عارفه علی پور قاسم آباد سفلی

In order to investigate the effect of nitrogen fertilizer and foliar spraying of humic acid and Vita free on phenological stages, remobilization indices and yield of sunflower in the second experimental planting in a factorial manner based on a randomized complete block design with with three replications in summer 2018 at Gonbad Kavous University farm research. Cultivar factor was included Haysan 25 and Oscar and combination of fertilizer factor was included no fertilizer application, 100 kg N/ha, 50 kg N/ha, 50 kg N/ha + 1.5 kg humic acid/ha, 50 kg N/ha + 0.5 kg Vita free/ha and 50 kg N/ha + 1.5 kg humic acid + 0.5 kg Vita free/ha. The results showed that the effect of cultivar and fertilizer on most of the measured traits was significant. The results showed that cultivar and fertilizer were significant on most of the studied traits. The maximum days from planting to 50% Flowering, the dry matter of vegetative organs in the flowering stage, the remobilization, current photosynthesis and seed yield were obtained from Oscar cultivar. The maximum remobilization and remobilization efficiency were obtained in the treatment of no fertilizer use. Days from planting to 50% flowering, days from planting to 50% maturity, current photosynthesis and seed yield in 100 kg N/ha treatment and 50 kg N/ha + 1.5 kg humic acid/ha + 0.5 kg Vitafree/h was higher than other fertilizer treatments. Based on results, in order to achieve the maximum seed yield of sunflower and to prevent excessive use of chemical fertilizers, the combined use of Nitrogen fertilizer, humic acid and vita free is necessary.

Combining organic and chemical fertilizers is one of the most important ways to achieve sustainable agriculture. In order to investigate the effect of organic fertilizers with chemical fertilizers on yield, yield components, and quality traits of sunflower, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in spring 2018 at Gonbad Kavous University farm research. Cultivar factor included Haysan 25 and Oscar and combination of fertilizer factor included no fertilizer application, 100 kg N/ha, 50 kg N/ha, 50 kg N/ha + 1.5 kg humic acid/ha, 50 kg N/ha + 0.5 kg Vita free/ha, and 50 kg N/ha + 1.5 kg humic acid+ 0.5 kg Vita free/ha. The results showed that the effect of cultivar and fertilizer on most of the measured traits was significant. Oscar cultivar produced higher grain yield, biological yield and oil percent and oil yield than Haysan 25 cultivar. Grain yield, oil yield, biological yield and plant height in 100 kg N/ha treatment was higher than other fertilizer treatments though not significantly different from 50 kg N/ha + 1.5 kg humic acid/ha + 0.5 kg Vita free/ha treatment. Based on the results, in order to achieve the maximum seed and oil yield of sunflower and to prevent excessive use of chemical fertilizers, the combined use of Nitrogen fertilizer, humic acid and vita free is necessary.

Faba bean with scientific name Vicia faba L one of the very old legume crops, is widely planted in temperate regions and high altitude tropical regions. Faba bean used in the human diet and also dry beans, green pods and dry straw used as livestock feed. One way to increase the yield in crop plants unlimited growth such as faba bean is top removal or cut off part of the plant after flowering. So in this regard the effect of top removal and variety on yield and yield components, grain filling rate, grain filling period and chlorophyll of Faba bean were studied. A factorial experiment was carried out based on randomized complete block design with three replications at farm research of Gonbad University in crop year 2014-2015. The first factor was included faba bean varieties (Zohreh, Shami, Sheshband, Saraziri and Barekat) and the second factors include top removal and non-top removal. In the experiments, seeds of different cultivars of faba bean were planted by hand in ten rows with four meter long and spacing of 12.5-cm between rows. Phenological stages, including the number of days from planting to poding (R5) and the number of days from planting to physiological maturity (R7) were recorded. Phenological stages on 10 plants were determined based on methods Fehr & Cavieness (1977). Top removal treatment was in stage poding. At harvest, after all plants reached physiological maturity, three m2 of each experimental plot was harvested to determine the yield components, number of pods per m2 and number of grains per pod. In addition, weight of pods, vegetative tissue weight, and seperated leaves from stems with petioles, were measured. Grain yield and weight of thousand grains as dry weight in three m2 of each experimental unit were evaluated. Harvest index was obtained by dividing grain dry weight on the total dry weight at the time of physiological maturity. Grain filling period was calculated from the difference between the number of days from planting to start filling pods and number of days from planting to maturity, respectively. Average of grain filling rate was calculated by dividing the grain yield on the grain filling period (gr/m2/day). Total chlorophyll was measured by using chlorophyll meter device (SPAD) DELTA-T model Results showed that pod length, 100-seed weight and plant height were affected by top removal. While on other traits there was no significant effect. The effect of variety on biomass, chlorophyll, the number of days from planting to filling and the number of days from planting to maturity was not significant but on the other components of the yield (number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, pod length, 100- seed weight, grain yield and harvest index), rate and grain filling period was significant. While the interaction of top removal and variety was significant on plant height. Top removal reduced the length of the pod and 100-seed weight. The highest 100-seed weight and grain yield for Saraziri variety was 83.23 gr/m2 and 77.65 gr/m2 respectively. While the lowest of 100-seed weight and grain yield belonged to Shami variety with 63.74 gram and 180 gr/m2, respectively. The lowest harvest index with 32.32% and the highest of harvest index with 24.54% were observed in Saraziri and Shami varieties, respectively. The results correlation analysis indicated that positive correlation between seed weight with grain yield (r = 0.64) and the harvest index (r = 0.59) were significant, which shows that these two have an important role on seed weight. Strong positive correlation was observed between grain yield with biological yield and harvest index. Top removal did not have a great impact on study traits because of dry conditions of the farming location. Low rainfall in the time of poding and high temperature during growth season, especially in after poding stage decreased the growth length of Faba bean. Overall, results of this study revealed that according to the condition of Gonbad-Kavoos, Sarazeri, Zohreh and Barekat varieties were more favorable than other varieties.

Growth analysis is a valuable method to quantify crop growth, development and production. Because, parameters of nonlinear regression models have significant physiological meanings, it was decided to study the effect of topping and variety on crop growth indices by using a logistic nonlinear regression model in a factorial experiment, based on randomized complete block design with 3 replications, at the Research Farm of Gonbad University during 2014-2015. The first factor consisted of five faba bean verities (Zohreh, Shami, Sheshband, Sarazeri and Barkat) and the second factor of two levels, topping and control. Results showed that using this molel described well the variation pattern of dry matter accumulation and LAI by time. It was also revealel that the difference between verities for the time to reach maximum leaf area index and the time required to reach 50 percent of maximum dry matter were not significant. The effect of variety on leaf area index was significant at the 5% level. The maximum and minimum leaf area index, total dry matter and crop growth rate of Barkat, Zohre and the Saraziri were higher than Shami and Sheshband varieties, and thus this was resulted in higher yield. Leaf area index in all varieties was the critical leaf area index. The average critical leaf area index in varieties was 1.37. The maximum and minimum relative growth rate at the beginning of the growing season belonged to the Saraziri and Barkat with 0.066 and 0.055 g/g.day, respectively.