فهرست مطالب طاهر تیز دست

Social networking is virtual areas where individuals can create their virtual profiles and make friends with common interests. With the integration of social media into individuals’ everyday lives, it has the potential to affect many parts of human behavior. The purpose of the present study was to investigate mediating role of perceived social support in the relationship between social competences with virtual social networks addiction in students. This was descriptive-correlation research. The statistical population was female students in Karaj in year 2023. A sample of 400 students were selected with convenience method. Data collection tools include the social networking addiction scale of Griffiths, social competence questionnaire of Gómez-Ortiz, et al. and social support scale of Zimet, et al. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and structural equations modeling. The results showed significant direct effect of social competence and social support on virtual social networks addiction. Also, the results showed that perceived social support had a mediating role in relationship between social competences with virtual social networks addiction. Based on the results of this research, it is suggested that the relationship between these variables should be taken into consideration in interventions to social networks addiction.

Empowering women with addicted husbands plays an important role in improving their mental health. Therefore, this study aimed to the effectiveness of the psychological empowerment package on the psychological well-being and family resilience of women with addicted spouses.

The study utilized  a quasi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test design and a control group. The statistical population of the present study included all women with methamphetamine-addicted husbands in Tehran in 2022, whose husbands had been referred to addiction treatment centers. Thirty sample members were selected by purposive sampling method and with simple random sampling assigned to the experimental group (15 people) and control group (15 people). To collect data, the short version of Riff's psychological well-being scale and Sixby's family resilience scale were used. The members of the experimental group participated in 12 sessions (90 minutes per session). Data analysis with SPSS software. v21 and at a significance level of 0.05, it was done through univariate analysis of covariance.

The results showed that the psychological empowerment package improved the overall mental well-being score (F=100.244; P=0.001) and personal growth (F=33.500; P=0.001), positive relationship with others (F=31.118; P=0.001) and self-acceptance (F=25.937; P=0.001) subscales. In addition, the effect of the psychological empowerment package on improving the overall score of family resilience (F=41.535; P=0.001) and communication and  problem-solving subscales (F=28.716; P=0.001) and accepting the problem (F=16.301; P=0.001) has become significant.

It is recommended to give comprehensive attention to the psychological empowerment of women with addicted spouses and strengthen them through approaches such as the psychological empowerment package.

The present study aims to done investigate evaluation of the structural model for predicting early maladaptive schemas based on childhood trauma with mediating role of attachment styles in students.

The statistical population of this researcher was all students who were studying in Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University in the academic year of 2020-2021. Aaccording to convenience sampling method, 380 people was selected as samples and they were asked to fill in Young schema questionnaire – short form version 3 (YSQ-S3) of Young and Brown (2005), short form of the childhood trauma questionnaire (the CTQ-SF) of Bernstein and et al (2003) and attachment styles questionnaire (ASQ) of Hazen and Shaver (1987). Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and structural equation modelling with using SPSS-24 and AMOS software was investigated.

The results showed that there is a significant relationship between childhood trauma and attachment styles with early maladaptive schemas (P <0.01). The results also showed that most of the direct paths of this study were significant and the indirect paths of childhood trauma were significant through the mediating role of attachment styles on early maladaptive schemas (RMSEA=0/072, CFI=0/935, AGFI=0/968, IFI=0/911, P-value<0/05).

Proposed model had an acceptable fitness to the data and based on current research can be used to explain the factors affecting early maladaptive schemas and also as a suitable model for designing comprehensive programs to prevent early maladaptive schemas in students.

This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy and mindfulness therapy on the executive performance of methamphetamine-consuming patients. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group with a three-month follow-up period. The statistical population of this research includes all addicts who were referred to addiction treatment clinics in Tehran between September and February 2021. 45 people were selected purposefully and randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group. The research tool was the Wisconsin Grant and Berg (WCST, 1948) card sorting test. Cognitive behavioral therapy intervention by Frey (2008) and mindfulness by Craft and Williams (2012) was implemented during 8 sessions on the members of the experimental group, but the control group did not receive any intervention. The data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance test. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the groups in the post-test and follow-up of the executive performance of methamphetamine users (P<0.05) and both treatments had a significant effect on the correct classes completed, remaining errors and total errors (P<0.05). Mindfulness therapy has been superior to cognitive behavioral therapy in affecting the variables of survival errors in the post-test phase (P<0.05). Therefore, it can be said that mindfulness treatment is more effective in the effectiveness of one of the components of executive functions, so mindfulness can be used in the treatment of people addicted to methamphetamine.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of compassion therapy on blood sugar, happiness and death anxiety in the elderly with type 2 diabetes. The research method was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design with a control group with a follow-up period. Among the elderly women with diabetes in region 1 of Tehran in 1400, 29 people were selected as available research samples according to the inclusion criteria and were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The instruments used in this study included a blood test, the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire, and the Templer Death Anxiety. Data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the mean of pre-test and follow-up test of experimental and control groups in terms of blood sugar, happiness and death anxiety. In other words, compassion therapy reduced blood sugar and death anxiety and increased happiness in the elderly with type 2 diabetes (p <0.001). Consistent with the findings of the present study, compassion therapy can be suggested as an effective method to improve blood sugar, happiness and death anxiety in the elderly.

The present research was conducted with the aim of modeling children's behavioral problems based on parenting methods with the mediation of parent-child relationship.

In a cross-sectional study in the form of a correlational design, all mothers of primary school students with behavioral problems in Karaj city were selected using a simple random sampling method from the list of names of students diagnosed with behavioral problems. After obtaining informed consent, the research data were used with the help of the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) - Achenbach and Rescorla (2001), parenting style questionnaire (1973) and Pianta parent-child relationship questionnaire (2015). In order to check the assumptions of the statistical tests and test the hypotheses of the research, using the SmartPLS software, the identified paths of the research have been investigated according to the conceptual model. Version 3.3 of SmartPLS software was used to compile the confirmatory factor analysis model and structural equations, and SPSS version 26 was used for descriptive statistics. Path analysis has also been used to determine direct and indirect coefficients.

The results obtained from the bootstrap method and the Sobel test both show that the indirect effect of parenting methods on children's behavioral problems due to the parent-child relationship is -0.298, and the value of the Sobel statistic is significant at the 95% confidence level. (Sobel = 5.28, P<0.001).

It can be concluded that parenting methods have a significant effect on children's behavioral problems due to the mediating role of parent-child relationship. The findings of this study are consistent with the background. Research shows the effect of parenting methods by mediating the parent-child relationship in creating children's behavioral problems, which can be used in the prevention program while removing clinical implications

Entering the university is always associated with a range of stressful academic, financial, communication, social and sometimes distance from the family. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the fit of the structural model of maladaptive schemas based on individual trauma and social trauma with the mediation of attachment styles.

The study method was correlational. The statistical population was all the students of Islamic Azad University, Karaj branch, in the academic year 2020-21. The statistical sample consisted of 380 students who were selected online. Hazan and Shaver's (1987) attachment style questionnaire, Young's early maladaptive schemas questionnaire (1998), Bernstein et al.'s (2003) childhood trauma questionnaire, and researcher-made social trauma questionnaire were used.

The results showed that personal trauma has an effect on early maladaptive schemas with the mediation of secure attachment style (P<0.01); Personal trauma with the mediation of avoidant and ambivalent attachment style has no effect on early maladaptive schemas (P<0.05); Social trauma has an effect on early maladaptive schemas with the mediation of secure and avoidant attachment style (P<0.01); Social trauma with the mediation of ambivalent attachment style does not affect early maladaptive schemas (P<0.05).

The results showed that the structural model of maladaptive schemas based on individual trauma and social trauma with the mediation of attachment styles in the students of Islamic Azad University of Karaj has a sufficient fit; Therefore, providing the right environment from childhood can help reduce mental and personality disorders in the society.

This research was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of schema therapy and emotion focused therapy on alexithymia of people suffering from marital conflict.

The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with two experimental groups and one control group. From the statistical population of women referring to the clinics of the 1st district of Tehran, 45 people were selected using the available method and replaced in three groups using a random method. The research tool was emotional ataxia (Begby et al., 1994). First, the pre-test of alexithymia was performed for all three groups, then schema therapy and emotion-focused therapy were performed for the experimental groups, but no intervention was applied for the control group; Finally, the post-test and the follow-up test were performed for all three groups.

The results of the repeated measurement test showed that both schema therapy and emotion-oriented groups are effective in reducing alexithymia (p>0.01). Bon Feroni's post hoc test showed that emotional therapy is more effective than schema therapy (p>0.01).

it is suggested to use emotion-focused therapy to improve the alexithymia of people with marital conflict.

The current research was conducted with the aim of structural equations of the relationship between the psychological needs of employees and the experience of being overwhelmed at work with the mediation of organizational commitment.

The method of the current research was of the correlation type and the method of structural equations was used. All the employees of the Islamic Azad Universities of Tehran in the academic year of 2020-21 formed the statistical population of the present study, and 339 employees were selected as a sample using random sampling. To collect data, a questionnaire tool was used: a questionnaire on the experience of drowning in work (Talabeigi, 2013), psychological needs (Deci & Ryan, 2000) and an organizational commitment questionnaire (Allen & Mayer, 1997) were the research tools, which were reliable and valid. Questionnaires in this research were calculated using Cronbach's alpha 0.865, 0.921 and 0.793 respectively for the aforementioned questionnaires. To analyze the data, Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation model were used and using software SPSS 24 and AMOS 24 were used.

The results of the analysis showed that there is a significant positive and direct relationship between the psychological needs of employees with the experience of drowning in work and the organizational commitment of the organization (P ≥ 0.05). Also, the results of structural equation analysis showed that organizational commitment mediates the relationship between employees' psychological needs and the experience of being overwhelmed at work (P ≥ 0.05).

Attention and emphasis on promoting organizational commitment help creating a clear image of effective human resources with appropriate psychological needs and the experience of drowning in work.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of positive psychotherapy on adherence to treatment and glycosylated hemoglobin in female patients with type 2 diabetes.

This study was a quasi-experimental type of pre-test, post-test and follow-up. 30 women with type 2 diabetes who referred to Iran Diabetes Association located in Tehran province from January to May 2019 were selected by purposive sampling method. Then they were randomly assigned to the experimental group (under positive psychotherapy) (n=15) and the control group (n=15). Data collection tools were the adherence to treatment scale (Murisky, Eng, & Wood, 2008) and glycosylated hemoglobin measurement in three baseline stages, after the intervention and three-month follow-up. The structure of positive psychotherapy sessions was implemented based on Seligman's positive psychotherapy group intervention (2006) in eight sessions for the experimental group. Data analysis was done using multivariate repeated measure analysis of variance.

The findings showed that in the group under positive psychotherapy, the average score of adherence to treatment is significantly higher than the control group (F=511.16, P<0.001). In addition, women with diabetes in the experimental group decreased significantly in the average glycosylated hemoglobin score compared to the control group (F=389.50, P<0.001).

The results of this study showed that positive psychotherapy can be effective in improving treatment compliance and reducing glycosylated hemoglobin in women with type 2 diabetes.

The aim of the present study is the effectiveness of positive thinking training on mental well-being, action flexibility and psychological coherence in patients with type 2 diabetes. This semi-experimental research was pre-test, post-test and follow-up after two months. The statistical population includes people with type 2 diabetes who referred to the Mashhad International Diabetes Prevention and Control Foundation in the summer of 2019. Keyes and Magyarmo (2003), Antonovsky's sense of coherence (1987) and Conover and Davidson's (2003) subjective well-being questionnaire were used to collect data. The results of analysis of variance with repeated measurement showed that positive thinking training is effective and lasting on the mental well-being, sense of psychological coherence and action flexibility of people with type 2 diabetes.. Positive thinking training in patients suffering from diabetes strengthens positive personal traits such as courage, sense of aesthetics, foresight, etc. and a new method of provide cognitive processing and regulation of emotions.

Substance use disorder not only overshadows the addict's life but also creates many problems and inconveniences for the family and spouse of addicts. Therefore, the present study was conducted to develop and validate the package of psychological empowerment of women-addicted spouses and investigate its effectiveness on marital responsibility and mental well-being.

 A quasi-experimental method was used with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group. The statistical population of the current study included all women with methamphetamine-addicted husbands in Tehran in 2022, whose husbands had been referred to addiction treatment centers. 30 women were selected by purposive sampling method and randomly assigned to the experimental group (15 people) and control group (15 people). The members of the experimental group participated in 12 sessions (90 minutes per session), but the members of the group did not receive evidence of intervention. Adams and Jones' responsibility questionnaire (1997) and the short version of Ryff's psychological well-being scale (2006) were used to collect data. Data analysis with SPSS software. v21 and at a significance level of 0.05, it was done through univariate analysis of covariance.

The results showed that the psychological empowerment package improved the overall score of responsibility and personal commitment, and moral commitment subscales. In addition, the effect of the psychological empowerment package on improving the overall mental well-being score and personal growth, positive relationships with others, and self-acceptance subscales were significant.

Regarding that living with an addicted spouse has negative psychological consequences for women, comprehensive attention to the psychological empowerment of this group of women and strengthening it through approaches such as the psychological empowerment package suggested.

The current study aimed to provide a structural model of marital satisfaction based on emotion regulation strategies with the mediating role of personality traits in women with premenstrual syndrome (PMS). By applying the structural equation modeling (SEM) approach, the model was tested. The population comprised all women with PMS who were referred to psychological clinics, health centers, and Gynecologists' offices in West Tehran in 2021. Totally, 410 women were selected by the available sampling method. Then, Marital satisfaction (Enrich, 1989), emotional regulation strategies (CERQ-P, Garnevsky et al, 2002), and personality characteristics (NEO-FFI, Costa and McCree, 1992) were completed by participants. The results illustrated that the total path coefficient between adaptive emotion regulation strategies and marital satisfaction (p<0.001) was positive and the total path coefficient between non-adaptive strategies and marital satisfaction (p<0.05) was negative and significant. Moreover, the indirect path coefficient between maladaptive strategies and marital satisfaction was significant only through neuroticism (p<0.01), and the indirect path coefficient between adaptive emotional regulation strategies and marital satisfaction through conscientiousness (p<0.01), extroversion (p<0.01) and neuroticism (p<0.01) were significant. Therefore, it could be concluded that the model of marital satisfaction of women with PMS based on emotional regulation strategies and personality traits has a good fit. Eventually, the application of this model could be advantageous to specialists in the identification of PMS.

This study aimed to compare the effect of training pivotal response treatment principles and training Theory of mind principles on executive functions in kids with autism disorder. The method was half- experimental with pre-test, post-test with control group. The statistical population consisted children with autism disorder in Lahijan city. After assessing, 45 child between 6-13 years old were chosen and then randomly divided into three groups of 15, two intervention groups and a control group.Data collection tool was BRIFF executive functions questionnaire which was completed by parents For the first intervention group, the Pivotal response treatment in 7 sessions and for the second group Theory of Mind principals were taught in 10 sessions and the control group did not receive any training.At the end of training post-test was conducted. Data were analyzed using multivariate covariance (MANCOVA) analysis. The findings showed that intervention groups were significantly different in the post-test, compared to the control group in executive function. The rate of executive functions incerease after intervention and the size of this increase was higher in the theory of mind training group. The result showed that theory of mind training has great effect than PRT training on increasing self-differentiation (P<0/01). The result of LSD test shows the difference between the effectiveness of mind reading and response-oriented therapy on behavior regulation (P <0.01) and metacognition (P <0.01) in children. There is a statistically significant. The results showed that the scores of the intervention groups were significantly different from the control group in the scale of executive functions. Executive functions increased after the interventions and this increase was more in the mind reading group. Findings showed that mind reading training has a greater effect on increasing executive functions than response therapy training. The use of these two methods is recommended to therapists, psychologists and educators who work to educate children with autism.

Diabetes type 2 to 95 % of is newly diagnosed diabetes in adults. The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment based on self-care and glycosylated hemoglobin in patients with type 2 diabetes.

In a quasi-experimental study with control, pre-test, and post-test groups, thirty women with type 2 diabetes who were referred to the Iranian Diabetes Association in Tehran province from January to May 2020 were selected by random sampling method. The subjects were then randomly assigned to two test and control groups through Excel Office software. The experimental group (n=15) (under the treatment of admission and commitment for eight weekly sessions of 90 minutes each session) and the control group (n=15) were treated with routine treatment. Diabetes and hemoglobin glycosylated hemoglobin questionnaire information tools were collected in three baseline stages after intervention and three-month follow-up. The data were entered into the SPSS- 21 statistical software and analyzed using the variance analysis method.

The findings revealed that based on admission and commitment in the treatment group, the average self-care score is significantly higher than in the control group. In addition, women in the diabetes group were significantly reduced in the mean hemoglobin score of glycosylated compared to the control group (P<0.001).

The results of this study showed that acceptance and commitment-based treatment could be effective in improving self-care and reducing hemoglobin in women with type 2 diabetes. Besides, to expand the findings of this study, researchers should implement treatment based on the acceptance and commitment of similar patients in other hospitals.

Examining the psychological problems of children and adolescents has always been one of the main concerns of psychologists. The present study was conducted with the aim of modeling children's behavioral problems based on attachment styles with the mediation of parent-child relationship.

In a cross-sectional study in the form of a correlational design, all mothers of primary school students with behavioral problems in Karaj city were selected using a simple random sampling method from the list of names of students diagnosed with behavioral problems. After obtaining informed consent, the research data were used with the help of the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) - Achenbach and Rescular (2001), the attachment styles questionnaire (1987) and the Pianta Parent-Child Relationship Questionnaire (2015). In order to check the assumptions of the statistical tests and test the hypotheses of the research, using the SmartPLS software, the identified paths of the research have been investigated according to the conceptual model. Version 3.3 of SmartPLS software was used to compile the confirmatory factor analysis model and structural equations, and SPSS version 26 was used for descriptive statistics. Path analysis has also been used to determine direct and indirect coefficients.

The results obtained from the bootstrap method and the Sobel test both show that the indirect effect of attachment styles on children's behavioral problems due to the parent-child relationship is -0.142, and the value of the Sobel statistic is at the 95% confidence level. It is significant (P>0.001, Sobel=3.56). As a result, attachment styles have a significant effect on children's behavioral problems due to the mediating role of parent-child relationship. The negative value of beta (-0.142) shows the negativity and oppositeness of this effect.

It can be concluded that attachment styles are effective in creating behavioral problems in children by mediating parent-child relationship, which can be used in the prevention program while removing clinical implications.

The present research was conducted with the aim of structural equations of the relationship between the psychological needs of employees with the experience of flow at work with the mediation of organizational commitment.

The current research method was correlation type and structural equation method was used. All the female employees of the Islamic Azad Universities of Tehran in the academic year of 2019-21 formed the statistical population of the present study, and 339 employees were selected as a sample using the random sampling method. To collect data, a questionnaire tool was used: the questionnaire on the experience of drowning in work Talabighi (2013), psychological needs Deci and Ryan (2000) and the organizational commitment questionnaire Allen and Mayer (1997) were the research tools, which were reliable and valid. Questionnaires in this research were calculated using Cronbach's alpha 0.865, 0.921 and 0.793 respectively for the aforementioned questionnaires. To analyze the data, Pearson's correlation coefficient and structural equation model were used and using software SPSS 24 and AMOS 24 were used.

The results of the analysis showed that there is a significant positive and direct relationship between the psychological needs of employees with the experience of flow at work work and the organizational commitment of the organization (P<0.05). Also, the results of structural equation analysis showed that organizational commitment mediates the relationship between employees' psychological needs and the experience of flow at work work (P<0.05).

attention and emphasis on promoting organizational commitment can be it helps to create a clear picture of the effective human force with appropriate psychological needs and the experience of flow at work.

Controlling blood sugar and improving happiness and death anxiety can help the well-being of the elderly with type 2 diabetes, but there is a research gap in this field. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Logo therapy on blood sugar, happiness and death anxiety in the elderly with type 2 diabetes.

The research method was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design with a control group with a follow-up test period. Among the elderly women with diabetes in region 1 of Tehran in 1400, 29 people were selected as available research samples according to the inclusion criteria and were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The instruments used in this study included a blood test, the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire, and the Templer Death Anxiety. Data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the mean of pre-test and follow-up test of experimental and control groups in terms of blood sugar, happiness and death anxiety. In other words, treatment significantly reduced blood sugar and death anxiety and increased happiness in the elderly with type 2 diabetes (p <0.001).

Consistent with the findings of the present study, Logo therapy can be suggested as an effective method to improve blood sugar, happiness and death anxiety in the elderly.

A positive attitude towards drugs is an important factor in drug-seeking behavior, the occurrence of dependence and the continuation of drug abuse. The aim of this study was to determine the mediating role of ego capacity in the relationship between attachment styles and attitude towards addiction of clients who are quitting.

The method of this present study was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of this research included all addicts who referred to addiction treatment centers in one district of Tehran for addiction treatment from July to October 2019. 214 samples were selected using random cluster sampling method. The data collection tools were Hazan and Shaver's Adult Attachment Questionnaire (1987), Markström et al.'s (1997) Psycho-Social Ego Strength Inventory, and Theoretical Addiction Attitude Questionnaire (1379).

Data analysis using structural equation modeling showed that secure attachment style had a negative effect on positive attitude towards addiction (β = -0.317; p < 0.01) and anxious insecure attachment style (p < 0.01) β; p<0.01) and insecure avoidant (β=0.375; p<0.01) have a positive effect on positive attitude towards addiction. Also, secure attachment style has a positive effect on negative attitude towards addiction (β=0.364; p<0.01) and anxious insecure attachment styles (β=0.315; p<0.01) and insecure avoidant (341) β = -0.01; p < 0.01) have a negative effect on the negative attitude towards addiction. Ego capacity has a positive effect on the negative attitude towards addiction (β=0.512; p<0.01) and has a negative effect on the positive attitude towards addiction (β=0.744; p<0.01). Secure attachment style has a positive effect on ego capacity (β=0.743; p<0.01) and anxious insecure attachment styles (β=0.732; p<0.01) and insecure avoidant attachment styles (β=0.01; p<0.01) β; p<0.01) have a negative effect on ego capacity.

According to the findings of this study, it seems that supportive treatments can be appropriate in managing and reducing the intensity of consumption and modifying the attitude towards addiction, and in general, treating addiction and preventing relapse, and it is one of the costs imposed on families, society and the system. Reduce healthcare.

Development and strengthening of students' intellectual and moral skills has always been one of the essential  goals of educational systems in different countries, so the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of metacognition education program on critical thinking and moral judgment of elementary students.

This quasi-experimental study was performed by pretest and posttest methods and a control group in 2019. The study population was elementary school students in Chalous in the academic year 2019-2020, which was selected by in available sampling method of 30 people and randomly placed in two groups of 15 people intervention and control. Both groups answered the Critical Thinking and Moral Judgment Questionnaire. The intervention group participated in 8 sessions of metacognition training, but the control group did not receive any training. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 22 and multivariate and univariate analysis of covariance.

The mean and standard deviation of critical thinking scores before metacognition training in the intervention and control groups were 69.78 ± 6.26 and 70.10 ± 4.91, respectively, which after metacognition training were 80.59 ± 7.57 and 71.84± 5.30. The mean and standard deviation of moral judgment scores before metacognition training in the intervention and control groups were 34.63 ± 1.35 and 34.80 ± 1.63, respectively, which after metacognition training were 39.29 ± 3.33 and 35.33 ± 1.97. Therefore, the results showed that metacognition training increased critical thinking, critical thinking (p <0.01, F = 14.717) and increased moral judgment (P <0.01, F = 23.109).

The study results will draw the attention of experts and educators to ways to improve critical thinking and the development of moral judgment.

Body deformity disorder is a chronic and distressing condition that can lead to severe social, occupational, educational and family problems. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of commitment-based acceptance treatment on flexibility and perfectionism of physical appearance in body deformity disorder.

In a quasi-experimental study of pre-test-post-test-follow-up designs with a control group, 30 female students with deformity who are studying at the Islamic Azad University of Tehran University of Medical Sciences during the months of November to January 2017 were selected by available sampling method. Subjects were then randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups through Excel Office software. The experimental group (n = 15) underwent commitment-based admission treatment for 8 weekly sessions of 90 minutes each session. The flexibility questionnaire and the Physical Appearance Perfectionism Questionnaire (PAPS) were collected in three baseline stages after quarterly intervention and follow-up. Data were entered in SPSS statistical software version 21 and analyzed using repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance.

The results showed that the group undergoing commitment-based acceptance treatment, the mean score of flexibility and perfectionism of physical appearance was significantly lower than the control group (P <0.001).

The results of this study showed that commitment-based acceptance therapy can be effective in improving the perfectionism of physical appearance and flexibility in students with deformity.

Body deformity disorder (BDD) is one of the disorders of the obsessive-compulsive spectrum and includes intense and disturbing mental occupation with minor or visual defects in appearance. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of schema therapy on flexibility and perfectionism of physical appearance in body dysmorphic disorder.

In a quasi-experimental study of pre-test-post-test-follow-up design with a control group, 30 female students with BDD studying at the Islamic Azad University of Tehran University of Medical Sciences from November to January 2017 were selected via convenience sampling method. Participants were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. The experimental group (n=15) underwent schematic therapy for eight weekly 90-minute sessions. The flexibility questionnaire and the Physical Appearance Perfectionism Scale (PAPS) were collected in three baseline stages after quarterly intervention and follow-up. Data were entered in SPSS statistical software version 21 and analyzed using repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance.

In the experimental group, the mean (SD) of cognitive flexibility increased from 26.3 (7.4) in the pre-test to 43.5 (10.2) in the post-test (P<0.001) and 45.8 (11.7) in the follow-up phase, (P<0.001). Also, in the experimental group, the mean (SD) perfectionism score decreased from 74.5 (5.4) in the pre-test to 34.3 (6.1) in the post-test (P<0.001) and 49.5 (5.5) in the follow-up phase, (P<0.001). In the control group, the scores of both variables in the pre-test, post-test and follow-up were not different.

The study showed that schema therapy improved flexibility and decreased physicalappearance perfectionism in students with body dysmorphic disorder.

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between types of intelligence (general intelligence, emotional intelligence, successful intelligence, spiritual intelligence, moral intelligence and cultural intelligence) and life satisfaction mediated by mental health in students.

The method of the present study was correlation. The statistical population of this study included all students of Tonekabon Azad University in the academic year 1399-1399 in the number of 4416 people. The sample of this study included 200 people from the mentioned community who were selected using non-random and available sampling method. Data collection tools included Life Satisfaction Scale of Diner et al. (1985), Cattell Culture (1949) General Intelligence Test (Bar9-On Emotional Intelligence Test) (1997), Sternberg and Grigorenko Success Intelligence Questionnaire (2000), Intelligence Questionnaire Spiritual King (2009), Link and Kiel (2005) Moral Intelligence Questionnaire, Early & Ang (2003) Cultural Intelligence Questionnaire, and Goldberg & Hiller (1979) General Health Questionnaire.

Data analysis using structural equation modeling showed that the direct effect of mental health on life satisfaction was significant (0.69) (p <0.05). The direct effect of intelligence on life satisfaction is 0.37 and significant (p <0.05). Also, there is a significant relationship between general intelligence and mental health (p <0.05).

The results of this study showed that mental health has a mediating role in the relationship between intelligence and life satisfaction of students. And increase student life satisfaction.

Early maladaptive schemas are memories, emotions, bodily sensations, and cognitions that are formed in the mind at the beginning of development and are repeated throughout life and affect the way of interpreting experiences and relationships with others. Young et al. Have developed a classification of early maladaptive schemas that assumes that when caregivers do not adequately meet the child's basic emotional needs, these schemas form in the child and persist into adulthood (5). These needs include the need for security and attachment, the need for independence, the need for freedom of expression and excitement, the need for spontaneity and fun, and the need for realistic constraints. These needs are present in everyone, and meeting these needs in childhood goes back to the type of parenting style of the parents of these children. On the one hand, maladaptive schemas are associated with parenting styles, and attachment and mood styles are associated with parenting styles, and these are effective in creating or not creating maladaptive schemas. Due to the importance of the above and considering the research background, the present study was conducted to develop a structural model for predicting maladaptive schemas based on parenting style with the mediate role of attachment styles and students' moods.

The research method was descriptive correlational in which the relationship between research variables is analyzed in the form of path analysis. Early maladaptive schemas were used as independent variables in this model, attachment style and mood as mediated variables, and parenting styles as dependent variables. The statistical population of this study included all students of the Islamic Azad University, Karaj branch in the second semester of the academic year 2020-2021, which through the Krejcie and Morgan table, the sample size of 380 people was determined (Due to the prevalence of COVID-19 in Iran and the impossibility of completing the questionnaire in person. Therefore, the available online sampling method was used to select the statistical sample). The criteria for entering the research were: completing informed consent for participating in the research, knowledge about the research goals. Also, the criteria for exclusion were: has a history of psychiatric disorder, physical illness, and disability affecting a person's life. The Young Early Maladaptive Schemas Questionnaire, Buri Parental Authority Questionnaire, Hazan and Shaver Adult Attachment Questionnaire, Clowninger Temperament and Character Inventory Scale were used to measure the research variables. Data analysis was performed by descriptive statistical methods (mean, standard deviation, frequency, percentage) and Pearson correlation by SPSS-21. To evaluate the fit of the structural equation model (In the method of structural equations, multivariate normality is one of the essential assumptions that must be considered. In this study, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to test the assumption of normality) several indicators include: Goodness of Fit Index (GFI), Root Mean Squared Error of Approximation (RMSEA), Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Tucker-Lewis (TLI), Bentler–Bonett normed fit index (NFI( were used by AMOS-24 software. Also, the Bootstrap method was used to investigate the indirect relationships of the routes.  In this study, a significance level was considered less than 0.05.

The number of female students is 187 (51.9%), and male is 173 (48.1%). The mean and standard deviation of the age of the subjects were 29.48 and 2.38; 182 had a bachelor's degree, 188 had a master's degree, and 56 had a doctorate. First, the normality of data distribution was checked and confirmed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistical test (P<0.05). The result of the correlation matrix of variables showed the highest correlation coefficient between harm avoidance and innovation (0.68) and the lowest correlation between permissive parenting style and insecure-ambivalent attachment style (0.01). The results of the model fit study showed that the value of X2 is 1697.08, the result of dividing Chi-square with the degree of freedom (2.99) is less than 3 that which indicates the excellent fit of the model. The good fit index (GFI) is 0.905, which indicates the optimal fit of the model. The modified fit index (AGFI) is 0.852, which is greater than 0.85, so the model has a good fit. The root mean square of the estimation error (RMSEA) is 0.075, indicating the research model's confirmation. The Bentler-Bount (NFI) index is 0.907, the Tocler-Lewis index (TLI) is 0.915, the adaptive fit index (CFI) is 0.913, and the relative fit index (RFI) is 0.925; all of this indicates good fit and confirmation. Also, the indirect results of the paths showed that authoritarian parenting style with mediated role of secure attachment style and authoritarian and negligent parenting styles with the mediated role of avoidant attachment style have an indirect effect on the early maladaptive schemas. Authoritarian parenting style with the mediated role of self-direction, cooperation and self-reliance, and authoritarian parenting style with the mediated role of perseverance, self-direction and cooperation and Permissive Parenting Style with the mediated role of harm avoidance have a causal and indirect effect on students' early maladaptive schemas (P<0.01).

While pointing to the complexity of the nature of attachment, character, temperament, and parenting styles, these findings emphasize the recognition and conceptualization of various variables affecting early maladaptive schemas. The results of this study show the importance of warmth, love, and intimacy in the parent-child relationship) the authoritative parenting style that leads to the formation of a secure attachment style. The results of the present study can be used to explain the factors affecting early maladaptive schemas and as a suitable model for designing comprehensive programs to prevent early maladaptive schemas. It is suggested that educational programs be held to understand the importance of parenting style for parents. The most important limitation of the present study is that despite trying to gain cooperation and creating confidence to hide the results (maintaining fiduciary duty), it seems that students' online response plays a role in their response to research variables. Another limitation of this study is that since the subjects of this study were limited to the students of the Islamic Azad University of Karaj, the generalization of the results to other student should be made with caution. Therefore, it is suggested that in order to increase the generalizability of the data, and this research should be done on larger samples.

Ethical Considerations 

Compliance with ethical guidelines
The participants signed the informed consent form and had the right to leave the study at any time. All subjects received information about the study. They were assured that all information would remain confidential and would only be used for research purposes. For privacy reasons, the names of the subjects were not registered.

Authors’ contributions 

Conceptualization, validation, review, and editing: All authors. Data analysis, resources, data processing: All authors. Writing and drafting: Matin Chaharrahi.

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or non-profit sector. This research was extracted from the PhD dissertation of the first author, in the Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran.

In the end, the authors are grateful to all participants in the research and all those who have facilitated the implementation of the research.

Conflict of Interest

The author declared no conflict of interest

The aim of this research was determine the relationship of academic engagement, school engagement and school belonging with academic achievement by mediated the academic achievement motivation in male students.

This study was a descriptive from type of correlation. The study population was senior male students of districts 2 and 5 of Tehran city in the academic years of 2018-19. The sample size was estimated 604 people who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. The research tools were included the academic engagement questionnaire (Fredericks et al, 2004), school engagement scale (Viga, 2016), school belonging scale (Arslan & Duru, 2017), academic achievement motivation questionnaire (Hermans, 1970) and average of the previous semester as an indicator of academic achievement. Data were analyzed with using Pearson correlation coefficients and path analysis methods in SPSS and AMOS software.

The findings showed that the mode of academic engagement, school engagement and school belonging with academic achievement by mediated the academic achievement motivation had a good fit. Also, all three variables of academic engagement, school engagement and school belonging on academic achievement motivation and academic achievement and the variable of academic achievement motivation on academic achievement had a direct and significant effect (P<0.05). In addition, academic engagement, school engagement and school belonging by mediated the academic achievement motivation had an indirect and significant effect on academic achievement (P<0.05).

According to the results to increase and promote academic achievement, it is possible to provide the basis for improving the academic engagement, school engagement, school belonging and academic achievement motivation.