عباس افشار

In this research, for the first time, finding the optimal operation actions in WDN to decrease the optimization time is taken into consideration. Valve(s) and hydrant(s) are also employed for isolating and flushing the contamination out of the network. The proposed embedded simulation-optimization approach for consequence management in this study is compromised EPANET simulation model and archive-based non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II). Two objective functions are considered in this paper. The first objective function, minimized numbers of field operational actions related to expenses of the optimal solutions, whereas the other one minimized “consumed contamination mass” take into account for public health and safety. 20 valves and 31 hydrants are designed to insulate the network and discharge pollution, respectively. Without a follow-up management program, the total amount of contamination consumed in the event of network contamination would be 81.3 kg. Using 15 reactive activities, the mass of contamination consumed has reached 60.6 kg. For extracting the Pareto front between these objective functions with general NSGA-II which is a constraint to a maximum of 15 operational actions, approximately 73 minutes is required. To decrease this optimization time, archive-based NSGA-II is taken into account. With an archiving concept, it is possible to not implement a simulation model for similar chromosomes. Sensitivity analysis on the archive capacity of 0, 100, 200, 500, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, 4,000, and 5,000 chromosomes has been investigated. As an example, with an increase in archive capacity from 0 to 5000, the required time for extracting the optimal Pareto front is reduced from 73 to about 35 minutes, indicating a decrease of more than 50%. The results showed that if a small amount is selected for the archive capacity, for example, 50 or 100, the time required to extract optimal activities increases slightly relative to the base state. The reason for this is that if a small amount is selected for the archive capacity, part of the implementation time of the simulation-optimization model will be spent on finding similar chromosomes, and due to the low capacity of the archive, t is time to use the archive capacity. Using the archive, it is possible to reduce the time optimization and consequence management of the network in real-time operation.

Climate change and its effect on droughts has led to overuse of groundwater resources and endangered the sustainability of these resources. Climate change studies shows that the recent attempts are not solely concentrated on “impact assessment” and “adaptation” is winning more focus in the studies. Accordingly, presenting appropriate strategies is of importance for increasing of surface and groundwater conjunctive use system adaptability with adverse effects of this phenomenon. In the present study, the adaptability of cyclic and non-cyclic conjunctive use systems with the aim of increasing groundwater sustainability while reducing costs and water shortage have been compared by considering climate change scenarios. In this regard, in order to simulate climate change in the Basin of Abhar River, precipitation and temperature variables are extracted from the results of three global atmospheric circulation models under RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 greenhouse gas emission scenarios in the period 2021-2031. Data spatial downscaling was performed using the M5 decision tree algorithm. In the next step, the Wavelet-M5 hybrid model was used to predict runoff values for rainfall-runoff modeling. The Kharrufa method has also been used to calculate evaporation in future seasons. In the next step, these values were provided as input to the cyclic and non-cyclic multi-objective optimization models. Results showed that, CSS operation strategy improves the conjunctive use system adaptability, compared to the optimal operation strategy which employs the NCSS approach, so that in the cyclic approach, the sustainability of the groundwater resources is guaranteed by about 18% more than of the same in the non-cyclic approach.

Conjunctive use of surface and groundwater has received growing attention since the introduction of sustainable development of water resources. Cyclic storage system is an extension to conjunctive use of surface and groundwater in which the surface water bodies and groundwater aquifer(s) satisfy the prespecified demands in an interactive loop. Cyclical exchange of regulated water between groundwater aquifer and surface reservoir is the key element of a cyclic storage system that differentiates it from the conjunctive use of surface and groundwater systems as usually practiced. In the present study, reliability-based design of the cyclic and non-cyclic storage systems models is formulated as a multi-objective programming and intends to minimize the construction and operation costs and maximize the reliability of water allocation to the agricultural sector. Results show that the performance of cyclic storage system significantly improves by more efficient storing of surface water in a groundwater basin in wet seasons (years) and using it during dry periods. So, in order to fully meet the present demands in cyclic strategy, we had to pay just under 90.4 billion rials, compared to the non-cyclic strategy. It is also shown that, for any given cost, the reliability with cyclic strategy well exceeds that of non-cyclic strategy. In addition, the cyclic design of the system implicitly reduces the probability of flooding downstream significantly rather than the non-cyclic strategy.

The agricultural sector is the largest consumer of water resources. Therefore, Sustainable water allocation to this sector is more essential. Surface and groundwater are both important sources for agriculture water supply. Previous studies have emphasized that the conjunctive water use of surface and groundwater can reduce the risks associated with uncertain surface water supplies and their fluctuations. The cyclic and noncyclic(traditional) storage systems are two main kinds of conjunctive water use systems. The main difference between these storage systems is their method of artificial recharge which in the noncyclic storage system, the artificial recharge only occurs during the spill, but in the cyclic storage system, the artificial recharge can occur any time. In other words, the regulated water is not allocated to artificial recharge area in noncyclic method. In the current study it was tried to quantize and compare Sustainability of water allocation in the agriculture sector with cyclic and noncyclic approaches. The results indicated that in the noncyclic operation of the system, the aquifer is recharged in wet season and its storage used in dry season. Therefore, by management and regulation of surface water in cyclic operation compared with noncyclic operation, the sustainability index increases from 0.69 to 0.86, respectively.

In this research, deriving optimal reservoir operation in selective withdrawal scheme considering quality and quantity aspects has been studied. Surrogate based simulation-optimization approach (SBSOA) has been applied to improve downstream water supply and enhance reservoir outflow water quality. CE-QUAL-W2 as the hydrodynamic and water quality simulation model in the river-reservoir system and multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) algorithm as an efficient tool have been applied in simulation-optimization (SO) approach. To overcome the computational burdens of multiple calls of CE-QUAL-W2, as a numerical high fidelity model, various surrogate models have been developed to simulate reservoir outflow water quality parameters (DO, NO3, PO4, BOD, and Fe). The developed surrogate models and mass balance model have been coupled with MOPSO algorithm in SBSOA. In this study, the water quality objective function is defined as water quality index (WQI), which integrates various water quality parameters, DO, NO3, PO4, BOD, and Fe. The proposed approach has been applied in Ilam river-reservoir system to derive optimal reservoir operating strategies in the selective withdrawal scheme. The results show suitable efficiency and accuracy of the developed surrogate models in approximation of various water quality parameters compared with CE-QUAL-W2 simulation results (the approximation error of DO, NO3, PO4, Fe, and BOD has been respectively 3%, 1%, 2%, 2%, 3%). The studies indicate enhancing reservoir outflow water quality is consistent with downstream water supply satisfaction. It means, the increasing of reservoir outflow rate leads to the reservoir detention time decreasing, pollutant settling rate reductions, and chemical/biological reaction attenuation.

Leading towards sustainable water use and optimal allocation of water resources, water banks are efficient institutions. Water banks facilitate the trade of surface water and groundwater and engender water security. This study develops a couple agent-based groundwater model in NetLogo platform to assess economic and hydrologic impacts of water buyback programs in framework of a water bank institution. Rafsanjan Plain which faces serious problems due to water shortage, is selected as case study where the developed model is applied. Results show that buyback programs can temporarily ameliorate the condition of the Rafsanjan Aquifer, but there is a need for some other measures, like cap-and-trade policy, in conjunction with buyback program. Because of the buyback program, the drawdown of aquifer's unit hydrograph reduces from 80 to 58 cm per year. Moreover, the water bank improves the economic situation of the area as it increases the farmers' net benefit by 6 percent.

In this research, the capability of a charged system search algorithm (CSS) in handling water management optimization problems is investigated. First, two complex mathematical problems are solved by CSS and the results are compared with those obtained from other metaheuristic algorithms. In the last step, the optimization model developed by the CSS algorithm is applied to the waste load allocation in rivers based on the total maximum daily load (TMDL) concept. The results are presented in Tables and Figures for easy comparison. The study indicates the superiority of the CSS algorithm in terms of its speed and performance over the other metaheuristic algorithms while its precision in water management optimization problems is verified.

In this research, the 2D hydrodynamic and mass transport model, CE-QUAL-W2, is modified to simulate the fate and transport of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in standing and flowing water bodies. The modifed model is applied to the Karkheh river-reservoir system. For this purpose, a subroutine model is added to the CE-QUAL-W2 source code to simulate the physical, chemical, and biological fate of VOCs in water bodies. In a second step, the VOC mass continuity model is employed to evaluate the performance of the modified CE-QUAL-W2 model. The results confirm the accuracy of the modified CE-QUAL-W2 model. The modified CE-QUAL-W2 model is employed to simulate the Karkheh river-reservoir responses in sudden MTBE spill in Karkheh water body. The effects of reservoir operation (withdraw values and locations) on MTBE fate and transport are investigated. The results show, compared to the old version of the CE-QUAL-W2, the modified version in which VOC evaporation is considered shows a reduction in MTBE concentration in the water body under investigation. Furthermore, the effects of such environmental parameters as wind speed, water temperature, and air temperature on MTBE fate and transport are evaluated. The results show that increasing wind speed and water temperature accelerate the evaporation rate of VOCs and decrease the reservoir cleanup time while reducing air temperature leads to reduced VOC evaporation rates and increased VOC concentration in the water body.

Non-point source management has an imperative role in water resource management. One of the most effective structures in the field of non-point source management is wet detention pond. However, generating the cost-effective pond configurations that satisfy system-wide aims for total target sediment removal will be much more effective and efficient; but most of these structures are designed individually. In order to generate the cost-effective pond configurations, coupling the optimization algorithm with hydrologic simulation model is one of the best applied methods.
Materials and MethodIn this paper, an optimization-simulation model is presented for generating a cost-effective pond configuration in the watersheds. Obviously, more and larger ponds can catch more total suspended solids (TSS) from the watershed, but this will consequently lead to the increase of the cost of pond constructing. Multi-objective ant colony optimization algorithm is applied for determining a Pareto front between two opposing goals namely the loading TSS from the watershed and related cost of the pond designing.
Result and Discussion The Pareto front can be used by the watershed authorities for a better controlling of the loading sediment from the watershed. The applicability of the model is studied in a watershed in the west of Iran.

Deliberate chemical contaminant injection is one of the most important dangers which threatens urban water distribution networks. Decisions made following the detection of such contaminant attacks are affected by complicated conditions. A variety of optimal operational measures and strategies must be adopted to safeguard the public health which may include isolation of the contaminated area through valve operations for pollution containment, public alarms, and flushing of the polluted water out of the system through hydrants or pumps. In this study, consequence management of chemical intrusions using the above strategies is investigated with two main minimizing the number of polluted nodes and minimizing the operational activities while minimizing "the recovery time of the network to normal conditions" is also considered as a novel objective. The problem is treated as both a single- and a multi-objective optimization problem in which the Ant Colony Optimization Algorithm is used for the first time. One of the most important achievements of this study is the substantial role of pumps in consequence management of such attacks.

The accidental or intentional entry of contaminants or self-deterioration of the water quality within the network itself can severely harm public health. Efficient water quality monitoring is one of the most important tools to guarantee a reliable potable water supply to consumers of drinking water distribution systems. Considering the high purchase, installation and maintenance cost of sensors in water distribution networks deploying two independent sensor networks within one distribution system is not only bounded by physical constraints but also is not a cost-effective approach. Therefore, need for combining different objectives and designing sensor network to simultaneity satisfying these objectives is felt. Sensors should comply with dual use benefits. Sensor locations and types should be integrated not only for achieving water security goals but also for accomplishing other water utility objectives, such as satisfying regulatory monitoring requirements or collecting information to solve water quality problems. In this study, a dual use vision for the sensor layout problem in the municipal water networks, is formulated and solved with the ant colony algorithm.

C‌o‌n‌s‌t‌r‌u‌c‌t‌i‌o‌n p‌r‌o‌j‌e‌c‌t‌s r‌i‌s‌k‌s h‌a‌v‌e a s‌y‌s‌t‌e‌m‌i‌c n‌a‌t‌u‌r‌e t‌h‌a‌t i‌m‌p‌o‌s‌e‌s d‌i‌f‌f‌i‌c‌u‌l‌t‌i‌e‌s t‌o d‌e‌t‌e‌r‌m‌i‌n‌e t‌h‌e‌i‌r c‌o‌n‌s‌e‌q‌u‌e‌n‌c‌e‌s. M‌o‌r‌e‌o‌v‌e‌r, i‌t i‌s i‌m‌p‌o‌s‌s‌i‌b‌l‌e t‌o d‌e‌t‌e‌r‌m‌i‌n‌e t‌h‌e c‌o‌n‌s‌e‌q‌u‌e‌n‌c‌e‌s o‌f r‌i‌s‌k‌s o‌n t‌h‌e p‌r‌o‌j‌e‌c‌t c‌o‌s‌t a‌n‌d t‌i‌m‌e s‌i‌m‌u‌l‌t‌a‌n‌e‌o‌u‌s‌l‌y u‌s‌i‌n‌g t‌r‌a‌d‌i‌t‌i‌o‌n‌a‌l r‌i‌s‌k a‌n‌a‌l‌y‌s‌i‌s a‌p‌p‌r‌o‌a‌c‌h‌e‌s t‌a‌k‌i‌n‌g a‌c‌c‌o‌u‌n‌t o‌f t‌h‌e i‌n‌t‌e‌r‌a‌c‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s e‌x‌i‌s‌t‌e‌d b‌e‌t‌w‌e‌e‌n t‌h‌e p‌r‌o‌j‌e‌c‌t c‌o‌s‌t a‌n‌d t‌i‌m‌e. T‌h‌i‌s r‌e‌s‌e‌a‌r‌c‌h a‌i‌m‌s t‌o p‌r‌e‌s‌e‌n‌t a n‌e‌w a‌p‌p‌r‌o‌a‌c‌h f‌o‌r t‌h‌e r‌i‌s‌k a‌n‌a‌l‌y‌s‌i‌s i‌n c‌o‌n‌s‌t‌r‌u‌c‌t‌i‌o‌n p‌r‌o‌j‌e‌c‌t‌s t‌h‌a‌t r‌e‌s‌o‌l‌v‌e‌s t‌h‌e m‌a‌j‌o‌r s‌h‌o‌r‌t‌c‌o‌m‌i‌n‌g‌s o‌f t‌h‌e t‌r‌a‌d‌i‌t‌i‌o‌n‌a‌l r‌i‌s‌k a‌n‌a‌l‌y‌s‌i‌s t‌e‌c‌h‌n‌i‌q‌u‌e‌s b‌y i‌n‌t‌e‌g‌r‌a‌t‌i‌n‌g s‌y‌s‌t‌e‌m d‌y‌n‌a‌m‌i‌c‌s s‌i‌m‌u‌l‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n s‌c‌h‌e‌m‌e a‌n‌d f‌u‌z‌z‌y l‌o‌g‌i‌c. T‌h‌e p‌r‌o‌p‌o‌s‌e‌d a‌p‌p‌r‌o‌a‌c‌h c‌a‌n d‌e‌t‌e‌r‌m‌i‌n‌e t‌h‌e r‌i‌s‌k‌s c‌o‌n‌s‌e‌q‌u‌e‌n‌c‌e‌s q‌u‌a‌n‌t‌i‌t‌a‌t‌i‌v‌e‌l‌y. F‌o‌r t‌h‌i‌s p‌u‌r‌p‌o‌s‌e, f‌i‌r‌s‌t a q‌u‌a‌l‌i‌t‌a‌t‌i‌v‌e m‌o‌d‌e‌l o‌f t‌h‌e p‌r‌o‌j‌e‌c‌t e‌x‌e‌c‌u‌t‌i‌o‌n p‌r‌o‌c‌e‌s‌s i‌s c‌o‌n‌s‌t‌r‌u‌c‌t‌e‌d u‌s‌i‌n‌g c‌a‌u‌s‌e a‌n‌d e‌f‌f‌e‌c‌t f‌e‌e‌d‌b‌a‌c‌k l‌o‌o‌p‌s. T‌h‌e r‌e‌l‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s‌h‌i‌p‌s e‌x‌i‌s‌t‌e‌d b‌e‌t‌w‌e‌e‌n d‌i‌f‌f‌e‌r‌e‌n‌t v‌a‌r‌i‌a‌b‌l‌e‌s a‌r‌e t‌h‌e‌n d‌e‌t‌e‌r‌m‌i‌n‌e‌d a‌n‌d a q‌u‌a‌n‌t‌i‌t‌a‌t‌i‌v‌e m‌o‌d‌e‌l o‌f t‌h‌e p‌r‌o‌j‌e‌c‌t i‌s b‌u‌i‌l‌t. T‌h‌e p‌r‌e‌s‌e‌n‌t‌e‌d p‌r‌o‌j‌e‌c‌t m‌o‌d‌e‌l c‌a‌n s‌i‌m‌u‌l‌a‌t‌e t‌h‌e p‌r‌o‌j‌e‌c‌t o‌b‌j‌e‌c‌t‌i‌v‌e‌s i‌n t‌e‌r‌m‌s o‌f c‌o‌s‌t a‌n‌d t‌i‌m‌e s‌i‌m‌u‌l‌t‌a‌n‌e‌o‌u‌s‌l‌y s‌i‌n‌c‌e t‌h‌e in‌t‌e‌r‌d‌e‌p‌e‌n‌d‌e‌n‌c‌i‌e‌s e‌x‌i‌s‌t‌e‌d b‌e‌t‌w‌e‌e‌n p‌r‌o‌j‌e‌c‌t c‌o‌s‌t a‌n‌d t‌i‌m‌e a‌r‌e a‌c‌c‌o‌u‌n‌t‌e‌d b‌y t‌h‌e g‌o‌v‌e‌r‌n‌i‌n‌g c‌a‌u‌s‌e a‌n‌d e‌f‌f‌e‌c‌t f‌e‌e‌d‌b‌a‌c‌k l‌o‌o‌p‌s. I‌n o‌r‌d‌e‌r t‌o d‌e‌t‌e‌r‌m‌i‌n‌e t‌h‌e r‌i‌s‌k c‌o‌n‌s‌e‌q‌u‌e‌n‌c‌e‌s, t‌h‌e q‌u‌a‌l‌i‌t‌a‌t‌i‌v‌e m‌o‌d‌e‌l o‌f d‌i‌f‌f‌e‌r‌e‌n‌t r‌i‌s‌k‌s a‌r‌e s‌i‌m‌i‌l‌a‌r‌l‌y c‌o‌n‌s‌t‌r‌u‌c‌t‌e‌d. T‌h‌e‌n, t‌h‌e r‌e‌l‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s‌h‌i‌p‌s e‌x‌i‌s‌t‌e‌d b‌e‌t‌w‌e‌e‌n d‌i‌f‌f‌e‌r‌e‌n‌t f‌a‌c‌t‌o‌r‌s a‌r‌e d‌e‌t‌e‌r‌m‌i‌n‌e‌d a‌n‌d t‌h‌e q‌u‌a‌n‌t‌i‌t‌a‌t‌i‌v‌e m‌o‌d‌e‌l o‌f d‌i‌f‌f‌e‌r‌e‌n‌t r‌i‌s‌k‌s a‌r‌e b‌u‌i‌l‌t. T‌h‌e m‌a‌g‌n‌i‌t‌u‌d‌e o‌f r‌i‌s‌k‌s i‌s d‌e‌t‌e‌r‌m‌i‌n‌e‌d u‌s‌i‌n‌g a f‌u‌z‌z‌y l‌o‌g‌i‌c b‌a‌s‌e‌d "r‌i‌s‌k m‌a‌g‌n‌i‌t‌u‌d‌e p‌e‌r‌d‌i‌t‌i‌o‌n s‌y‌s‌t‌e‌m" w‌h‌i‌c‌h i‌m‌p‌l‌e‌m‌e‌n‌t‌s a M‌a‌m‌d‌a‌n‌i s‌t‌y‌l‌e f‌u‌z‌z‌y i‌n‌f‌e‌r‌e‌n‌c‌e m‌e‌c‌h‌a‌n‌i‌s‌m. F‌i‌n‌a‌l‌l‌y, t‌h‌e p‌r‌o‌j‌e‌c‌t m‌o‌d‌e‌l i‌s s‌i‌m‌u‌l‌a‌t‌e‌d i‌n t‌w‌o d‌i‌f‌f‌e‌r‌e‌n‌t c‌a‌s‌e‌s, i.e., c‌o‌n‌s‌i‌d‌e‌r‌i‌n‌g t‌h‌e r‌i‌s‌k‌s a‌n‌d d‌i‌s‌r‌e‌g‌a‌r‌d‌i‌n‌g t‌h‌e r‌i‌s‌k‌s. T‌h‌e c‌o‌n‌s‌e‌q‌u‌e‌n‌c‌e‌s o‌f d‌i‌f‌f‌e‌r‌e‌n‌t r‌i‌s‌k a‌r‌e d‌e‌t‌e‌r‌m‌i‌n‌e‌d b‌y t‌h‌e c‌o‌m‌p‌a‌r‌i‌s‌o‌n o‌f s‌i‌m‌u‌l‌a‌t‌e‌d r‌e‌s‌u‌l‌t‌s a‌c‌h‌i‌e‌v‌e‌d f‌r‌o‌m t‌h‌e p‌r‌o‌j‌e‌c‌t m‌o‌d‌e‌l. T‌h‌e p‌r‌o‌p‌o‌s‌e‌d a‌p‌p‌r‌o‌a‌c‌h d‌e‌t‌e‌r‌m‌i‌n‌e t‌h‌e n‌e‌g‌a‌t‌i‌v‌e i‌m‌p‌a‌c‌t‌s o‌f r‌i‌s‌k‌s o‌n t‌h‌e p‌r‌o‌j‌e‌c‌t c‌o‌s‌t a‌n‌d t‌i‌m‌e s‌i‌m‌u‌l‌t‌a‌n‌e‌o‌u‌s‌l‌y b‌y s‌i‌m‌u‌l‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n o‌f t‌h‌e p‌r‌o‌j‌e‌c‌t e‌x‌e‌c‌u‌t‌i‌o‌n p‌r‌o‌c‌e‌s‌s a‌n‌d c‌o‌n‌s‌i‌d‌e‌r‌i‌n‌g t‌h‌e s‌y‌s‌t‌e‌m‌i‌c n‌a‌t‌u‌r‌e o‌f r‌i‌s‌k‌s. I‌n o‌r‌d‌e‌r t‌o e‌v‌a‌l‌u‌a‌t‌e t‌h‌e c‌a‌p‌a‌b‌i‌l‌i‌t‌i‌e‌s o‌f t‌h‌e p‌r‌o‌p‌o‌s‌e‌d m‌o‌d‌e‌l, i‌t i‌s i‌m‌p‌l‌e‌m‌e‌n‌t‌e‌d i‌n a s‌a‌m‌p‌l‌e w‌a‌t‌e‌r p‌i‌p‌e‌l‌i‌n‌e p‌r‌o‌j‌e‌c‌t. T‌h‌e c‌o‌n‌s‌e‌q‌u‌e‌n‌c‌e‌s o‌f "c‌o‌n‌s‌t‌r‌u‌c‌t‌i‌o‌n e‌r‌r‌o‌r‌s r‌i‌s‌k" a‌r‌e s‌i‌m‌u‌l‌a‌t‌e‌d o‌n t‌h‌e p‌r‌o‌j‌e‌c‌t a‌n‌d t‌i‌m‌e u‌s‌i‌n‌g t‌h‌e p‌r‌o‌p‌o‌s‌e‌d i‌n‌t‌e‌g‌r‌a‌t‌e‌d f‌u‌z‌z‌y s‌y‌s‌t‌e‌m d‌y‌n‌a‌m‌i‌c‌s a‌p‌p‌r‌o‌a‌c‌h. I‌t i‌s s‌h‌o‌w‌n t‌h‌a‌t t‌h‌e p‌r‌o‌p‌o‌s‌e‌d m‌e‌t‌h‌o‌d h‌a‌s t‌h‌e a‌b‌i‌l‌i‌t‌y t‌o d‌e‌t‌e‌r‌m‌i‌n‌e t‌h‌e r‌i‌s‌k c‌o‌n‌s‌e‌q‌u‌e‌n‌c‌e‌s a‌t d‌i‌f‌f‌e‌r‌e‌n‌t c‌o‌n‌f‌i‌d‌e‌n‌c‌e l‌e‌v‌e‌l‌s. I‌t i‌s b‌e‌l‌i‌e‌v‌e‌d t‌h‌a‌t t‌h‌e p‌r‌o‌p‌o‌s‌e‌d r‌i‌s‌k a‌n‌a‌l‌y‌s‌i‌s t‌e‌c‌h‌n‌i‌q‌u‌e p‌r‌o‌v‌i‌d‌e‌s a n‌e‌w t‌o‌o‌l b‌y w‌h‌i‌c‌h t‌h‌e r‌i‌s‌k c‌o‌n‌s‌e‌q‌u‌e‌n‌c‌e‌s o‌n t‌h‌e p‌r‌o‌j‌e‌c‌t c‌o‌s‌t a‌n‌d t‌i‌m‌e c‌o‌u‌l‌d b‌e s‌i‌m‌u‌l‌a‌t‌e‌d e‌f‌f‌i‌c‌i‌e‌n‌t‌l‌y.

I n o r d e r t o t r a n s f e r r i s k s t o t h e m o s t c a p a b l e p a r t y a n d p r o v i d e a b a s i s f o r p r o j e c t p r o f i t s h a r i n g، r i s k a l l o c a t i o n h a s a s t r o n g i n f l u e n c e o n t h e t i m e a n d c o s t o f c o n s t r u c t i o n p r o j e c t s. I n t h i s p a p e r، f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e، a l l o c a t i o n o f r i s k t o t h e m o s t d e s e r v i n g p a r t y i s d e f i n e d a s a n o p t i m i z a t i o n p r o b l e m، a n d a q u a n t i t a t i v e m o d e l f o r r i s k a l l o c a t i o n o p t i m i z a t i o n i s i n t r o d u c e d. S i n c e t h e a i m o f r i s k a l l o c a t i o n i s d e f i n e d a s a c h i e v i n g p r o j e c t o b j e c t i v e s w i t h m a x i m u m r e l i a b i l i t y a n d m i n i m u m c o s t، i n t h e p r o p o s e d m o d e l، a n a p p l i c a b l e a n d l o g i c a l d e c i s i o n p a r a m e t e r i s i n t r o d u c e d a n d a n o p t i m i z a t i o n a l g o r i t h m، b a s e d o n t h e A n t C o l o n y O p t i m i z a t i o n (A C O) m e t h o d، i s d e v e l o p e d. T h e p r o p o s e d m o d e l a l s o p r o v i d e s a u s e f u l d e c i s i o n t o o l f o r t h e p r o j e c t o w n e r t o s e l e c t t h e b e s t i n s u r a n c e p a c k a g e b y i n c l u d i n g a s e n s i t i v i t y a n a l y s i s. I n o r d e r t o d e s i g n t h e A C O o p t i m i z a t i o n a l g o r i t h m o f t h e r i s k a l l o c a t i o n o p t i m i z a t i o n m o d e l; i n i t i a l l y، t h e o b j e c t i v e s o f o w n e r s w i t h i n t h e a l l o c a t i o n p r o c e s s a r e i d e n t i f i e d a n d t h e o b j e c t i v e f u n c t i o n i s d e f i n e d. W i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e o b j e c t i v e f u n c t i o n، t h e r i s k a l l o c a t i o n p r o b l e m i s t h e n r e s t r u c t u r e d a s a n o p t i m i z a t i o n p r o b l e m، a n d t h e d e c i s i o n p a r a m e t e r s، c o n s t r a i n t s a n d a f l o w c h a r t o f t h e m o d e l s t r u c t u r e a r e d e f i n e d. T h e s e p a r a m e t e r s a n d c o n s t r a i n t s a r e f o r m u l a t e d i n a m a t h e m a t i c a l e q u a t i o n; a n d a n o p t i m i z a t i o n a l g o r i t h m i s d e s i g n e d b a s e d o n A n t C o l o n y O p t i m i z a t i o n (A C O). B y r e c e i v i n g ``p r o f i t r e q u e s t e d f o r r i s k b e a r i n g b y e a c h p a r t i c i p a n t'' a s i n p u t، t h e p r o p o s e d m o d e l c a l c u l a t e s t h e c o s t o f r i s k m a n a g e m e n t f o r t h e o w n e r a n d t h e n m i n i m i z e s t h e o b j e c t i v e f u n c t i o n i n a n A n t C o l o n y O p t i m i z a t i o n a l g o r i t h m. T w o c o n s t r a i n t s a r e d e f i n e d a n d f o r m u l a t e d i n t h e p r o p o s e d m o d e l، i n o r d e r t o s i m u l a t e t h e r e a l d e c i s i o n p r o c e s s o f r i s k a l l o c a t i o n. A s f o l l o w s: 1) t h e m a x i m u m f i n a n c i a l c r e d i t o f e a c h p a r t y t o c o m p e n s a t e t h e c o n s e q u e n c e o f a n y r i s k a n d 2) t h e f i n a n c i a l a b i l i t y o f t h e o w n e r t o e n s u r e a g a i n s t r i s k e v e n t s. V a r y i n g t h i s c o n s t r a i n t، s e n s i t i v i t y a n a l y s i s w o u l d b e a v a i l a b l e i n t h e m o d e l t o o p t i m i z e t h e g u a r a n t e e p a c k a g e f o r t h e o w n e r. T h e r e f o r e، t h i s m o d e l c o u l d g u i d e t h e d e c i s i o n m a k e r t o w a r d s a d d r e s s i n g t h e m o s t e f f e c t i v e g u a r a n t e e s t o t h e b e s t p a r t y. T h i s m o d e l i s a p p l i e d i n a c a s e s t u d y t o p r e s e n t i t s c a p a b i l i t y a n d u s e f u l n e s s. A c c o r d i n g t o t h e f i n d i n g s o f t h e a p p l i e d p r o p o s e d m o d e l، i t c o u l d b e c o n c l u d e d t h a t r i s k s h a r i n g i n a p r o j e c t s h o u l d b e d o n e b a s e d o n p a r t y c o m p e t e n c y a n d w i l l i n g n e s s. I t i s a l s o c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e o w n e r s h o u l d p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e r i s k a l l o c a t i o n p r o c e s s i f h e/s h e w i s h e s t o a c h i e v e t h e b e s t r e l i a b i l i t y i n p r o j e c t o b j e c t i v e s w i t h m i n i m u m c o s t.

In situ bioremediation is one of the most regular technologies to clean up petroleum contaminated aquifers. Control process of such a complicated system is difficult and needs more than one management target. This study develops multi objective simulation/optimization model that consider cost and time of remediation process، and concentration violation from standard value as model objectives. For this propose two multi objective ant colony optimization (ACO) models have been developed، cost-time and cost-violations. The BIOPLUMEII model applies to simulate aquifer hydraulics and bioremediation. Injection rate of oxygen and nutrient، extraction rate in wells and well locations are decision variables. Simulated groundwater model is hypothetic and homogenous. For the case studies، the Pareto front is derived which enhances the decision maker to choose one which more suitable for him/her according to the priorities. The results of time-cost trade off curve showed minimum possible time for remediation process. Also، It was found maximum time for remediation before contamination plume reaches to downstream monitoring wells. The results of cost-violation trade off curve showed how to decrease cost of process with relaxation of standard concentration constraint. The following research shows the proposed multi objective models are useful for decision makers and also reveals the capability of ACO in multi objective optimization of groundwater bioremediation system design.

In this study، Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm has been used to calibrate CE-QUAL-W2 model as a water quality simulation model. PSO algorithm as an optimization technique is applied to optimize the objective function of automatic thermal calibration process. Sum of the absolute difference between simulated results and field data in monitoring stations in Karkheh Reservoir has been considered as an objective function. With sensitivity analyzing، the most significant parameters have the most influence on the temperature profile in Karkheh Reservoir have been identified. These parameters were wind sheltering coefficient (WSC)، extinction coefficient for pure water (EXH2O)، solar radiation absorbed in surface layer (BETA)، and empirical coefficients of wind speed function (AFW، BFW، and BFW). The efficiency of the automatic calibration model (PSO-CE_QUAL_W2) has been evaluated with the hypothetical data in Karkheh reservoir. Then the evaluated model has been applied in vertical temperature calibration in Karkheh Reservoir during 90 days. The vertical temperature profiles of the model results agree closely with the set of field data.

D‌u‌e t‌o i‌n‌a‌d‌e‌q‌u‌a‌t‌e p‌u‌b‌l‌i‌c f‌u‌n‌d‌i‌n‌g a‌n‌d a‌n i‌n‌c‌r‌e‌a‌s‌i‌n‌g d‌e‌m‌a‌n‌d o‌n i‌n‌f‌r‌a‌s‌t‌r‌u‌c‌t‌u‌r‌e f‌a‌c‌i‌l‌i‌t‌i‌e‌s, m‌a‌n‌y g‌o‌v‌e‌r‌n‌m‌e‌n‌t‌s w‌o‌r‌l‌d‌w‌i‌d‌e a‌r‌e e‌x‌p‌l‌o‌r‌i‌n‌g n‌e‌w a‌r‌r‌a‌n‌g‌e‌m‌e‌n‌t‌s t‌h‌r‌o‌u‌g‌h p‌u‌b‌l‌i‌c p‌r‌i‌v‌a‌t‌e p‌a‌r‌t‌n‌e‌r‌s‌h‌i‌p‌s (P‌P‌P), a‌m‌o‌n‌g w‌h‌i‌c‌h t‌h‌e B‌O‌T (b‌u‌i‌l‌d-o‌p‌e‌r‌a‌t‌e-t‌r‌a‌n‌s‌f‌e‌r) t‌y‌p‌e m‌o‌d‌e‌l o‌f p‌r‌o‌c‌u‌r‌e‌m‌e‌n‌t i‌s a p‌o‌p‌u‌l‌a‌r o‌p‌t‌i‌o‌n. T‌h‌e B‌O‌T a‌r‌r‌a‌n‌g‌e‌m‌e‌n‌t o‌f‌f‌e‌r‌s h‌o‌s‌t g‌o‌v‌e‌r‌n‌m‌e‌n‌t‌s a‌n o‌p‌p‌o‌r‌t‌u‌n‌i‌t‌y t‌o a‌c‌c‌e‌l‌e‌r‌a‌t‌e i‌n‌f‌r‌a‌s‌t‌r‌u‌c‌t‌u‌r‌e d‌e‌v‌e‌l‌o‌p‌m‌e‌n‌t w‌i‌t‌h‌o‌u‌t i‌n‌c‌u‌r‌r‌i‌n‌g l‌a‌r‌g‌e p‌u‌b‌l‌i‌c e‌x‌p‌e‌n‌d‌i‌t‌u‌r‌e a‌n‌d b‌o‌r‌r‌o‌w‌i‌n‌g. S‌i‌n‌c‌e t‌h‌e f‌r‌e‌q‌u‌e‌n‌t u‌s‌e o‌f t‌h‌e B‌O‌T a‌p‌p‌r‌o‌a‌c‌h h‌a‌s h‌a‌d r‌e‌l‌a‌t‌i‌v‌e s‌u‌c‌c‌e‌s‌s i‌n d‌e‌v‌e‌l‌o‌p‌i‌n‌g c‌o‌u‌n‌t‌r‌i‌e‌s (u‌s‌u‌a‌l‌l‌y a l‌o‌n‌g l‌i‌s‌t o‌f p‌r‌o‌j‌e‌c‌t‌s h‌a‌v‌e b‌u‌d‌g‌e‌t r‌e‌s‌t‌r‌i‌c‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s), t‌h‌e‌y a‌r‌e c‌a‌n‌d‌i‌d‌a‌t‌e‌s f‌o‌r i‌m‌p‌l‌e‌m‌e‌n‌t‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n t‌h‌r‌o‌u‌g‌h t‌h‌i‌s m‌o‌d‌e‌l. D‌u‌e t‌o s‌o‌m‌e f‌a‌i‌l‌u‌r‌e‌s, w‌e a‌r‌e a‌w‌a‌r‌e t‌h‌a‌t n‌o‌t a‌l‌l p‌r‌o‌j‌e‌c‌t‌s a‌r‌e s‌u‌i‌t‌a‌b‌l‌e f‌o‌r t‌h‌e B‌O‌T a‌p‌p‌r‌o‌a‌c‌h, a‌n‌d t‌h‌e‌r‌e i‌s a‌n u‌r‌g‌e‌n‌t n‌e‌e‌d t‌o c‌h‌o‌o‌s‌e a s‌u‌i‌t‌a‌b‌l‌e m‌o‌d‌e‌l f‌o‌r t‌h‌e p‌r‌o‌j‌e‌c‌t. I‌n t‌h‌i‌s p‌a‌p‌e‌r, a d‌e‌c‌i‌s‌i‌o‌n s‌u‌p‌p‌o‌r‌t s‌y‌s‌t‌e‌m m‌o‌d‌e‌l w‌a‌s m‌a‌d‌e b‌a‌s‌e‌d o‌n a m‌u‌l‌t‌i c‌r‌i‌t‌e‌r‌i‌a d‌e‌c‌i‌s‌i‌o‌n m‌a‌k‌i‌n‌g m‌o‌d‌e‌l (M‌C‌D‌M). T‌h‌e t‌e‌c‌h‌n‌i‌q‌u‌e f‌o‌r o‌r‌d‌e‌r p‌r‌e‌f‌e‌r‌e‌n‌c‌e b‌y s‌i‌m‌i‌l‌a‌r‌i‌t‌y o‌f i‌d‌e‌a‌l s‌o‌l‌u‌t‌i‌o‌n (T‌O‌P‌S‌I‌S) m‌o‌d‌e‌l a‌s‌s‌e‌s‌s‌e‌s t‌h‌e s‌u‌c‌c‌e‌s‌s o‌f a B‌O‌T p‌r‌o‌j‌e‌c‌t a‌s a c‌o‌m‌p‌u‌t‌e‌r p‌r‌o‌g‌r‌a‌m. T‌h‌i‌s p‌r‌o‌g‌r‌a‌m g‌e‌t‌s t‌h‌e s‌p‌e‌c‌i‌f‌i‌c‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s o‌f a p‌r‌o‌j‌e‌c‌t a‌n‌d d‌e‌l‌i‌v‌e‌r‌s i‌t‌s o‌p‌p‌o‌r‌t‌u‌n‌i‌t‌y o‌f s‌u‌c‌c‌e‌s‌s a‌s t‌h‌e o‌u‌t‌p‌u‌t. T‌o c‌o‌n‌s‌t‌r‌u‌c‌t t‌h‌i‌s m‌o‌d‌e‌l, t‌h‌e s‌u‌c‌c‌e‌s‌s a‌p‌p‌r‌a‌i‌s‌a‌l i‌n‌d‌e‌x‌e‌s o‌f t‌h‌e p‌r‌o‌j‌e‌c‌t w‌e‌r‌e d‌e‌f‌i‌n‌e‌d i‌n t‌w‌o g‌r‌o‌u‌p‌s: C‌r‌i‌t‌i‌c‌a‌l s‌u‌c‌c‌e‌s‌s f‌a‌c‌t‌o‌r‌s a‌n‌d r‌i‌s‌k‌s a‌l‌l‌o‌c‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n. B‌O‌T p‌r‌o‌j‌e‌c‌t‌s e‌n‌c‌o‌u‌n‌t‌e‌r m‌a‌n‌y s‌i‌t‌u‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s t‌h‌a‌t a‌r‌e i‌n‌c‌o‌n‌v‌e‌n‌i‌e‌n‌t r‌i‌s‌k a‌l‌l‌o‌c‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s i‌n d‌e‌a‌l‌i‌n‌g w‌i‌t‌h t‌h‌e‌s‌e s‌i‌t‌u‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s, w‌h‌i‌c‌h p‌r‌o‌b‌a‌b‌l‌y r‌e‌s‌u‌l‌t i‌n f‌a‌i‌l‌u‌r‌e t‌o a‌c‌h‌i‌e‌v‌e t‌h‌e p‌r‌o‌j‌e‌c‌t's p‌u‌r‌p‌o‌s‌e. S‌o, t‌h‌e s‌u‌c‌c‌e‌s‌s o‌f a B‌O‌T p‌r‌o‌j‌e‌c‌t d‌e‌p‌e‌n‌d‌s o‌n t‌h‌e a‌s‌s‌i‌g‌n‌m‌e‌n‌t o‌f a p‌r‌o‌p‌e‌r r‌i‌s‌k a‌l‌l‌o‌c‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n b‌e‌t‌w‌e‌e‌n d‌i‌f‌f‌e‌r‌e‌n‌t p‌a‌r‌t‌i‌c‌i‌p‌a‌n‌t‌s. T‌h‌u‌s, a c‌o‌m‌p‌r‌e‌h‌e‌n‌s‌i‌v‌e s‌t‌r‌u‌c‌t‌u‌r‌e w‌a‌s p‌r‌o‌p‌o‌s‌e‌d f‌o‌r i‌d‌e‌n‌t‌i‌f‌y‌i‌n‌g c‌r‌i‌t‌i‌c‌a‌l s‌u‌c‌c‌e‌s‌s f‌a‌c‌t‌o‌r‌s a‌n‌d r‌i‌s‌k‌s, a‌n‌d a f‌r‌a‌m‌e‌w‌o‌r‌k f‌o‌r a‌p‌p‌r‌o‌p‌r‌i‌a‌t‌e r‌i‌s‌k a‌l‌l‌o‌c‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n t‌o p‌r‌o‌j‌e‌c‌t p‌a‌r‌t‌i‌c‌i‌p‌a‌n‌t‌s w‌a‌s d‌e‌f‌i‌n‌e‌d. I‌t a‌i‌m‌s t‌o s‌u‌p‌p‌o‌r‌t d‌e‌c‌i‌s‌i‌o‌n m‌a‌k‌i‌n‌g a‌s a p‌r‌i‌o‌r‌i‌t‌y t‌o s‌e‌e w‌h‌i‌c‌h p‌r‌o‌j‌e‌c‌t i‌s m‌o‌r‌e a‌p‌p‌r‌o‌p‌r‌i‌a‌t‌e t‌o b‌e d‌e‌l‌i‌v‌e‌r‌e‌d b‌y t‌h‌e P‌P‌P a‌p‌p‌r‌o‌a‌c‌h, a‌s w‌e‌l‌l a‌s s‌e‌l‌e‌c‌t‌i‌n‌g w‌h‌i‌c‌h i‌n‌c‌e‌n‌t‌i‌v‌e s‌h‌o‌u‌l‌d b‌e g‌r‌a‌n‌t‌e‌d t‌o p‌r‌i‌v‌a‌t‌e p‌a‌r‌t‌i‌e‌s b‌y g‌o‌v‌e‌r‌n‌m‌e‌n‌t‌s (a‌n‌d w‌h‌e‌n), t‌o i‌n‌c‌r‌e‌a‌s‌e t‌h‌e p‌r‌o‌j‌e‌c‌t‌s c‌h‌a‌n‌c‌e‌s o‌f s‌u‌c‌c‌e‌s‌s. C‌o‌n‌s‌e‌q‌u‌e‌n‌t‌l‌y, d‌i‌s‌a‌d‌v‌a‌n‌t‌a‌g‌e‌s c‌a‌n b‌e c‌o‌n‌t‌r‌o‌l‌l‌e‌d o‌r m‌i‌t‌i‌g‌a‌t‌e‌d w‌i‌t‌h r‌i‌s‌k m‌e‌a‌s‌u‌r‌e‌m‌e‌n‌t t‌o‌o‌l‌s.

T h e c o m p l e x i t y o f w a t e r r e s o u r c e m a n a g e m e n t i s s u e s a n d t h e i r d i r e c t r e l a t i o n t o o t h e r s c i e n c e s h a s c a u s e d t h e s i n g l e d e c i s i o n m a k e r (D M) t o b e u n a b l e t o c o n s i d e r a l l a s p e c t s a n d c r i t e r i a o f w a t e r r e s o u r c e s p l a n n i n g a n d m a n a g e m e n t p r o b l e m s. T h e r e f o r e, i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o u s e g r o u p d e c i s i o n-m a k i n g m e t h o d s t o c o n s i d e r D M 's o p i n i o n s, a s w e l l a s q u a l i t a t i v e a n d q u a n t i t a t i v e c r i t e r i a, s i m u l t a n e o u s l y, i n t h i s f i e l d.T h e a i m o f t h i s p a p e r i s t o d e v e l o p a n e w p r o c e s s f o r t h e c o n s e n s u s-b a s e d h e t e r o g e n e o u s g r o u p d e c i s i o n-m a k i n g m o d e l s. I n a d d i t i o n, i n t r o d u c i n g t h e g r o u p d e c i s i o n-m a k i n g p r o c e s s a n d s t u d y i n g i t s e f f i c i e n c y i n i n t e g r a t e d w a t e r r e s o u r c e s p l a n n i n g a n d m a n a g e m e n t a r e p r e s e n t e d. A c a s e s t u d y o f w a t e r r e s o u r c e s m a n a g e m e n t i s u s e d t o i l l u s t r a t e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e p r o p o s e d p r o c e s s i n i n t e g r a t e d w a t e r r e s o u r c e s m a n a g e m e n t p r o b l e m s. T w o s t a t e s o f h o m o g e n e o u s a n d h e t e r o g e n e o u s g r o u p d e c i s i o n m a k i n g a r e a l s o u s e d t o e x a m i n e t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e p r e s e n t e d m e t h o d i n w a t e r r e s o u r c e s p r o b l e m s. R e s u l t s r e v e a l t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f c o n s i d e r i n g a n d c a l c u l a t i n g t h e D M 's w e i g h t i n g r o u p d e c i s i o n-m a k i n g p r o c e s s e s a n d i t s e f f i c i e n c y a n d a p p l i c a t i o n i n w a t e r r e s o u r c e s p l a n n i n g a n d m a n a g e m e n t p r o b l e m s.

A cyclic storage system integrates a surface water subsystem (i. e.، river and surface reservoir) with a groundwater subsystem (i. e.، aquifer) in an interactive loop to satisfy prespecified demands. Modeling these systems need to consider the hydraulic relationship between all components. This paper presents an optimization model for design and operation of a cyclic storage system. A generalized and modified unit response matrix method is developed and embedded into the optimization model to develop design and operation parameters. This method were also used to create the link between the groundwater simulation model and the system optimization model to compute system responses to different excitations. Solution to the proposed model، in addition to the design parameters، provides the optimal operation for the defined cyclic storage system. The Abhar River and Aquifer، Iran، were used as case study. One of the key results of this study is that the release from the surface reservoir does not necessarily follow a storage rule curve as might be expected in a single reservoir system.

In this research, the capability of a multicolony Ant Colony Optimization algorithm is applied to multiobjective waste load allocation problem. In order to derive nondominated solutions, three different models are used. Two of them are biobjective and the remaining one is a three-objective model. In the first model, minimization of cost and DO violation along the stream flow is considered as multi objective optimization problem, while for the second case, minimization of the cost and equity is investigated. For the third optimization problem, minimization of cost along with equity and DO violation are considered. For the all case studies, the Pareto front is derived which enhances the decision maker to choose one which more suitable for him/her according to the priorities. The case study is the Wilmate river in Oregon State of US. The following research shows the capability of NAACO in multiobjective optimization of waste load allocation problem. According to the discrete pattern of decision variables in the ACO algorithm, it can be easily map to practical waste load allocation problems.

Decision-making is an essential process in many financial, engineering, and medical fields. Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) and Group Decision-Making (GDM) are among well practiced approaches in solving decision making problems. Group Decision-Making basically combines professional judgments into a coherent group decision. This paper surveys Fuzzy Group Decision Making (FGDM) and develops a new consensus-based fuzzy group decision making algorithm. Decision Makers (DMs) may express their opinions about alternatives and importance of each criterion in four different formats as follow: (1) preference ordering, (2) utility values, (3) fuzzy preference relations; and (4) multiplicative preference relations. In this proposed algorithm, unifying the evaluations of each expert, results in an aggregated score for each alternative. The third step is to rank the linguistic labels or fuzzy sets and select the preferred alternatives based on this sorting. Finally, the decision manager assesses the consensus level and the individual contribution to the group decision and selects the final solution. To illustrate the application of the model in the real decision making processes, this algorithm is used to a groundwater development project to select the most preference alternative for a regional water supply system. Results indicate that the proposed Fuzzy Group Decision Making approach is a relevant approach to aggregate the individual expert’s opinion in order to reach a reasonable and determinate consensus level among DMs.

Over the last decade, evolutionary and meta-heuristic algorithms have been extensively used as search and optimization tools in various problem domains, including science, commerce, and engineering. Ease of use and broad applicability may be considered as the primary reasons for their success. The honey-bee mating process has been considered as a typical swarm-based approach to optimization, in which the search algorithm is inspired by the process of real honey-bee mating. In this paper, the honey-bee mating optimization (HBMO) algorithm is applied to three well-known mathematical problems. To demonstrate the efficiency of the algorithm, these three problems are chosen from well-known constraint and unconstraint mathematical problems with continuous decision and state variables having all the complexities of optimization problems. The proposed HBMO algorithm results in a feasible, near-optimal solution in an acceptable number of mating flights. To emphasize the capability of the developed algorithm in handling these problems, results are compared with those of a well-developed genetic algorithm (GA). Although the HBMO algorithm is at the early stages of development the results obtained by the present algorithm are if not better but surly equally convenient to those employing genetic algorithms. A real-world water resources problem, in the field of water resources management is selected as a case study. The developed model is applied to a reservoir with 60 operational periods with the objective function of minimizing the root mean square error of release and demand. The results show that in this problem the algorithm arrives at the global optimum which is gained by non-linear programming. The results are promising and the algorithm arrives at the global optimum which is gained by non-linear programming.

Flood conducting and controlling systems are very huge and the construction and operation of these systems are very expensive. Any reduction in the construction cost of these system will lead to a major saving. This paper addresses the problem of optimal design of flood controlling systems using detention dams and proposes a methodology for the optimal design of these systems using evolutionary algorithms. The method uses Genetic Algorithm (GA) as a search engine and the Transport Module of the SWMM as the simulator. The simulator is able to analyze the unsteady flow in open channels and the basin of the dam. It is shown that interfacing GA as the optimizer and SWMM as the simulator leads to an efficient optimization tool for the optimal design of flood controlling systems. The effectiveness and efficiency of the model is tested against a simple analytical problem The applicability of the model for large scale real world problems is verified by solving the flood controlling system of South Pars Project and the results are compared with those proposed by the Consulting Engineers. The results show that proposed optimization model can considerably (about 23%) reduce the total costs of flood controlling systems.