طیبه زندی پور

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of emotion-based family therapy and acceptance and commitment-based therapy on mothers' distress tolerance with mentally retarded children.

The research design was quasi-experimental pre-test and post-test with two experimental groups and control group. From the community of mothers with a mentally retarded child in Tehran in 1399, 39 people were selected as a research sample and randomly placed in three experimental groups 1, 2 and control. Experiment 1 group members received emotion-based family therapy, and experimental group 2 received acceptance and commitment therapy, while control group members did not receive any intervention. Also, all members of the experimental and control groups answered the anxiety tolerance questionnaire in three stages of pre-test, post-test and follow-up. Research data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance statistical method.

The results of repeated measures analysis showed that both family therapy approaches based on emotion and acceptance and commitment were effective in improving the anxiety tolerance of mothers with mentally retarded children (p≤0.001). The results of pairwise comparison showed that the emotion-based approach to acceptance and commitment had a greater impact on the tolerance of mothers with distressed children.

In order to improve the anxiety tolerance of mothers with mentally retarded children, both emotion-based therapy and acceptance and commitment are effective, but emotion-based therapy is more effective.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of reality therapy on marital conflict and the severity of Disability in women with Multiple Sclerosis. This is a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test design and a control group. The statistical population of the study included all female patients with MS referred to the MS Society and specialized clinics in Qazvin in the third quarter of 2018 Among them, 24 people were selected by a convenience sampling method and randomly assigned to two groups of experimental and control (12 in each group). The experimental group received reality therapy training in 8 sessions of 90-75 minutes per week. However, the control group did not receive any intervention. The data collection tool was the Marital Conflict Questionnaire (Sanaei et al., 1996), and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) (Kurtzke, 1983). multivariate analysis of covariance and SPSS-18 software was used to analyze the data. Results revealed that reality therapy significantly reduced marital conflicts in women with MS (P<0.01) and severity of Disability (P<0/01). According to the results, reality therapy can be used by therapists and expert counselors to improve the marital relationships and severity of Disability of women with MS.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of positivity group training on quality of life and resilience of female teachers in exceptional students in Tehran. The research method was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population of this study included all female teachers in special schools in Tehran in the 2015-2016 academic year (680 people), from among which 24 people were selected by available sampling and randomly replaced in experimental group (12 people) and control (12 people). They answered the WHO Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL) and the Davidson & Connor Resilience Questionnaire (CD-RSC). Experimental group participants received 8 sessions of positivity treatment program. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance in SPSS-22 software. The results showed that the research hypothesis on the effectiveness of positivity group training on quality of life and resilience of female teachers in exceptional students was confirmed and the female teachers in the experimental group were significantly higher than the female teachers in the control group in the post-test. They had more resilience. Thus, the use of positivity group training increases the quality of life and resilience of female teachers of exceptional students, because the positivity intervention method can increase positive emotions, behaviors and cognitions in people. Therefore, using this training can be useful in order to improve the quality of life and resilience of teachers in exceptional schools.

Marriage, as a complex and challenging issue, can be successful or not, depending on various factors, like interpersonal problems of couples. Studies indicated that different variables direct couples' interpersonal problems. Schemas originate from the events of one's life. A benefit of the schema model is its complexity and depth as a unique treatment. Moreover, self–differentiation is referred to the individual's ability to distinguish between rational and emotional currents concerning family members and others. Reality therapy is among the approaches to counseling and psychotherapy that focuses on concepts, such as the acceptance of responsibility, reality, incorrect understanding, and their relationship to everyday life. The three approaches discussed seem to be a good predictive for couples' interpersonal problems. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of the premarital counseling package (based on the concepts of schema therapy, self–differentiation, & reality therapy) on interpersonal problems among couples on the brink of marriage.

This was a quasi–experimental study with a pretest–posttest, a two—month follow—up, and a control group design. The statistical population of this study included all couples on the brink of marriage, referring to Tarrahi Zendegi center in Shahre Kord City, Iran, in 2017. Of them, 20 couples were selected by random sampling method and randomly divided into two groups of experimental and control (n=10/group). The inclusion criteria included satisfaction with participating in this research; being on the brink of marriage; being in the premarriage stage; the age range of 18–40 years; a higher education than a diploma, and experiencing first marriage in the normal range of society respecting socio–economic conditions without problems to participate in training sessions. The exclusion criteria included absence from 2 consecutive training sessions, unwillingness to continue treatment, providing incomplete questionnaires, and the death of a couple. For both groups, pretest, posttest, and follow–up examinations were performed. Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (Horowitz et al., 1988) was used to collect the necessary data. The premarital counseling package was administered in 8 ninety–minute sessions twice a week for the experimental group. Research data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including mean, standard deviation, frequency distribution table, and inferential statistics, including repeated–measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and LSD post hoc test in SPSS at the significance level of 0.05.

The ANOVA results indicated that the main effect of time (p=0.006), the main impact of the group (p=0.001), and the interaction of time and group (p=0.001) were significant on interpersonal problems. The size of the main effect of the group equaled 0.28, revealing that 28% of the variable changes in interpersonal problems were due to the effect of the premarital counseling package intervention. Furthermore, the LSD post hoc test results suggested that in the experimental group, the mean pretest scores of couples' interpersonal problems were significantly higher than the posttest scores (p=0.015) and follow–up (p=0.024). Additionally, no significant difference was observed in the mean scores of the mentioned variable between posttest and follow–up stages (p=0.228), reflecting that the effect of the intervention lasted over time in the experimental group.

Based on the present study data, the premarital counseling package training based on the concepts of schema–therapy, self–differentiation, and reality–therapy effectively declined interpersonal problems among couples on the brink of marriage.

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of group counseling based on positive psychologyFrisch`s approach to strengthening the family resiliency was run. A quasi-experimental design with pre-test - post-test with control group. The population of housewives District 12 of Tehran. 16 people were selected through purposeful sampling and randomly assigned into an experimental group and control group. In this study, a measure of Family Resiliency (FRAS) in the pre-test and post-test were measured . The experimental group participated in 8 sessions of group counseling 120 minutes, while the control group did not receive any advice. In the end, both groups completed Resilience Scale family again. In order to analyze the data was used univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance. According to the study it can be concluded that the group counseling based on psychological approach positive Frisch on strengthening the resilience of families, in all aspects, including (processes of communication and problem solving family, religious resources / Family, believe the family as a Vahdkly in Acknowledging the problem) had a positive impact. Analysis room, the effectiveness of group counseling based on positive psychological approach to strengthening the resiliency Frisch 5/95 affected families. Based on this advice, this method can be used to strengthen the resilience of the family.

Background and By familiarizing children with principles of ethics and committing to them, it is possible to have a dynamic and ethical society. Considering the importance of the moral development of children in the society as well as their interest in storytelling, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of storytelling on moral intelligence and its components in primary school students.
The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test-post-test. The statistical population included all 7-year-old primary school students in Tehran's 2nd and 17th districts in 2016. Sampling in educational districts was done randomly and purposeful at schools and classes. A total of 108 students were selected, and 54 of them were trained for 9 weeks, and 45 minutes a week. The data was collected using a moral intelligence questionnaire (Dornajafi Shirazi ,2013), which was completed by the student's teacher. In order to analyze the data, covariance analysis was used.
The findings of this study showed that storytelling led to increase of moral intelligence and all its components in female primary students (p Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that storytelling by transmitting moral messages to children gradually increases the moral intelligence in children.

The present study aimed to identify and to investigate different types of favorable and unfavorable relationships between consumers and brand communities on Instagram.
In this research a multi-case study approach has been adopted in which the cases were 8 participants who followed some brands from restaurant and clothing industries on Instagram.
The findings revealed 15 different types of relationships between consumers and brand communities on Instagram, among which, 9 items including self, love, best friend, casual friend, fling, colleague, emergent, acquaintance, and animosity, were previously introduced in the extant literature. 6 of which (including two-tier, fan, respectable acquaintance, stranger, potential and declining) were the contributions of this research. These 15 types of relationships were ranked and classified based on their favorability for brands.
This research showed that consumers build a variety of relationships with brand communities on Instagram some of which are very positive and some are negative.

Background and Since positive thinking has a major impact on many aspects of life, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of positive-thinking education on the perceived competency and social skills of the orphan and mistreated children of 10 to 12 years old.
The method of the study was quasi-experimental and one-sample design with pre-test and post-test. The statistical population included all the female orphans and mistreated children between the ages of 10 and 12 from Rasht in 2016 that among them 10 children were selected using convenience sampling. The research tools were social skills questionnaire for teachers (Gresham and Elliot, 1990) and Children's competency perception questionnaire (Harter, 1982). Positive thinking was trained in 14 sessions of 90 minutes to the sample group. Data analysis was performed using Cohen's coefficient and Hedges coefficient.
The results of this study showed that positive-thinking education could increase the perceived competence and social skills of children and the subjects participating in the post-test had significantly higher perceived competence and social skills (P In sum, the results of this study confirm the usefulness and effectiveness of positive thinking in increasing the perceived competency and social skills of the orphan and mistreated children.

The purpose of this study is determining of the effectiveness of positive psychology on psychological well-being in mothers of autistic children.

The Statistical population of this research was included all mothers of autistic children that was conducted in Karaj city. Among of visitors, 30 mothers of autistic children were selected as sample with convenience sampling method. Groups of sample were randomly replaced into two groups of experiment (n = 15) and control (n = 15) with quasi-experimental model. In order to gathering data, Ryff scale questionnaires of psychological well-being (RSPWB) and Gilliam (GARS) assessment of autism symptoms was used. The experimental group were trained for 8 sessions of 2 hours.

In order to analyzing the data, analysis method of covariance was used by SPSS software and the results showed that training the positive psychology on psychological well- being in mothers of autistic children is effective. The results of follow-up test also showed that this method has enough stability and sustainability.

The result of this research demonstrates that training the positive psychology can increase the psychological well-being in mothers of autistic children.

The present study was conducted to investigate the influence of spiritual intelligence on depression and happiness of the female students studying in the first year of high school. This study was a semi experimental design of pre-test _ post-test and follow up stage with a control group. The statistical population consisted of all first year of high school girl students in Kermanshah city in 2013 school year. A high school was selected by cluster sampling and from population of 127 people، 64 subjects were selected who acquired scores between 9-35 in the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-13) and happiness scores below the cutline (42-40) in OHI، and they were randomly assigned to two groups of 32 people to test and control. Spiritual Intelligence Training for test group was held in 9 sessions of 120 minutes. After applying the experimental intervention، the rate of depression and happiness for both test and control groups were measured. In order to investigate the stability of the effects of training، both groups were monitored two months later. The results obtained from analysis of covariance، showed that there is a significant negative relationship between spiritual intelligence and depression and a significant positive relationship between spiritual intelligence and happiness (P<0. 001). The findings indicate that with the promotion of spiritual intelligence through education، students’ depression is reduced and their happiness is increased. Also، the same results are observed over the course of time.

The aim of present research was to investigate the effectiveness of Communicative-social skills training on employee''s Job satisfaction Coping and Assertiveness Skills in SAYPA YADAK Company. The research design was quasi- experimental، using pre-test، post-test and control groups. The statistical population involves 1200 employees in different parts of SAYPA YADAK Company. Purposeful sampling was aimed in this research. That was according to the result of job satisfaction questionnaire، JDI، which was distributed every six months to evaluate employee''s job satisfaction، garage No. 4 was chosen as sampling unit due to low score of co-workers، supervision and communication، employers gained on last JDI performance. To measure job satisfaction in this unit، Spector''s job satisfaction questionnaire was used. 24 employees whose total co-worker، supervision and communication scores were lower than the average were selected as samples and randomly placed in two groups: Control and Experimental. For Experimental group a communicative-social skill training program was performed in 8 ninety - minutes sessions. Research measurement included Spector''s Job satisfaction questionnaire، Moss and Biclings''s coping skills questionnaire، and assertiveness skills questionnaire. T-test for independent groups were used. The results indicate that the impact of communicative-social skills training on employee''s job satisfaction، assertiveness skill and coping skills were effective. Therefore. teaching these skills directly or via mass media was suggested.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is one of the severe anxiety disorders and 1 out of 40 adult was given to the disorder. The disorder epidemic is estimated to be 1.8 % in Iranian society. The aim of article was to study the effect of group cognitive-behavioral therapy on improvement of obsession beliefs and reduction ofobsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms in woman participants who referred to the two public hospitals in Tehran. The research was a semi-experimental study with experimental and control groups, pre-test and post-test plan. Out of 50 clients 15women diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder according to diagnostic and statistical manual of mentaldisorder (DSM-IV-TR). Out of 15 women 8 were selected randomly as a sample group. Obsession Belief Questionnaire (OBQ-44) and Yale - Brown Obsessive Compulsive Symptoms(Y-BOCS) were applied as tools.10 session cognitive- behavioral therapy was hold for experimental group. Descriptive and inferential statistics (t-test) were used to analysis of data with SPSS software. There was found significant reduction on obsessivecompulsive symptoms of experimental group after cognitivebehavioral therapy. Besides, there was improvement on their obsession beliefs. Also total mean score and standard deviation ofOBQ in group decreased from 213.38 and 62.32 in pretest to 174.62 and 41.39 in post-test. The group cognitive-behavioral therapy can be effective method on improvement of obsession beliefs and symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder of women. Application of this method by therapists especially Iranian clinicians is recommended.

According to the development of higher education, the expansion of universities, cultural improvement, more attention women rights and their willing to go to universities, have increased. On the other hand about 60%of total Iranian studentpopulation are studying in human sciences so they need to work. Therefore, the issue of employment status of graduated people is very important. The aim of this study is to investigate the employment and unemployment status of graduated people who have completed their studies on the field of psychology, educational sciences,counseling and library of Al-zahrauniversity. This research is casual comparative. Its data has been gained from Researcher-made questionnaire, Spector’s Job Locus of Control and Sherrer’ General Self Efficacy Inventories were employed as research tools. Descriptive and inferential statistics (independent t-test, k-square, single variable regression) were used to analysis the data. Out of 1320 research population, 130 was randomly selected as a sample group who graduated between 1995-2007. Results showed that Tehrani angraduated found jobs more than others and 77.2% found jobs related to their education.There was not found significant difference between social and economical factorswhich was effective on the labor market, but there was found significant difference between cultural and psychological factors. Job control was predicted byself efficiency. In order to improve Job control and self efficiency of graduates regarding their cultural attitudes to the labor market, suitable trainings like job preparation and entrepreneurship are suggested by researchers.

The aim of this is research was to high light the physical, psychological and social aspect of the MS in order to absorb attentions to the use of interdisciplinary treatment and a holistic approach.because this illness causes physical, psychoilogical, job, social and economic problms and interfere with person's quality of life. Results of this national survey, which was conducted on a sample of 1000 MS patients referring to MS associations across Iran, Findings of the present paper support the findings of previous studies regarding higher number of women being affected by the disease than men; also higher frequency of relapsing – remitting type of the disease. Statistical results of Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life Inventory (MSQLI, l977) indicated that men experience more depression and less social support than women. Differences between employed and unemployed patients are significant in all scales, except in social support scale. There was no significant difference between single and married patients in total score of mental health and social support scales; but they were different in other scales. Better economic and educational status are effective factors in having better feeling and perception toward QOL. Patients living in warm climate (annoying for patients), enjoy more social support than those living in moderate climate. Also in more religious cities, patients enjoy more social support than in less religious cities. Patient's cognitive problems are less in moderate climate than in cold or warm climates. Religious and non religious patients and those who,outwardly, do not consider themselves religious differ only in behavior control. and anxiety. The most important suggestion of the study is: applying holistic approach, paying attention to bio-psycho-social aspects of human life, comprehensive disease management approach and interdisciplinary team treatment.

The purpose of the present study was investigation of the effectiveness of group counseling based on Lazarus multimodal approach with relapse-remitting MS patients on improvement of patient's mental health and social support. The research design in this study was pre-test, post-test qui-experimental method with control group. The statistical population of this research was included relapse-remitting MS patients of 20-35 years old referring to Iranian MS Society who resided in Tehran. Sampling was done by selecting 50 volunteer patients who answered to MHI and MSSS scales of MSQLI inventory, consequently, 24 subjects with the lowest level of mental health and social support were selected. They were randomly assigned to two groups of experimental and control. Experimental group attended 10 sessions of group counseling based on Lazarus multimodal approach that lasted nearly 75-90 minutes and hold once a week. Collecting data were analyzed by using "t" test. The finding of research indicated that intervention was effective on improvement of "mental health" and "social support" increased in post-test of experimental group (p<0.05).

The present research tries through an experimental method to investigate the influence of cognitive – behavioral group counseling on increasing the spirituality and mental health of MS patients in Qom, with emphasis on spiritual thoughts. The statistical population is all MS patients – men and women, aged from 18 to 35, from Qom whose illness recurs regularly, who have no psychological disorders and whose level of proficiency is above diploma. Random sampling is used to select 40 MS patients from among 418 MS patients in Qom (20 for experimental group and 20 for control group). Before the session the subjects answered the test on mental health scales designed for MS patients and daily spirituality measurement scale. The test results show that there is a significant correlation between attending cognitive – behavioral group counseling sessions which emphasize on spiritual thoughts and increase in spirituality and mental health. It is anticipated that attending cognitive-behavioral group counseling sessions which emphasize on spiritual thoughts will contribute to increasing patients’ mental health and spirituality.

The aim of this study was to survey the relationship between marital satisfaction and job satisfaction among employees of sewage water company in Tehran province in 1388. Research population included all married employees of sewage water company in Tehran province. Sample selected of 50 personnel (27 female and 23 male) who were voluntary selected. The main hypothesis was: there is significant relationship between marital satisfaction and job satisfaction. The study is correlation. The research instruments were Enrich’s marital satisfaction questionnaire (1997) and Brayfield & Rothe’s job satisfaction questionnaire (1951). Descriptive statistics, pearson’s correlation coefficient and t test were used to analysis of the data. Result showed there is positive and significant relationship between marital satisfaction and job satisfaction p<0/05 (r=o/42). There is also a significant difference between male and female employees in marital satisfaction p<0/05; male employees have more marital satisfaction than female. But there is no significant difference between male &female employees in job satisfaction p<0/05.

The aim of this research was study the relationship between forgivenss, personality traits and mental health. in order to, 150 couples (300 persons)who referd to Gachsaran hygiene centers were chosen with available sampling procedure. for gathering data, five factor personality, forgiveness and Goldenburg mental health questionnaires were used. After gathering questionnaires, obtained data analyzed with statistical procedures, such as Pearson correlation coefficient and independent T test. The results illustrated that there was a significant negative relationship between the forgiveness and neuroticism, and a significant positive relationship between forgiveness and agreeableness, extraversion, conscientiouness, and openness. Also, the couples who have same personality traits were forgiving each other more than couples who have differ personality traits and have more mental health. Finally, the results of this research showed that, the mentally healthy couples were forgiving each other more than couples without mental health.

In this research, while studying the women's reaction toward their husband's infidelity, forgiveness is discussed as the last stage in the process of adjusting to the husband's infidelity and some Islamic thoughts regarding forgiveness is reviewed. The study is a qualitative one and data is gathered through deep counseling interviews. The sample comprised 30 women who were selected from among 60 women who came to counseling clinics with the same problem of husband's infidelity. Results indicated that the process which women went through when facing their husband's infidelity includes three stages: (a) Initial reaction toward husband's infidelity which is often associated with severe contradictory emotional reactions. (b) Decision making stage. (e) Forgiveness and rebuilding trust. (f) Islamic approach based on forgiving the sinner, granted that the sinner is regretful and apologizing is brought up in conclusion.

The aim of this study was to survey career needs and transferable skills of iranian blind and low vision students and compare it with their canadian counterpart. To survey career needs of Iranian blind students and compare it with Canadian blind students, 60 blind and low vision boys and girls from among 3 blind schools in Tehran: Narjes, Martyr Mohebbi and Abdol Azim and 12 blind and low vision Canadian students were voluntarily selected. The research method was survey and Data were gathered through a self-made questionnaire and were analyzed using X2 Findings indicated that Iranian blind students comparing with Canadian blind students did not have enough career information to make a proper educational and vocational choice and are not sure of obtaining their choice. They were also different In their evaluation of the role and effectiveness of their school guidance and counseling services regarding their career, adjustment and family problems. In other word, Iranian blind students were not happy with their school guidance and counseling program and believed that school has not prepared them for a relatively safe career choice. Therefore,regarding findings of this study,it recommended that a career education course,especially designed for blind students, be taught and evaluated as to its usefulness. Also,special courses about familiarity with educational and vocational fields, in which visual impairment is not effective, should be offered for counselors of blind schools.

Quality of life is a multidimensional concept which shows the patient's understanding of his physical and psychological well-being (32).According to this definition, the patient's understanding and attitude is one of the most important factors affecting the quality of his life. MS patient's quality of life has been reported significantly lower than those of patients with chronic illnesses such as: rheumatoid arthritis, bowel inflammation, diabetes and epilepsy (31,20,19). MS is one of the most common self-immune, non-traumatic and progressive central nervous system illnesses with unknown etiology. It strikes about 0.1% of total population in young ages (29). Ms is a chronic and often disabling disease which negatively affect different Aspects of person's life and his family (26). The aim of this survey was to study the attitude of Ms patients toward different dimensions of quality of their life and the role that counseling and psychology services could play in this regard. Population of the study consisted of patients referring to the country's MS associations and sample included 10% of the available patients (1000 individuals). The research instruments include a self-made questionnaire and semi-structured case interviews. Results indicated that there was a significant difference between men and women attitude toward emotional and psychological factors which begun or exacerbate their illness. Factors causing educational failure have affected women students more than men students. Also, economic problems and unemployment have been stronger starting or exacerbating factors for women than men. Family issues such as: inappropriate childhood, parent's divorce or conflicts, spouse infidelity, spouse re-marriage and death of loved ones have had more psychological pressure on women than men. Both sexes believe that responsibilities of today's women are more, their social contacts are less and they are more left alone than men. There is a significant difference between patient's religious attitudes and what they believe could be their cure (p=0/00001). Sex has not been an important factor of attitudes toward QOL. Attitudes of married and single patients toward physical, psychological and economic aspects of their quality of life are significantly different, but were not significantly different toward family, social and recreational aspects. Attitudes of employed and unemployed patients were the same only toward physical aspects of their illness, but different toward other five aspects, to the benefit of employed patients. The most important factors causing the disease from women's point of view were: personal, emotional and psychological problems and from men's point of view were: vocational and economical problems. Agitation and nervousness were considered the most disease exacerbating factor. 73.7% of the patients would like to receive guidance and counseling services. 79.6% had not received such services yet. The most important suggestion of the study, besides physical and medical treatment, is paying attention to the patient's emotional, psychological and social problems through complementary services of counseling, psychology and social work in order to change patient's attitudes and enable them as to their social life. Training such personnel as nurse- counselor, to satisfy some of the before mentioned complementary services could be promising.

One of the psychological and relational processes enhancing mental health and heal resentment is forgiveness. Although forgiveness is a complicated process it is essential for human's relational, emotional, spiritual, and physiological development. Since psychological indexes are influenced by forgiveness and all of these indexes are effective in increasing lifesatisfaction, this descriptive research tried to study this phenomenon among Tehrn universities non-native married students, in the hopes to achieve a new approach to increase life satisfaction. The sample includes 200 married women students who reside in married dormitories of Tehrn public universities and who are studying human sciences. The measurements used are: Forgiveness Scale and LifeSatisfaction Inventory (LSI-Z). Results indicate that there is a relationship between forgiveness and life satisfaction, and that people with low level of forgiveness comparing those with medium and high level of forgiveness enjoy lesser degree of lifesatisfaction. There was no significant difference among people who were really resented and those who were not. The relationship between age and degree of forgiveness was also approved, but the last hypothesis saying that “the degree of forgiveness differs according to the relationship of transgressor to the resented” was not supported.