcoholic extract of Scrophularia striata seeds at doses of 30, 60, 90, and 120 mg/kg. Injections were performed intraperitoneally.

The results showed that the extract significantly (p < 0.05) reduced inflammation at doses of 30, 90 and 120 mg/kg. Furthermore, the extract decreased acute phase of the pain by the dose of 120 mg/kg (p < 0.05), the peripheral phase by the doses of 60 (p < 0.05), 90 (p < 0.001), and 120 (p < 0.001) mg/kg, and the chronic phase by the doses of 90
(p < 0.001) and 120 (p < 0.001) mg/kg.

This study showed that hydroalcoholic extract of Scrophularia striata seed has anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects in the animal model.

Cyclophosphamide (CP) is one of the most invasive chemotherapeutic agents, which used commonly despite of its wide spectrum toxicity. Clinical evidence showed toxic side effects of CP in multiple organ systems.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of American ginseng on CP-induced testicular toxicity in rats.

Adult male Wistar rats (220±30 gr) were randomly divided into four groups (n=7 in each). Group 1 as control received normal saline by gavage, group 2 received CP (6.1 mg/kg/day, i.p.) for a period of 50 days. Group 3 received American ginseng (500 mg/kg/day) by gavage. Group 4 received American ginseng (500 mg/kg/day) 1h prior to the administration of CP in the equal dose of group 2. The animals scarified one day after the last treatment and the effects of American ginseng on the sperm vital parameters, testicular functions, biochemical factors, and structural malformations evaluated.

Serum testosterone concentration was significantly decreased whereas the level of malondialdehyde and DNA damage were significantly increased in animals of CP group (p<0.01). Co-administration of American ginseng reversed these parameters and improved recovery in CP+ginseng group. In addition, seminiferous tubules of testis severely damaged in the CP group but ginseng improved histologic changes in CP+ginseng group.

The findings confirmed the protective effects of American ginseng on toxicity induced by CP in the reproductive system of male rats.

Parkinson is the most common degenerative disorder of central nervous system. Liver plays an important role in the metabolism of chemical drugs; synthesis of plasma proteins, and extensive use of levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson disease. This study aimed to find the effect of levodopa and hydroalcoholic extract of purslane on the concentration of liver enzymes.
In this experimental study, 36 mature male rats were randomly divided into 6 groups of control, sham, parkinsonian, 2 groups of parkinsonian under treatment with purslane extract at the doses of 200 and 400mg/kg (14 days before and after surgery), and parkinsonian group treated with 15mg/kg of levodopa. The primary model of Parkinson's disease was created with the injection of 250 μg of 6-OHDA into the right ventricle. At the end of the experimental period, blood samples were taken from all subjects and liver enzymes, including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), were assessed in serum and catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) enzymes, were assessed in liver tissue homogenate. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's tests. Statistical significance level was considered to be p In this study, the levels of ALT, ALP, and AST enzymes increased in the Parkinsonian group, while their level decreased in the groups received the extract and the levodopa groups. Also the extract of purslane significantly increased CAT activity and significantly decreased MDA as compared to the parkinsonian group.
It seems that purslane due to high level of antioxidant compounds can be used as a natural product for the prevention of damages and diseases caused by oxidative stress.

The positive effect of mesenchymal stem cells in healing of various types of tissue damage such as burn has been reported. The therapeutic potential effects of mesenchymal stem cells influenced by certain agonists from their surface called Toll like receptor (TLR) can be modified into proinflammatory and anti-inflamation phenotypes. It is believed that modification of phenotypes of mesenchymal stem cells can affect their therapeutic function. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the influence of Poly(I:C) (TLR3 agonist) versus LPS (TLR4 agonist) in stimulating mesenchymal stem cells and alteration of the therapeutic potential of these cells for the treatment of third-degree skin burns in mice which was performed at institute of Bio-technology, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
Total 36 male mice aged 7-8 weeks with 25-30 gr average weights were selected. Based on burn standard method, a stainless-metal rod was heated to 100 in boiling water and burn wounds of 9 second duration were created on each mouse. Within an hour of burn induction, the mice were randomly assigned to four groups, control group with daily application of silver sulfadiazine gel, treatment 1 was treated by receiving subcutaneously 106 unstimulated mesenchymal cells, treatment 2 was treated by receiving subcutaneously 106 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mesenchymal cells, treatment3 was treated by receiving subcutaneously 106 Poly (I:C)-stimulated mesenchymal cells. Biopsies were taken from wounds and some normal tissues around it on days 7, 14 and 21 after burn induction. All samples were examined histopathologically by Hematoxilin-Eosin and masson trichrome stains in terms of thickness of the granulation tissue, tissue repair process, array of granulation tissue and deposition of collagen fibers in the repairing area. Checking normality test was processed using SPSS 18.0 Software (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA) and data then were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, Tukey and post hoc test.
Thickness of the granulation tissue on day 7 differed significantly between the control group and treatment 1 (P Increased therapeutic potential of LPS -stimulated mesenchymal stem cells versus reduced therapeutic potential of Poly (I:C)-stimulated mesenchymal stem cells can be as a result of attaining the proinflammatory versus anti-inflammatory phenotype in mesenchymal stem cells in response to the respective agonists, respectively.

Ovariectomy and estrogen removal by inducing metabolic syndrome reduce learning and memory and increase the likelihood of developing Alzheimer’s disease(AD). AD is a progressive neurological disorder with no definite cure. Polyphenols have shown important effects in preventing neurological disorders, due to antioxidant properties.
The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of pure flavonoid of medlar leaves, on STZ-induced memory impairment in ovariectomized rats.
In this experimental study, forty eight female Wistar rats weighing 200-250 g, were divided into six groups including: SHAM, OVX, OVX䤶(3mg/kg), OVX䠂, OVX䤶縔, OVX䤶 䠂. At the initial of the experiment, rats were ovariectomized, and after three weeks they were cannulated using stereotaxic apparatus. Intracerebroventricular injection of STZ(3mg/kg,2times) was used to induce memory impairment. Rats received pure flavonoid(10mg/kg, Intraperitoneal), in the STZ injection day for 21 days. All rats were tested for passive avoidance learning and memory in the shuttle box. Latency to enter to dark compartment and total time spent in that compartment were used as passive avoidance memory indices.
There was no significant difference in the acquisition and retrieval of memory between OVX ,SHAM groups(p=0.873). ICV injection of STZ significantly decreased latency to enter to dark compartment and increased total time spent in that compartment(p=0.001). The OVX䤶縔 group receiving pure flavonoid of medlar showed a significant improvement in passive avoidance learning and memory, compared with OVX䤶繈 group(P=0.001( .
ICV injection of STZ disturbs passive avoidance learning and memory and treatment with pure flavonoid of medlar improves memory impairment induced by ICV injection of STZ.

The polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders in women at childbearing age. Metabolic syndrome is present from 28% to 46% of patients with PCOS. Non-alcoholic fatty liver di-sease (NAFLD) is considered the hepatic expression of metabolic syndrome. In this study Urtica dioica moderator ef-fect on liver function in PCOS rats was examined. 120 adult female Wistar rats were divided into control, PCOS and nettle-treated groups. The PCOS group was injected subcutaneously 2 mg/kg estradiol valerate. After confirmed poly-cystic in ovaries, the experimental group was injected of the nettle extract doses (150,250, 450 mg/kg BW). Then rats were killed and blood samples were evaluated. Data were analyzed using ANOVA one-way and p

Increasing the application of copper oxide nanoparticles (NPs) in medicine (bactericidal agent) and other industries have raised serious concerns about ecotoxicology and ecophysiology effects on the aquatic animals. In this study¡ the effects of copper oxide NPs enriched yeast on the growth¡ survival; digestive enzymes activity and lipid metabolism in Artemia urmiana (AU) and Artemia franciscana (AF) were investigated. The experiment was designed in two treatments (non- enriched yeast as a control and enriched yeast with copper oxide NPs) and each with four replicates for both Artemia species. At the end of experiment¡ the results indicated that copper oxide NPs did not affect on the Artemia species growth rate but significantly increased both Artemia species survival. Also the results showed¡ copper oxide NPs did not affect on AU digestive enzymes activity¡ but significantly increased AF digestive enzymes activity. The effect of NPs on the body lipid content was investigated in Artemia species and the results revealed that copper oxide NPs significantly decrease AU lipid content but did not affect on AF. The results obtained in this experiment¡ suggest that the ecophysiological effects of copper oxide NPs different in Artemia urmiana and Artemia franciscana.

Burning provides irreparable effects on the affected patient. Several studies show that these cells may contribute to tissue regeneration whether through producing a variety of bioactive growth factors and/or by differentiation into mesoderm lineage. Several studies demonstrate that stimulated mesenchymal stem cells have more therapeutic potential than unstimulated cell in accelerate tissue wound healing. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of subcutaneous administration of stimulated bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells with lipopolysaccharide in repairing or regeneration of skin wounds induced by third-degree burn and to compare it with unstimulated Mesenchymal stem cell in mouse model.
The third-degree skin burn was induced on male mice (N=27). After 1 hour, based on the equal physical condition mice were randomly divided into three separate groups which included control, mesenchyme and LPS groups and then respectively subcutaneously administered with phosphate buffered saline (PBS; 400 µl), mesenchymal stem cells and stimulated mesenchymal stem cells with LPS (106 cell in 400µl PBS) at the burn site. In order to check the speed of the process of 21-days wound repair, tissue section at days 7, 14, and 21 after induction of burn were prepared and stained with hematoxylin/eosin and Masson’s trichrome.
Considering investigated parameters including formation of granulation tissue, angiogenesis, fibroblast proliferation, collagen deposition and the rate and quality of healing of third-degree thermal burns were significantly accelerated in mesenchyme and LPS groups when compared to the control group (P The results demonstrate that stimulate cells whit LPS improve BMScʼs therapeutic effect in some factors of burn wound healing.

Triage is a part of the organizational process in emergency departments that affects their functional outcome. Each emergency department has its own special strategic state that may require adjustments to its triage system for localizing the process. Therefore, sufficient documentation is required in this field and studying triage is necessary. The purpose of this study was drawing a scheme of the studies carried out regarding triage in emergency departments during 2013 and 2014. For this purpose, articles published in this field were searched in Pubmed internet gateway using triage, fast track, hospitals, health care, emergency, medical services and emergency service as keywords. Based on this search strategy, 119 articles were found and classified into 7 triage- related fields. Finally, distribution of the articles regarding place, subject, type and methodology of the study was evaluated using descriptive analysis.

Nowadays, nanoparticles (NPs) have a great potential application in different industries. Titanium dioxide NPs cause the biggest eco-toxicological and eco-physiological concerns due to the increase of anthropogenic input into the aquatic ecosystems, compared with other NPs. In this study, the impact of yeast enriched with titanium dioxide NPs on the growth, survival, digestive enzyme activity and lipid metabolism in Artemia urmiana (AU) and Artemia franciscana (AF) is investigated. The experiment was designed in two treatments (control and enriched yeast with titanium dioxide NPs) and each with four replicates for both Artemia species. The investigation indicated that titanium dioxide nanoparticles did not affect the Artemia species growth but increased AF survival significantly. However, No significant difference was observed in AU survival. Also, the results showed that NPs decreased AU digestive enzyme activity significantly and the reverse pattern was observed for AF. The impact of NPs on the body lipid content was investigated in Artemia species and the results revealed that using this NPs decrease this parameter in AU but did not affect on AF lipid body content. The results obtained in this experiment suggest that the eco-physiological effects of titanium dioxide NPs differ in Artemia urmiana and Artemia franciscana.

In order to identify polymorphisms in the growth hormone gene for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), a total of 20 different samples were prepared from both Iranian and French populations and DNA extraction was performed using CTAB method. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was amplified fragment of 1825 bp the growth hormone gene. The amplified fragments were using enzymes including. Tag I, Hinf I, Mbo1, AluI, HinIII, HpaII and NdeI and fractionated on the 3% agarose gelelectrophoresis. In enzymatic digestion of the PCR products, Alu I and Tag I enzymes show polymorphism with a new pattern in 450 and 600 bp (by Alu I) and a new 500 bp (by TagI) which was different among Iranian and French populations. According to the present results, we could suggest that the enzymes AluI and TagI can be used as molecular markers for the identification of these two populations; and also be useful to distinguish between imported and native trout populations in aquaculture industry.

Background and Type I diabetes is an autoimmune disease. Nowadays, there is increasing interest in natural products for the treatment of diabetes. This study was done to investigate the effect of hydroalcholic extract of Cynodon dactylon on the biochemical aspects and histopahtological changes of pancreas in experimental autoimmune diabetes in C57bl/6 mice. After stabilization of diabetes, mice were allocated in three therapeutic groups (n=10 per group) and orally treated with hydroalcholic extract of C. dactylon (100, 200 and 400 mg/Kg) for two constitutive weeks. The mice were euthanized at day 14 post streptozotocin administration and pancreases were collected and applied for histopathology. Furthermore, the levels of serum fasting blood sugar, triglyceride and cholesterol level were measured in 7 and 14 days after final streptozotocin dose. Nonparametric data (histopathological scores) were compared by Mann-Whitney U-test. Other parametric data were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc test. The results indicated a significant decrease in the levels of fasting blood glucose, triglyceride and cholesterol compared to control group. Moreover, treatment with C. dactylon significantly decreased the levels of leukocyte infiltration in the treatment group compared to diabetes mice without treatment. It seems that hydroalcholic extract C. dactylon may have a therapeutic effect against destruction of &betaeta cells and insulitis in the animal model of type I diabetes. Thus, it may be a promising strategy to control this disease in human.

Tetracyclines are antibiotics that are widely used. Tetracycline, easily passes the blood-brain barrier and protects the nervous system due to its specific chemical structure. Vitamin E is one of the fat-soluble vitamins. This vitamin helps prevent the progression of Alzheimer's disease. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effects of tetracycline and vitamin E on spatial memory, learning, and depression. In this experimental study, 21 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups of 7 each. The effect of tetracycline and vitamin E on memory, learning, and depression was investigated using 8-arm radial maze and elevated plus maze. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's statistical tests. Statistical significance level was considered p<0.05. After 21 days of treatment, it was shown that tetracycline antibiotic has a significant effect on memory. Also Vitamin E significantly reduced depression and its protective effect decreased the adverse effect of tetracycline. In the treatment group, vitamin E along with tetracycline had a significant effect on memory loss. The results of the present study indicated that use of vitamin E can reduce depression by its antioxidant and protective effects. Tetracycline also significantly increases memory. Therefore, according to the results, it is suggested that tetracycline be used along with vitamin E to reduce negative effects of the drug.

Biotechnological enhancing of growth, survival and tolerance of aquatic animals against to environmental stress, especially at larval stage of animals, is one of the important research topics. Stimulation of heat shock proteins is one the alternatives which can be exchanged with antibiotic and vaccines consumption. The present research aimed to study the effect of feeding of Artemia with HSP stimulated in unicellular yeast against environmental stresses. The study was conducted with stimulating of HSP with high salinity and temperature stresses. After ensuring of up-regulation the HSP in the yeast by SDS-Page methods, both species of Artemia were fed by the yeast and unicellular algae Dunaliella tertiolecta. 20 days culture period using this food revealed the positive effect of HSP on growth and stress tolerance of Artemia at environmental sever stresses of 250 g/l and 34°C (p<0.05).

Background and Food with high cholesterol and saturated fatty acids may play a role in formation of plaque in the walls of arteries. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplements containing different amounts of cholesterol and phytosterol on blood lipid profiles in rat. In this study, 28 adult male rats were divided into 4 groups (n=5 per group). They were kept under a 12 h light/dark cycle at constant temperature with food and water available freely throughout the study. The dietary supplement containing ghee, barley oil and olive oil were added to the foods in three groups. After 21 days of treatment, to measure various blood biochemical parameters and performing histological studies, the process of extracting blood from the heart and cardiac tissue were performed, respectively. Data were analyzed by one way ANOVA and Tukey test in SPSS software. The significance level was considered as P<0.05. Serum cholesterol and LDL-c in the groups treated with ghee, olive oil and barley oil decreased significantly compared with that of the control group. HDL-c levels increased slightly in the group receiving ghee supplement. Also, the level of TG decreased significantly in the group treated with barley and ghee. In histological study of heart tissue, signs of atherosclerosis were found more in the group treated with barley. The results showed that consumption of ghee and olive oil have positive impact on blood lipid profiles and some of the factors associated with atherosclerosis.

Recently، bone-marrow-derived cells have introduced new therapeutic approaches to the management of wound healing in severe skin injuries. Bone marrow-derived stromal cells are described as a heterogeneous population، including mesenchymal stem cells، hematopoietic stem cells، and fibro-blast cells. Results derived from several studies indicate that these cells may contribute to tissue regeneration whether through producing variety of bioactive growth factors and/or by differentiation into mesoderm lineage. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of subcutaneous administration of bone marrow-derived stromal cells in repairing or regeneration of skin wounds induced by third-degree burn in a mouse model. In an experimental study that was performed in Urmia University research center from December 2011 to June 2012، The third-degree skin burn was induced on the shaved backs of healthy 7-8 week old male mice (N=18) using a metal rods heated in boiling water. After 1 hour، based on the equal physical condition mice were randomly divided into two separate groups and then subcutaneously administered with phosphate buffered saline (PBS; 400 µl) or bone marrow-derived stromal cells (106 cell in 400µl PBS) at the burn site. 7، 14 and 21 days after induction of burn injury، biopsies were taken from burn wounds and then the sections were prepared. Subsequently the prepared sections were stained with hematoxylin/eosin and Masson''s trichrome to explore histopathological changes evoke by administration of bone marrow derived stromal cells in comparison with control subjects. Considering investigated parameters including formation of granulation tissue (respectively on days 7، 14 and 21 P≤ 0/007، P≤ 0/0013 and P≤ 0/001)، angiogenesis (on day 21 P≤ 0/002) and collagen deposition، in mice treated with bone marrow-derived stromal cells the rate of healing of third-degree thermal burns was significantly accelerated when compared to the PBS-treated mice. This experimental modulation of wound healing suggests that bone marrow-derived stromal cells can significantly enhance the rate of wound healing possibly through stimulation of granulation tissue، angiogenesis، fibroblast proliferation and collagen deposition.

Artemia is a small crustacean with high commercial value that provides a valuable model organism for researchers. This creature was dispersed to more than 600 and 18 sites over the world and Iran، respectively، by tolerating extreme range of different environmental conditions. Bakhtegan Lake is one the natural parthenogenetic Artemia habitat in Iran. Due to occurrence of an unknown bisexual Artemia in Bakhtegan Lake، the species of this un-endemic Artemia was inferred. In this regard، four different molecular markers as Na/K ATP-ase، 12S-16Sby PCR-RFLP technique and COI، HSP26 by were studied. The DNA was provided from the harvested cysts and reared adult Artemia in laboratory conditions. The results with emphasizing to ability of molecular techniques for identifying unknown species characterized the new population as A. franciscana. These analyses also revealed a molecular diversity between the sequenced genes with the all data found in the Genbank.

The flavonoids existent in barberry fruit (Berberis integerrima) are considered as antioxidants. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of aqueous extract of Berberis integerrima fruit (AEBIF) on liver damage in streptozotocin (STZ) - induced diabetic rats. In this experimental study twenty eight male white Wistar rats were randomly designated into four groups. Group 1: nondiabetic control، Group 2: diabetic control، Group 3: diabetic rats treated with AEBIF (250 mg/kg) and Group 4: diabetic rats treated with AEBIF (500 mg/kg). Diabetic rats were treated with gavage injection for 6 weeks. At the end of experiment، levels of functional liver markers (AST، ALT and ALP)، albumin، total bilirubin and proteins were assessed in the serum. Liver tissue samples were collected from the animals in all groups to be investigated. Data was analyzed by one way variance analysis and Tukey’s test using SPSS software. In diabetic rats، AEBIF (250 and 500 mg/kg BW) significantly decreased the levels of serum biomarkers of hepatic injury (P<0. 001) and total bilirubin (P<0. 05 and P<0. 001 respectively); and significantly increased (P<0. 001) the levels of total proteins (only in dose 500 mg/kg). The effect of AEBIF on albumin serum was not significant. AEBIF reduced the tissue damages resulted from diabetes in both doses. Histopathologically، the changes were in the same direction with biochemical findings. AEBIF may improve renal dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by modulation of detoxification enzymes and its antioxidant effects.

Antioxidant agents are beneficial on diabetes mellitus. Berberis Integerrima root extract has been proved to possess antioxidant activity. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the aqueous extract of Berberis Integerrima root on carbohydrate metabolism and morphology of pancreas in STZ induced diabetic rats. Forty male rats were divided into 5 groups of 8 as follows: 1- Group normal (N). 2- Group Normal+barberry (N+B)، 3- Diabetic (D) 4- Group diabetic+barberry (D+B) and 5-diabetic+glibenclamide. The experim ental groups received Barberry root extract (500 mg/kg bw) or glibenclamide (0. 6 mg/kgbw) by gavage for 6 weeks. At the end of the experiment، rats sacrificed by decapitation and fasting blood samples were collected from cervical vein and serum levels of glucose and insulin were measured with commercial kits by spectrophotometery and elisa، respectively. The pancreas of rats were removed and fixed and after tissue processing stained with H&E for light microscopic investigations. The results showed that berberis integerrima root extract (500 mg/kg/w) caused a significant decrease (p<0. 01) in glucose serum level and significant increase (p<0. 01) in insulin levels were compared to the diabetic group. Also Berberis Integerrima root extract caused a significant increase (p<0. 05) in islets average diameters and numbers of islets. Berberis integerrima root extract has hypoglycemic effect by increasing insulin secretion and improvement of the pancreas.

Success in aquaculture is based on various criteria, and the selection of a suitable feed and its potential use is important. The possibility of using fairy shrimps as diet in aquaculture has not been explored widely. Among the live diets used in the aquaculture, fairy shrimps have the potential to be used as a feed item for fishes such as ornamental fishes that benefit from live food. Also, their cysts and nauplii are useful in larval culture, mainly due to their convenience and availability. Branchinecta orientalis belong to the Anostracans, is a common inhabitant in seasonal water catchments in Northwest of Iran. In this study, growth rate and survival of this species was studied for 15 days using two different unicellular algae, that were combined with given amount enriched yeast. Newly hatched nauplii were grown until sexual differentiation under laboratory conditions (21 ±1°C temperature; 12L/12D photoperiod; 1600 Lm/m2 intensity; 200 nauplius L_1 density) feeding on two specie of unicellular algae Haematococus sp. and Scenedesmus sp. Results were analyzed using One-way ANOVA was used to test mean of different variables. No significant difference was observed on the growth rate and survival between the two treatment groups (p > 0.05). Also our findings provide valuable information on B. orientalis high nutrition value and its capability to use in aquaculture.