عاطفه رحمانی

Pierre Guiraud’s theory of social semiotics is part of his study on semiotics in which he categorizes signs into logical, aesthetic, and social. In this approach, signs are deemed by humans to be social phenomena with functions, contexts and impacts. Signs are concerned with the social meaning that is present in texts and human societies. For a social semiologist, text is the background against which the meaning produced by social forces emerges. Using the comparative-analytic method based on the American School, this study has applied social semiotics to Azzedine Mihoubi and Ahmad Shāmlū’s poetry. The research results show that social semiotics in both poets’ works is manifested as codes of identity, tone, expletives, rituals and ceremonies, fashion and game. These codes have turned, in the form of shared themes and topics, into symbols as they enter the space of poetic experience and constitute a particular collection. Such collections, examined in the light of social codes, are among the similarities between the works of the two poets. By using each code, the concealed layers and poetic concepts can be grasped. However, the type of poetic (personal and social) feelings and cultural and religious differences are among the dissimilarities between the two poets’ work.

Pierre Guiraud's theory of semantic functional levels is originated in Roman Jakobson's communication theory. The distinction lies in his interpretation of the six functions of language, which he views as a blend of semiology, aesthetics, logic, and sociology. This theory is meant to examine the texts, signs, codes, and their uses in both external and internal contexts. The current study, employing the analytical-comparative method and drawing upon the American school of linguistics, aims at investigating the poems of Azzedine Mihoubi and Ahmad Shamlou through the lens of Guiraud’s theory of semantic functional levels. As indicated by the results of this study, these levels are typically manifested in referential, emotive, aesthetic, injunctive, pathic, and metalinguistic functions in poems of these two poets. Points of similarity and difference, according to Guiraud’s theory of semantic levels, include the observation that emotive, literary, empathetic, and referential functions are more prevalent in their poems. However, distinct linguistic structures and diverse constructive and expressive forms are employed which signify the differences in their languages. Moreover, the referential function in their poems is exemplified through religious and historical characters. Considering their distinct religious backgrounds—one being Muslim and the other Christian—the manifestation of this function varies in their respective poems and the aesthetic function is exemplified in their poems through the concepts of prison and freedom. However, due to their distinct philosophies of life embedded in their subconscious, Shamlou perceives himself as a prisoner of fate and confined within the prison. Finally, the least frequently observed function in their poems is the metalinguistic function. 

Pierre Guiraud holds the idea that semiotics is the science devoted to the study of all cultural phenomena within semiotic systems. His theory can be considered a continuation of semiotic theory, focusing on the examination of texts, signs, codes, and their utilization in both internal and external contexts.Guiraud has categorized codes into three groups: logical, aesthetic, and social. However, before delving into these codes, he examines two functional levels of a message: meaning and signification. Guiraud explores the two semantic functional levels of a message and two contrasting forms of signification. He contends that one of these two forms of signification is originated in logical and technical signs, while the other arises from the function of sensory and aesthetic signs. The function of a sign is to communicate or convey a thought through a message. This implies the presence of elements such as the means of communication, sender, and receiver. Roman Jakobson utilized a schema borrowed from communication theory to delineate six functions of language. According to Guiraud’s functional semiotic theory, Jakobson’s analysis is applicable to all forms of communication. This implies that he views referential and metalinguistic functions as components of logical semiotics, and attributes a dual linguistic function to the emotive function. If the function is objective, it falls within logical semiotics and in case it is sensory, it becomes part of aesthetic semiotics. Guiraud regards aesthetic and empathetic functions as aesthetic and social codes. Additionally, he posits that the issue of functions is linked to another phenomenon, namely the means of communication, the intermediary of the message, or, in modern terms, media. In the current research, the components of Guiraud’s functional semantic levels will be examined within the framework of the three poles (sender, text, receiver) in the poems of Azzedine Mihoubi and Ahmad Shamlou.

The American school of linguistics addresses emerging topics like semiotics and explores the connections between literature and various sciences, including social science. A fundamental tenet of this school is found to be the affinity between subject and literature. Contemporary American scholars have also asserted that comparative literature embodies a literature of difference in a broad sense. In light of these aspects, it can be argued that these two Algerian and Iranian poets were not influenced by each other in the creation of their poetic works. However, notwithstanding their political differences, there are similarities in the subject matters and contents of their poems, suggesting a shared spirit. Thus, a research method based on Guiraud’s functional semantic levels and the American school of linguistics is to be employed and as the result of which, the question of mutual influence becomes inconsequential.

Considering the three poles of sender, text, and receiver, Guiraud’s functional semantic levels encompass the following functions.Referential FunctionThe referential function serves as the bedrock of any communication, establishing the connections between the message and the subject it refers to. Guiraud holds the idea that the fundamental challenge lies in formulating authentic, objective, observable, and verifiable information. This is the goal of logical semiotics, encompassing epistemological codes and the codes of various sciences. Among these are codes designed to prevent any merging of the sign and the object and to impede the blending of the message and the encoded fact. This function conveys a meaning that is neither the sender's emotion nor the receiver's. Furthermore, it is not necessarily exquisite. All methodologies that offer content criticisms of artistic work lie under the realm of referential functions. This function is evident in the representation of religious and historical characters in the poems of these two poets.Emotive FunctionThis function conveys the relationships between the message and the sender. When we utilize language or any other method of signification to initiate communication, we articulate ideas about the significance of the message's referent. However, we can also express our attitudes toward the subject, for example, by stating our view that the phenomenon is good or bad, ugly or beautiful. Nevertheless, it is important not to conflate the spontaneous manifestation of feelings, character, and social status—natural indicators—with their use for the purpose of communication. For Guiraud, the referential and emotive functions simultaneously complement and compete with each other in the realm of communication. This frequently gives rise to the dual function of language: an epistemological and objective function (logical coding) and an emotive, subjective function (aesthetic coding). These two functions involve two different types of encoding, with the latter arising from stylistic varieties and implicatures. This function is evident in the shared subjects of a dedication to friends and a reinterpretation of Christ’s character.Injunctive FunctionThe major duty of this function is to determine the relationships between the message and the receiver, as the aim of every communication is to evoke a response from the receiver. According to Guiraud, an injunction can target either the cognition or the emotion of the receiver. Thus, at this level as well, we can discern objective-subjective and cognitive-emotive distinctions, highlighting the contrast between the referential and emotive functions. This function plays a vital role in advertisements and propagations, where the referential content of the message takes a back seat to signs intended to evoke emotions from the audience. This is achieved either through conditioning by repetition or by eliciting subconscious emotive responses. The use of this function is evident in the poems of these two poets, particularly in the context of patriotism.Aesthetic FunctionA notable example of the aesthetic function can be observed in works of art, where the referent of the message is the message itself. In this case, the message ceases to be merely a means of communication and becomes its own subject. According to Guiraud, art and literature generate subjects that, beyond the immediate signs related to the subject, possess their own significations within a specific semiotic system, such as the stylistic semiotic system, sign circulation, symbolism, and aesthetic semiology. This function is evidently employed in the works of these two poets concerning the use of religious symbols and the theme of freedom and imprisonment.Pathic FunctionThe purpose of this function is to establish, maintain, or terminate relationships through aesthetic semiology. Signs with this function are those whose role is to initiate, sustain, or conclude relationships, ensuring their continuity, capturing the audience's attention, or guaranteeing their attention and vigilance. In Guiraud’s view, the pathic function plays a pivotal role in all forms of communication and relationships. Examples of this function are evident in the poems of Shamlou and Mihoubi through conversations or questions and answers.Metalinguistic FunctionThe metalinguistic function aims to elucidate the meanings of signs that receivers may not understand. To achieve this, a word is enclosed in quotation marks or explained. For Guiraud, the selection of a medium pertains to the metalinguistic function. A work of art often refers back to the chosen codes, rather than the content of the message. Consequently, the metalinguistic function returns the sign to the codes from which the sign derived its meaning. This is how this function is evident in the poems of these two poets (the logic of the people of their respective homelands).

Emotive, literary, pathic, and referential functions are the most frequently employed functions in the poems of Mihoubi and Shamlou, as these functions are well-suited to literary texts, aligning with various poetic forms. Furthermore, they bring out the best in poems that exhibit linguistic creativity and imaginative creation, as well as literary and poetic functions. In this regard, various instances from the works of these two poets have been encountered. The emotive function is evident in their poems through the interplay of objective and emotional functions, employing logical and aesthetic semiology, such as a rereading of the character of Christ and a letter to friends. Furthermore, owing to the alignment of poetic language with the poet's personal imagination and emotion, and the representation of the world from the unique poetic perspective of each poet, this function is prominent in the works of these two poets. However, they employ this function differently, which reflects their unique and even divergent perspectives on the surrounding world. The pathic function is also prominent in the poems composed by these two poets. Both employ imaginative codes, falling under aesthetic semiology, to express empathy with people in their poems, as seen in a hypothetical dialogue with a passerby in an alley in Palestinian neighborhoods. Given the intricate structure of contemporary poems, which interconnect various historical, cultural, and other intertextual elements, the referential function is also abundant in their poems. In this context, allusions to historical and religious figures serve as significant examples of the referential function of language. The reader's cognitive knowledge of these figures plays a crucial role in comprehending the hidden layers of this function in their poems. This function takes the form of logical semiology (epistemological coding), wherein readers' awareness and knowledge of these characters play a vital role in understanding the hidden layers of this function in the works of these two poets. It is essential to note that, for various reasons, including differences in the religious background of these two poets, those characters are manifested differently in their poems. Given Mihoubi's Christian faith, his depiction of Mary is as a symbol of alleviating pains and suffering, while Shamlou, with his Islamic background, is primarily focused on Mary's virginity. The least frequently used function is the metalinguistic function, as it primarily appears in dictionaries and books of terminology due to its characteristic of describing language with language. Consequently, it rarely appears in poems, including those of these two poets. This function is elucidated in the poetry of Mihoubi and Shamlou as reverse values encompassing people in society.

In Imamate jurisprudence, temporary marriage is a jurisprudentially legitimate agreement with its expediencies, benefits, terms and conditions, and consequences, including the fact that the male party is not required to meet the financial and emotional needs of the female party. A lack of codified explanation of the limits on permissibility of temporary marriage has led to the possibility for playing upon the agreement’s absolute jurisprudential legitimacy, which in turn has engendered some negative publicity. It is why various Islamic and non-Islamic countries and organizations such as the Organization of Islamic Culture and Communication has called for determination of the boundaries of temporary marriage. Using the analytic-descriptive method, this study tries to examine the possibility of providing criteria for giving or refusing to give permission for temporary marriage based on the indicators of Islamic lifestyle; and through collecting data with the documentary research method, it has delineated the areas where, and the criteria according to which, temporary marriage is in or out of line with Islamic lifestyle. The findings show that temporary marriage cannot be given an unlimited permission, but can be codified in accordance with indicators of Islamic lifestyle, and in cases where the indicators do not allow temporary marriage, there needs to be restrictions on the permission. As a result, given the terms and conditions, criteria, and variation of the permissibility of temporary marriage, the laws and consequently the culture of Islamic society ought to be modified to get the function of temporary marriage fulfilled.

Aesthetics and text from beauty effects are among the most important criteria for the assessment of literary work as well as ruling the success of the poet and craftsman in the process of inventing the time of the Jaheli era. Many critics believe that literary elements of a text of meaning, affection, fantasy and fashions are formed and the duty of artistic critique and aesthetics is to examine texts based on the literary elements. The present study relies on a descriptive and analytical method to examine the Seven Sahifah's supplication. This supplication has a prominent text feature that benefits from beauty stances in expression, plays an important role in the invention and creation of art. The results of the research indicate that the supplication contains beliefs and carefully in this supplication in terms of Linguistics that the text of supplication has a state of beauty, and is not empty of the spirit of innovation and creation, and in the emotional dimension witnessed a wide variety of diversity From the description of domestic and stability and stability in the affection of supplication, and having an excellence and sophistication of affection plays an important role in the emotion of the reader, and in relation to the artistic image, it can be said that this supplication has benefited from various types of rhythm. And with the text of supplication, and in lightness, we are witnessing a special coherence and continuity of the word with meanings and affection, as well as balance and synchronization between the words and the concepts of sentences of the supplication characteristics.

Semiotics is regarded as an effective method of criticism that influences one’s cognition of the text and conscious triumph over textual signs. As a new critical method, semiotics follows the movement of signifiers in the text, participates in the explanation of truth, and unveils words. This method is employed to influence the concealed layers of text and gain access to its themes. One of the main methods of critical translation as well as of semiotic criticism is Riffaterre’s method which is used in poetry. His theory is underpinned by structural matrix, descriptive constellations and the chain of poetic signifiers, around which the study of the text of poetry and its signifiers are centered. This research on the semiotic method in the light of semiotic tools attempts to study Bushra al-Bustani’s poem Iraqi Music. One of the conclusions we reached was that the structural matrix of the poem is cycled through the four significations of death, pain, victory, and opening. Similarly, the descriptive constellations of the poem are exclusive to four constellations whose movements are weakness, betrayal, occupation, and the certainty of Phoenician response in civilized Iraq. The text begins with the illustration of the states of death, being lost, infertility, and conflict, and the movement of signifiers in the poem is through visualizing victory, driving enemies away, and reclaiming the land of Iraq.

Suicide is one of the oldest phenomena of human societies, and since it must be studied and understood within the framework of social psychology of each society and its sub-communities, so far an important part of social studies of suicide has been focused on suicide in nomadic and rural areas. For several years, the significant number of suicides and especially women's self-immolations in the Dishmuk region of Kohgiluyeh and Boyar Ahmad provinces has been widely reflected in the media. This research sought to study and investigate suicide in this rural-nomadic area by using the qualitative method of phenomenology in Georgi's style and using semi-structured interviews. The research sample is purposeful and consists of people who have had an unsuccessful suicide or one of their relatives has committed suicide leading to death. In understanding the interviewees' perceptions of the causes and contexts of suicide attempts in this region, the researchers divided them into five main categories: 1) lack of knowledge and life management skills; 2) lack of satisfaction with private life; 3) reaching a feeling of dead end and getting stuck in social life; and 5) the personal aspects and the superficiality of some religious beliefs have been reached, each of which has been separated into more detailed concepts in the findings section and documented with quotes from the interviewees. Finally, these categories are compared with some of the theoretical literature on suicide, and the authors provide suggestions for suicide prevention.

The main purpose of the current research was to investigate the components of moral intelligence in the books of the gifts of heaven (Heavenly Gifts) in the elementary school, and we used a descriptive method of content analysis to conduct the research. The textbooks of the gifts of heaven (Heavenly gifts) for the primary period of the second to sixth grades have been selected as the statistical community. Sampling was done using the enumeration method and the sample size was equal to the population size. The data collection tool was the moral intelligence checklist, which was prepared based on the structures and components of Borba's theory of moral intelligence and was approved by five experts. The agreement index between these experts was calculated as 4.5. The units of analysis were text (sentences and paragraphs, tables and marginal comments), questions and pictures, and in order to verify the validity and reliability of the data, we used the parallel reading and interpretation process. Data analysis has been done using the method of Shannon entropy equations. The results of the research show that in general, the components of self-control, empathy, conscience, respect, fairness and kindness have not been given balanced and proportional attention in the textbooks under review; Also, the findings show that in the content of the textbook "Gifts of Heaven", (Heavenly Gifts) the component of kindness is given the most attention compared to other components, and on the other hand, the least attention is given to the component of self-control; Based on this, the balanced ratio in the distribution of the components of moral intelligence in the textbooks of the gifts of heaven (Heavenly Gifts) for the primary period has not been observed, and therefore, the distribution of the components of moral intelligence in these books needs to be reviewed and rewritten.

The Conflict theory is regarded as a main approach in the study of social problems, and Lewis Alfred Coser as one of the most eminent theoreticians of sociology who has had a significant impact on the development of the conflict theory, and regenerated the theory in its both affirmative and negative layers. In his The Functions of Social Conflict, he has explored behavior and interaction of humans, groups and political parties in sixteen theories. The theories are seen as appropriate bedrock for reading different texts from a sociological perspective. Therefore, using the analytic-descriptive method and drawing upon Coser’s theory of social conflict, the present study seeks to re-read Imam Ali (PBUH)’s letters to Mu’awiya in order to analyze the concealed and in-depth theme and content of the letters, which imply social conflicts, and to provide new horizons for researchers. The study has reached the conclusion that the texts of the letters in Nahj alBalagha are very amenable to a sociological reading based on the theory of conflict, because they enjoy a dialectical discourse and one could discuss a great many conflicts in the depths of the letters such as the conflict between the pure and impure.

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) plays an important part in finding insights into a discourse. CDA runs a contentious examination of texts and plays a significant part in expression of textual implications and connotations. It helps going over the formalistic gloss of the text which poses barriers to capturing its true sense. It helps discover underlying discourse and latent layers of meanings. CDA differs from discourse analysis in terms of its methodology of examination. It is not pure examination of text or discourse within the textual framework. Boshra albostani, a renowned contemporary Iraqi poetess with a prominent poetic status. The distinctive linguistic structures of her poems have captured the attention of researchers. Employing Laclau and Mouffe approach, this research attempts to examine Al Bostani’s Ode of “Andalusian wounds of Iraq”. As one of her notable works, this ode signals a civilizational attitude as it was composed during years of Iraq’s occupation. The theme of resistance is the centralsignifier of this work while betrayal and handing the keys to the country to outsiders form other signifiers around which other secondary signifiers are articulated. Chain of Equivalence takes shape to breaks the discourse of others. In an ideological foray, it attempts to unveil the actual, consistence identity of the other party. Here, the poet relies on an inspiring, dynamic poetic language to enchantingly portray the exposition of the actual identity of the other party.

Critical discourse analysis approaches have grown due to the progress of awareness and richness of human knowledge. Critical discourse analysis in its most prominent manifestations has been removed from the general and common framework, in any conditions, the environment and the relationship between discourse and domination. Lacla and Mof are the most prominent scholars in this critical movement and have had a special approach to engage with discourse and especially political discourse. The critical theory of Lacla and the mixed mosquitoes are different from the views and views that examine the dans and the flow of links in discourse or text, and the researcher relies on theories of Lacla and Mof, the duty flow, the characteristics of the function, the power relationships and the failure of the breakdown and destruction. To examine the discourse, this research attempts to analyze the descriptive-analytical approach of "Almaedeh alkhamert adoor" from the Qassa poet al-Bostani poet. This is the most famous poet who has written in oppression and deprivations that occurred by the American occupation of Iraq. The results of the research point that the information contains different dashes, and the flow of the text is used to express the main concepts and induces the audience of symbols, references and various devices, and the chain of the dialogue in the axis of placing the concept of resistance or involvement of the conflict (America) .We are witnessing the prominent process to make the Iraqi civilization situation and the poetic expression of the fight against the opposite side and break it from Iraq, which is full of civilization. We also see many null dashes in this poetry discourse and texture of texture for exit and liberation.

Critical discourse analysis as a novel branch of human knowledge defines discourse based on specific methods and frameworks. This model analyzes language aiming at revealing hidden power relations and ideological processes in linguistics. One of the basic theories in the field of critical discourse analysis is the theory of practical discourse analysis method which is carried out in the discourse analysis of religious texts in five discursive, structural, semantic, communicative and meta-discourse spheres. The present research employed descriptive-analytical methodology to study governance ties in the speech of Imam Ali (PBUH) through enlisting Practical Critical Discourse Analysis Method. The result of the research revealed that the speech of Imam Ali (PBUH) was charged by an extra-discursive, political and psychological atmosphere. Also, Imam's speech was imbued with aappealing diction and a special semantic characteristic that inspired the school ideology of the Imam. This discourse was of course not oblivious to intra-discourse connections, and traces of this intra-textual connection could be detected in Imam's speech

Stylistic studies address the linguistic features of literary works. Such studies attempt to reveal the aesthetic aspects of literary works and their prevailing features via the employment of linguistic tools. These studies aim to capture the shared points of the collected works of a poet or writer which is realized following examination of the stylistic aspects of works characterized by special themes. The Ode Kharif and Massa’e (autumn and evening) as an important ode of her works showcases the pessimism that overshadows the poet and the environment surrounding her poems. In this ode, she has adopted an inspiring, signifying tone as an exhortative and persuasive feature as part of a manifest style to communicate her pessimism. This is exactly the characteristic that has given this ode its literary prominence. The present study attempted to conduct a stylistic examination of pessimism in Fadwa Tuqan’s Ode Kharif and Massa’e as a quintessence of her works and then proceeded to analyze it at the phonetic, expressive, and syntactic levels via the adoption of an analytical-descriptive approach and stylistic theories. The research results revealed the natural consequences of two bitter, unpalatable incidents to be major factors in prompting the poet towards pessimism. The family disaster in the form of the loss of her brother on the one side and consecutive failures at the political level, particularly regarding the issue of Palestine on the other side imprisoned her in an endless loop of pessimism and distrust which gave rise to the dominance of death and nullity over her thinking and imaginations. Pessimism and resigning to unavoidable fate are closely associated with Tuqan’s poetic language and her particular poetic style to express concepts of desperation and pessimism. Using phonetic devices to express her emotions, Tuqan adopted the interrogative style to express uncertainty of the future, the bleakness of fate, and the impossibility of her wishes and desires. The expressive images portrayed in her poems and the lexicon she employed clearly denote her orientation towards despair and pessimism in her poems. Thus, defamiliarization was picked frequently in her works.

Discourses are made up of a set of dans and signs that have special coherence in the communication process and has deep and deep transplantation that causes the unity of the discourse elements. Semiotics examines how to form symptoms and circular moves and their presence in discourse by relying on principles and structures, and seeks to achieve deep understanding of them. French linguist Pierre (1983), consequently, considers the knowledge of all social and cultural phenomena who studies the life of signs in society, in fact, as signs of the codes, which is the ability to recognize the phenomenon that plays an important role. In understanding the text. The present study relies on the Pierre Gire semiotic method to investigate the "Qashid al-Iraqi" of Boshra al-Bostani Has set. The results of this study indicate that the resistance and sustainability of the Iraqi people against the cruelty of the main structure of the "Qashid al-Iraqi" and its central slab is the coherent social and cultural encryption. In these ideals, structures and linguistic codes have more referral and emotional approach.

In order to study the effects of urea fertilizer regime on the differential gene expression of nitrate reductase and agronomic traits in two wheat cultivars, the experiment was carried out in a factorial based on randomized complete block design with four replications in 2012 at research field of Gorgan University of agricultural sciences and natural resources. Experimental treatment included factorial combination of two wheat genotypes (Morvarid cultivar and N8019 line) and two different urea regime (150 kg/ha, by splitting 50 kg at sowing time, and 100 kg at stem elongation, and control (no fertilizer). Root tissue samples were collected at three times including one day and seven days after using fertilizer and at physiologic maturity stage. Nitrate reductase gene expression was measured using Q-PCR technique. Results showed there was significant difference on gene expression using urea in two genotypes. Urea usage has improved all agronomic traits except grain weight. Increases of grain yield were mostly due to more grain number per spike. There was positive significant correlation between gene expression and some traits, such as root length, root dry weight, spike length, grain weight and shoots dry weight. This could be important to introduce a selection index in breeding projects.

Aesthetic reviews examine the analysis of literary texts on the basis of their artistic and technical principles. In addition to music and structure, following method evaluates literary texts based on the four principles of sense, imagery, style and being spiritual or abstract. Aesthetic reviews of literary works have closer relation to the nature of literature and understanding its secrets, because they derive from the origin of literature and regulate their principles and rules in accordance with it. Common features of the studied sermons are as follows: deep concepts and semantic coherence, emotional power and dynamism due to the components of true affection, fluent expressing without complicacy due to using imagination with aim of deepening the meaning and aesthetic, coherent style, harmonization of music and rhythm of the words with meaning and emotion that prevents the artificial array in these sermons, coordination of the word choice with voice and sentence structure, Eloquence of words, harmonization and coordination of words with meaning and compatibility of the four literary elements.

Imagery is viewed as one of the important basics of Aesthetics in speech which has been paid attention by literati and critics since a long time ago in such a way that literati considered picture as an inseparable part of their works and critics analyze and investigate their works through this perspective. This study tried to investigate Eshbah Sermon of Nahjulbalaghe from the perspective of picture and Imagery through analytical_descriptive method. It is worth mentioning that in this Sermon, regarding the meaning of sentences, the degree of reader's familiarity with the pseudo observance of reader's status and public understanding, strenuous and emphatic similes were used which shows proportionality of picture with meaning. Or, application of allusion in the Texts full of fear and lampoon emotion shows the harmony between picture and emotion. Or, in this Sermon, high frequency of recognition compared with incarnation not only causes dynamism in the text due to the larger number of verbal sentences compared with nominal ones, but also shows the harmony between picture and method because verbal sentences make text more dynamic compared with nominal sentences.

There are well documented cases of transmission of nosocomial infections during anesthesia procedures. A significant factor in preventing nosocomial infections is the effective cleaning of anesthesia equipment. The aim of this study was to determine bacterial contaminate rate and type on laryngoscope blades in operation rooms of Imam Ali hospital in Bojnurd.
In this descriptive study which was done in 2014 , 98 laryngoscope blades were selected in operation rooms randomly. Blind sampling was done with normal saline sterile swap
The results showed that from 98 laryngoscope blades 57 blades were contaminated and most contamination was related to gram- positive bacilli.
Our findings indicate that current method for washing and disinfection is not effective and so serious measures should be taken to eliminate the potential risk for infection.