عاطفه جباری

The home space is one of the most important human living spaces, and therefore it is of great importance. In recent years, the constructions in Iran have created poor quality spaces, which have caused the lack of meeting the needs of today's people. Continuation of this style of space design can fuel human mental and emotional problems. The aim of this research is to study the architectural space of the native houses of Mashhad, to use the qualities of these houses in formulating strategies to improve the quality of modern houses. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and is mixed in terms of nature. The type of descriptive-analytical research and the collection of primary information was done through library studies. A case study has been used in the analysis section. The recognition part is mainly descriptive and is done by photographing or studying the existing documents of native houses. The knowledge section of today's houses has been done by observation and field visit. Data analysis was done using depthmap software. The findings of the research show that the quality of modern houses has decreased in terms of efficiency, beauty and safety compared to native houses, and the quality of modern houses has increased in terms of accessibility. Finally, in this research, according to the comparison of the reduced qualities in today's houses, solutions have been presented to create order and spatial integrity and increase visual order, increase security and interaction of spaces with each other, and create spatial proportions.

The lifestyle of the people of a region is introduced as the identity substructure of the native architecture of that region, which is derived from human needs at any time and place. In this study, the qualitative method of semiotics is used with the help of Space Syntax software. which uses evaluation based on standard models to determine the main factors of housing quality, and then by simulating and examining visible graphs in Space Syntax software, it is possible to have a comprehensive understanding of how Changing the pattern of space arrangement in the local archetypes was achieved in the studied houses. The Saman region of Mashhad has provided a suitable platform for this study with the abundance of native houses in it. The results of this research showed that by specifying the signs in the qualitative patterns of the housing, it is possible to provide a quantitative reading of them by Space Syntax software.Culture and design in environmental designs and artefact architecture, which targets the audience, has been considered as a cultural image in a way that theorists believe is culture. Its manifestations appear not only in the perception of people, beliefs, values, norms, customs and behaviors, but also in the design of objects and the artificial environment, including houses and neighborhoods, may be influential and overshadow them. put put into question the effectiveness of the project (Isai Ghasemian Asl and Tahereh Nasr, 2017; Amirreza Sheikh Bahai, 2018).The spatial configuration of the house, its interior design (spatial organization), and the shape of the house in an area can support or hinder the culture of the residents (Ozaki, 2002; Rapaport, 1969). Rappaport Vallior recognizes cultural contexts as a factor in the formation of local architecture and as Rappaport states, space has meaning, Grote and Wang also emphasize the need for environmental designers to pay attention to the socio-cultural aspects that they are in. (Raphaport), 1969; Oliver, 2006). Therefore, the model of spatial organization and its configuration should be investigated in order to understand the relationship between the built spaces and the subsequent cultural design (Napadon, 2001).Dwelling culture (the way of life and manners resulting from it), and social culture (social relations, kinship relations, family structure, etc.) tells how the form and spatial organization of native houses are formed, which explains how architectural designers and planners work. . It deals with the continuity of cultural-social values of native built environments.Therefore, the purpose of this research is to study the semiotics in the housing quality section by benefiting from the data evaluation model based on the standard models in a multiple and hierarchical format and with the help of the Space Syntax software, a new reading of the native houses of Mashhad that are narrating. . The effect of lifestyle on the change and continuity of the spatial organization of houses is presented in order to be able to purposefully explain the reading of housing qualities, which can be used to improve the quality of today's housing.

Microplastics (MPs) have emerged as a pollutant in water and various types of beverages. Given that humans are regularly exposed to the risk of microplastic accumulation in the body through the consumption of water and different drinks, this review study aimed to assess the occurrence of this emerging pollutant across water and various beverage categories.

For this review study, the articles on the presence of MPs in beverages published up to 2024 were thoroughly reviewed. These articles were identified through searches conducted in reputable national and international databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, Embase, Science Direct, and SID. The search utilized both Persian and English keywords, such as microplastic, beverages, human health, tea, bottled water, tap water, and soft drinks.

The review examined the presence of microplastics in a range of beverage types, including bottled water (11 articles), tap water (6 articles), tea and coffee (7 articles), milk (6 articles), and energy drinks and sodas (4 articles). According to the results, the frequency of MPs in each liter of bottled water and tap water was between 4.6 and 20348 particles, and their dominant sources were polypropylene and polyethylene terephthalate. The size range of MPS in tea varied from 200.6-220.7 µm, and the common polymers identified were ethylene-vinyl acetate and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. Furthermore, the average number of MPs in milk samples was 6±5 particles per liter. The results pointed out that the possibility of milk being contaminated by MPs during the production process was higher than during the packaging process.

As evidenced by the obtained results, MPs were present in all the beverages studied, and the sources of their contamination included the packaging of bottles and abrasion of bottle caps in bottled water, water treatment and pipelines in tap water, agricultural plastic films, and the use of plastic packaging in tea and milk. The presence of MPs in water and beverages has adverse effects on human health, and there is a need for further studies and new standards to control the related risks.

Despite recent efforts to identify microplastics in the aquatic environment worldwide, identifying the various sources of its release remains a challenging task. Understanding and identifying the different sources of aquatic pollution and the processes affecting them is essential for a comprehensive description of the quality of water resources. The aim of this study is therefore to introduce statistical methods to determine the sources of microplastics in aquatic environments.

This review article first identifies the pathways of microplastic entry into the aquatic environment, followed by an examination of four commonly used multivariate statistical methods Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Cluster Analysis (CA), Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF).

Multivariate statistical analysis can be used to determine different variables such as size, shape, color, and density of microplastics. It can also determine the sources of microplastics (domestic wastewater, industrial effluents, agricultural activities, surface runoff, air currents, etc.). It also identifies which variables have the greatest impact on pollution and suggests the best solutions to reduce pollution.

the study of pollution based on multivariate statistical analysis can provide important information on the main sources of microplastic pollution and the relative contribution of different sources in the aquatic environment, which can help to improve environmental management and reduce pollution.