عباس عظیمی

Today, all hospitals are equipped with laboratories or radiation therapy departments, and the patient should take advantage of new treatment methods. Also, the construction of atomic and nuclear power plants and laboratories has contributed to the country's progress, and having technology and knowledge is important in the development of the country's infrastructure. Also, the people working in these centers are mainly doctors, nurses, and atomic physics engineers, who are considered geniuses and human capital, and it is necessary to reduce the amount of dangers caused by dangerous rays such as gamma rays and X-rays. Currently, thick and high-density concrete walls or reinforced concrete with one or more layers of lead tape are used to prevent the passage of dangerous rays. Considering that Iran has a lot of ilmenite mines, it is necessary to check how much ilmenite can be added in concrete in order to reduce the price and use domestic materials to save and find jobs and develop domestic mines. Dangerous to be effective. In this research, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% ilmenite was used instead of sand to make heavy concrete. ACI-304.3R heavy concrete construction standard was determined by volumetric method. To investigate the characteristics of heavy concrete from slump tests, the specific weight of fresh concrete, compressive strength and X-ray and gamma penetration measurements of concrete were investigated. The results of this research showed that adding 20% by volume of ilmenite instead of sand can increase the 90-day compressive strength of concrete by 47%. Also, adding 40% by volume of ilmenite in concrete can weaken the amount of x-ray and gamma rays by 24.77% and 18.16%, respectively.

One of the future problems of humans is environmental pollution. Negligence and lack of management of greenhouse gas production threatens human life on the planet. Considering the emission of CO2 gas due to the production of cement, it is important to find a way to reduce the consumption of cement in concrete as the most consumed building material. The use of pozzolans to make strong and durable concretes has become very important in the past years. In this research, two widely used pozzolans, namely zeolite and bentonite, were tried to improve the behavior and durability of SCC concrete. Therefore, the combination of zeolite and bentonite in weight ratios of 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% was used instead of cement. The tests performed include slump flow, concrete viscosity, compressive strength, and durability of concrete against melting and freezing cycles at different ages. The results of this research showed that the use of these pozzolans will reduce the strength in the early ages of concrete, but this problem will be solved with the increase in the age of concrete. So that using a combination of 5% zeolite and 5% bentonite can increase the final compressive strength (90 days) of concrete up to 8.6%.

Diabetes is one of the most common metabolic disorders and one of the main public health concerns in the world. Diabetes causes significant central nervous system complications, which results in important functional damages. Small neurological disorders caused by diabetes are not detectable in neurological routine examinations. Eye movement analysis is a good way to diagnose brain lesions, saccadic reflexes testing has become especially useful in detecting the central nervous system pathology. Diabetes can cause disturbances on saccadic and pursuit eye movement, such as decreasing the accuracy and increasing the delay time of saccade movements and reducing the speed of movement of the pursuit. This can show damage to the central nervous system in diabetic patients. Also, asymmetry in saccadic and optokinetic movements in diabetic indicates that diabetes can cause eye movement impairment by damaging the function of brain stem and the cerebellum and basal ganglion cells. These tests could be useful to diagnose early complications of central nervous system diabetes in these patients. The aim of this study was to review studies that have evaluated the effect of diabetes on eye movement. The article shows the results of the articles presented in different data bases such as Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed search engines from 1948 to 2016. In this review, quantitative and qualitative peer reviewed evidences with regard to inclusion and exclusion criteria, have been gathered, summarized, discussed and concluded.

To compare the central corneal thickness measured through Pentacam, OCTCasia2, and Orbscan IIz in normal individuals. In this cross sectional comparative study, the researcher investigated the eyes of 70 normal candidates (140 eyes) with the mean age of 31.42 ± 7.70, referring to Dr. Sedaghat eye clinic for refractive surgery. For each person, Central Corneal Thickness (CCT) was measured, using 3 devices including Pentacam, OCTCasia2 and Orbscan. The data were collected and analyzed. The Pearson Correlation Coefficient was employed to assess correlation of 3 devices with each other. Bland-Altman plot was also used to evaluate the agreement between devices. The mean CCT measured through Orbscan, Pentacam, and OCTCasia2 was reported to be 535.06±35.11 µm, 525.21±31.60 µm, and 511.06±30.87 µm, respectively. The Pearson Correlation Coefficient between Pentacam-OCTCasia2, OCTCasia2-Orbscan, Pentacam-Orbscan were r=0.955; P<0.001, r=0.913; P<0.001, r=0.941; P<0.001, respectively. There was a very good correlation and agreement between devices, but none of the devices had the ability to replace each other.

Values ​​are considered as elements of the cultural structure of the societies. Hence, this research is approved to study values priorities among first and last semester students of Paramedical school in Mashhad. This paper is a Cross-sectional and descriptive - analytic study. Samples included 120 students of first and last semesters of Paramedical school of Mashhad medical science University in 2013. The validity and reliability of questionnaire was confirmed by experts and Cranach’s alpha coefficient of 78%.  SPSS was employed for Data analysis. As indicated by the results, the study regarding students’ prioritization of values indicated that the values ​​of universalism, security and power had the highest weight among the ten-item values. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between the value of tradition and marital status, and gender and place of birth. Benevolence values were lower in older students. This study tried to show a clear description of the status of the value system among students. The assessment of value system status can be implemented as an index for evaluating universities’s educational and cultural programs strengthening positive values ​​and removing negative ones among students. Keywords: status of value systems, Schwartz, Student

According to Strategic Planning, educational institutions analyze situation and scan their environment, discern opportunities and threats, and recognize facilities and limitation. They develop plan and implement strategies toward the clarification of the issues. The present study aimed at studying the status of Paramedical Faculty of Mashhad in 2014. Through a mix method, qualitative and quantitative, and during two stages, this study was carried in Paramedical Faculty of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences.  At the first stage, a researcher-developed questionnaire distributed among all units of the Faculty (Educational groups and official departments). In order to fill the questionnaire, some     meetings were held with the manager of each unit At the second stage, top managers participated in 8 focused debate sessions. Qualitative content analysis was used to analyze the data. Finally SWOT was used to interpret and analyze findings. After internal and external analysis, 9 strengths, 11 weaknesses, 10 threats and 10 opportunities were identified.  Educational, research, and cultural optimal activities of professors, staff, and students, educational development of faculty members and experts, and publishing the professional academic-research journals and other student and cultural journals are among the most reported strengths. The most important weaknesses, as reported, were lack of educational space and lack of academic contribution of faculty members in Education Development Program. Among external evaluation, the educational, research, and cultural position of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences held the most score reported as the best opportunity while lack of official permission for attracting more faculty members and experts and lack of educational, research, and cultural budgets were reported as the most threats.   Mashhad University of Medical Sciences enjoys strengths internally as well as opportunities externally. However, the new position of the faculty resulted in more weakness. Therefore, it seems critical to mak use of strengths and opportunities toward overcoming threaths and accompolishing macro objectives of the faculty Keywords: internal appraisal, external appraisal, strategic planning

This study was designed to investigate the medical malpractice claims referred to the Board of Appeal of Disciplinary Court in Mashhad Medical Council (MMC). In this descriptive-analytical study, cases referred to the Board of Appeal in the years 2008 to 2013 were reviewed and extracted data were entered into a checklist. During this six-year period, 1943 malpractice claims were initially filed in the Disciplinary Court of MMC. Subsequent to issuing the initial verdict by the Council of Magistrates, after objection of the plaintiff or defendant, or both; 628 cases were referred to the Board of Appeal. The majority of claims were filed against gynecologists (16.1%), followed by orthopedists (13.1%) and general practitioners (12.3%). Most of the verdicts issued by the Council of Magistrates were innocence (46.3%), article “g” (23.5%), and article “b” (11.3%). Appellant in 52.6% of cases were the plaintiff, 39.3% were the defendant and in 8% were both the plaintiff and the defendant. In most cases (83.4%) the initial verdict was confirmed, while in 16.6% cases, the initial verdict was challenged. As a result, after the objection, the number of innocence (non-faulty) verdicts increased by 11.7%. The average time from the moment of submission of the claim till the initial verdict by Council of Magistrates was 147±103 days and the average time from the moment of objection to the initial verdict till the decision of the Board of Appeal was 248±113 days. In this study, it was found that about one-third of the verdicts issued by the Council of Magistrates were objected and referred to the Board of Appeal, but only in about one-sixth of objected cases or one-eighteenth of the total cases, the initial verdict was challenged. Medical community members should respect medical ethics in dealing with patients to achieve their satisfaction and trust; and they should strictly comply with treatment and legal protocols to prevent any legal and penal consequences in case of disease complications and failures in medical procedures.

The aim of this study was to determine the prognosis of visual acuity and contrast sensitivity in keratoconus patients according to the correlation between aberrations changes before and after RGP lenses. Methods and Materials: A total of 40 eyes of twenty patients 20 to 40 years with mild، moderate keratoconus were participated in this study. Ocular examinations were included VA with standard Snellen chart، CS with CSV 1000 chart and HOAs with technolas aberrometer objective (Bush & Luamb). All these tests were performed before and after RGP lenses. Refraction and corneal radius of curvature were measured using Autokeratometr. Data were then analyzed with Spss softwair version 11. 5. Mean contrast sensitivity at each spatial frequency with RGP lenses was higher than the best correction in both male and female. Compairing with best correction mean high order aberration of the 5 and 6 mm pupil was reduced with RGP lenses but the effect was not statistically significant different. Mean high order aberration with pupil 6 mm was more than pupil 5 mm. Using Pearson correlation test، there was no significant correlation between visual change and Contrast sensitivity changes with high order aberrations. Visual performances and visual acuity were improved with RGP lens than best correction by reduction of high-order aberrations. However، there was no correlation or relationship between high order aberrations and visual performance. This indicates that Aberrometery condition was unrelated with Prediction of visual acuity changes in this patients.

Color blindness is a common disorder. The congenital type of color blindness is sex-linked and the genes are located on the X chromosome. The prevalence of color blindness among males and females are 5-8 % and 0.5 % respectively. Color blindness can affect daily activity as a disability. Therefore, the aim of this study is finding the prevalence of color blindness and its effect on contrast sensitivity and depth perception among school children in Mashhad.

Four thousand four hundred school children (2408 males and 1992 females) were selected randomly and tested by Ishihara for detecting color blindness. At the second step, the students with color blindness were examined at optometry clinic by Ishihara test again. Two hundred students were also selected randomly to classify in a control group, Cambridge and Titmouse tests were taken on the case and control group.

Among 4400 schoolchildren, 3% suffered from color blindness (5.1% in boys and 0.4% in girls). Ishihara test showed 2.2% deuteranopia, 0.8% protanopia and 0.6% suspect. The results indicate that the congenital color blindness has no effect on contrast sensitivity and depth perception.

The present report provides valuable information regarding color vision defectiveness among schoolchildren. Effective detection of this anomaly is expected to prevent from substantial effects on their education and future job. It is strongly recommended to perform color vision test at the beginning of a child’s education.

Variations in sterioacuity can be used in assessment of intermittent exotropia. Intermittent exotropia is divergent squint of eyes that is worsened due to daily visual tasks and its resultant tiredness therefore the amount of deviation increases. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of daily work and resultant tiredness on near sterioacuity among intermittent exotropic patients.

In this cross sectional study, 600 dormitory students of Mashad University of Medical Sciences, ranging in age 21 to 23 years, examined with alternate cover test to diagnose intermittent exotropic cases. 30 students had intermittent exotropia and along with 15 normal cases constituted case-control group. Sterioacuity was measured twice, in the morning and at night, with Randot-SO 001 test and suppression was checked with Bagoloni striate lens and 4 prism diopter base out test. Data was statistically analyzed with version 13 of SPSS software.

The measured deviation in intermittent exotropic cases showed that there is a significant difference between the deviation in the morning and late at night among 23.33% (7 cases) (P=0.00). It is also observed that sterioacuity decreases significantly at night, (P=0.00) among these cases. Despite the increase in deviation among 53.3% (16 cases) at night, steriacuity was not changed significantly. 23.33% (7 cases) did not show any change in the morning and at night, both in deviation amount and sterioacuity measurement.

In most intermittent exotropic people, there is no significant correlation between intermittent exotropia and near sterioacuity variations after daily work and resultant tiredness (P<0.696).

Adverse effect of sun rays mainly UV ray on the human eye documented and protection of eyes is necessary using different methods such as, Sun Glasses. Sunglasses are designed in different colors. The aim of this study was evaluation of the effect of different colors of sunglasses on the visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, stereopsis and color vision. 81 normal subjects were selected randomly from students of Zahedan medical university with average age of 21 years. Then we evaluated visual acuity by snellen chart, contrast sensitivity by Cambridge low contrast grating chart, stereopsis with TNO test and color vision with D15 test in the room (normal space) with illumination of 991 lux and in the sun with illumination of 54000 lux with and without filters (Polaroid gray, green, brown and gray). The mean of visual acuity was 10/10 in room and sun. Paired t test didnt show significantly difference between contrast sensitivity in room and sun condition (p>0.05). Anova analysis showed significantly difference between stereopsis with and without colored filter (p<0.05). There wasn’t significant different between color vision with and without colored filer in sun (p>0.05). Sunglasses increase contrast sensitivity in the sun and the gray and brown filter increase contrast sensitivity more than the others colors and also these colors had less effect in reduce of stereopsis.

Due to the development and the importance of universities of medical sciences in education system in Iran, this study was performed to rate universities of medical sciences in the field of education based on inputs and outputs.

In This descriptive analytical study, educational efficiency of 41 universities of medical sciences was reviewed and analyzed using 4 inputs and 2 outputs in year 2008 through the method of Data Envelopment Analysis.

The results of types of efficiency measurement showed that 25 and 32 percent of universities of medical sciences had 100 percent technical and managerial efficiency, respectively. Seventy one percent of studied units did not act in optimal scale efficiency. The average technical efficiency of universities under investigation was 73 persent.

Considering the capacity of 27 percent for increase of efficiency in the studied units, a proper planning using better efiiciency patterns and eficiency endorsement objectives could be applied for deficient universities.

To determine the prevalence rates of refractive errors in Mashhad, Iran

In this population-based study, random cluster sampling was performed on the urban population of Mashhad and of 4453 selected individuals, 70.4% participated in the study. Refractive errors were assessed using cycloplegic refraction in participants who were ≤ 15 years of age and non-cycloplegic refraction in those who were > 15 years of age.

The prevalence of myopia and hyperopia in individuals ≤ 15 years old was 3.64% (95% CI: 5.09 to 2.19) and 27.4% (95% CI: 31.09 to 23.72), respectively. The same measurements for individuals >15 years of age was 22.36% (95% CI: 24.66 to 20.06) and 34.21% (95 CI: 36.85 to 31.57), respectively. The prevalence of astigmatism and anisometropia were 25.64% and 5.84, respectively. Astigmatism and anisometropia were significantly more (p=0.005) and less (p=0.048) prevalent in females, respectively. Anisometropia, astigmatism and hyperopia were found to be increased with age.

This study highlighted the valuable information on refractive errors in Mashhad. Hyperopia was the most common refractive error. In addition to subjects who were between 5 to 15 years of age, refractive errors were also prevalent among older people; therefore, more attention should be paid to the correction of refractive errors in these groups.

Refractive errors (myopia، hyperopia and astigmatism) could lead to an impaired quality of life affect a large proportion of the population worldwide، irrespective of age، sex and ethnic group. Such refractive errors can be easily diagnosed، measured and corrected with spectacles or other refractive corrections to attain normal vision. Since there is paucity of information in school children in Iran we aimed to investigate the distribution pattern of refractive status and prevalence of refractive errors in school-age children in Shiraz

A random sampling strategy in geographically defined clusters was used to identify children aged 6-15 years in Shiraz between 2008-2209. We carried out a school survey and actual eye examinations، including visual acuity measurements، stereopsis examination، anterior segment and eyeball movements، fundus examinations، and cycloplegic retinoscopy with 1% cyclopentolate.

Of 3065 selected individuals، 2683 were participated in the study (response rate 86. 6%). According to cycloplegic refraction، 4. 85% (95% (Cl)، 3. 52 to 6. 16) of the primary and middle school students were myopic and 4. 64% (95% Cl، 3. 52 to 6. 19) were hyperopic. For high school students، these rates were 22. 19 and 11. 4% respectively. Myopia and hyperopia were shown to be correlated with age. Prevalence of anisometropia، amblyopia and strabismus were 2. 51%، 2. 31 (95%CI 1. 51-3. 11) and 1. 83% (95%CI 1. 15-2. 50).

Compared to other published reports، the rate of myopia in the school children of Shiraz seems relatively high

IntroductionTo investigate the discriminative ability of contrast sensitivity (CS), color vision and log MAR visual acuity (VA) in detecting functional losses in diabetic participants with and without retinopathy comparing to the control group.Materials and MethodsIn this cross sectional study in 1388 we examined 105 patients in Mashhad Khatam- Al-Anbia Eye Hospital including 70 diabetic patients (35 with retinopathy and 35 without retinopathy) with 35 control group. Contrast sensitivity was examined by means of CSV-1000 E at 3, 6, 12 and 18 cpd respectively. Color discrimination ability was measured with the Farnsworth D-15 test and log MAR VA by Snellen chart.ResultsContrast sensitivity was significantly lower in the diabetic eyes with retinopathy than in the normal eyes in all spatial frequencies. Comparing to the control group, there was a statistically significant CS loss in spatial frequencies of 3, 6, 18 cpd in the diabetic eyes without retinopathy (p<0.05). The mean log MAR VA and color vision abnormalities were significantly higher in the diabetic eyes with retinopathy than in the normal eyes or the diabetic eyes without retinopathy (p<0.001). The sensitivity and specificity of the CS test in 6 cpd were 71% and 82% which were significantly higher than other spatial frequencies. The sensitivity and the specificity of the color vision test and VA (log MAR ≥ 0.05, Snellen ≤ 9/10) were 79% and 94% respectively.ConclusionThere was significant difference between the visual performance of those diabetics with retinopathy and those without. There was excellent agreement between the results of these three tests

Blur vision due to astigmatism and spherical refractive errors reduce stereopsis and develop amblyopia in children. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different type and amount of induced unilateral myopic and hypropic astigmatic anisometropia on stereopsis. This interventional study was performed on 60 normal patients after primary examination and refraction, the primary stereopsis was determined by TNO and Titmus stereotests. Myopic and hypropic astigmatic anisometropia were induced using trial lenses of 1 to 4 D, minus and plus in horizontal, vertical and oblique axis. The stereopsis was then determined by TNO and Titmus stereotests. Data were analyzed, using SPSS version 11.50.Patients with previous amblyopia, manifest deviations, ocular pathology and more than 4 prism heterophoria and abnormal fusion response with Bagolini test were excluded from the study. Mean stereopsis was 40.83±2.78 and 31.50±6.59 seconds of arc with Titmus and TNO stereotests respectivley before intervention in all patients. Stereopsis levels were reduced significantly with respect to the degree and types of meridional anisometropia (p< 0.001). Maximum reduction of stereopsis occurred with 4 D myopic and hypropic astigmatic anisometropia in oblique axis. It was 1930±271/5 and 1780±518/6 second of arc for TNO test and 773.33±101/4 and 693.33±/179.9 second of arc for Titmus stereotest. Comparison between mean stereopsis in myopic or hypropic astigmatic anisometropia was statistically significant in all three axes; horizontal, vertical and oblique (p< 0.000). According to the findings of this study, uncorrected meridional anisometropia(myopic and hypropic anisometropia) like spherical anisometropia has advers effect on binocular vision development and stereopsis. It can also develop amblyopia in critical age of children. 4 D meridional anisometropia reduced stereopsis to below 1% which indicated liner relation between them. These findings show that the low oblique and vertical astigmatic anisometropia reduce stereopsis more than the horizontal axis.

With the ever increasing incidence of coronary artery disease, its detection in particular through visual system becomes important. This study examines the relationship between corneal arcus and coronary risk factors such as cholesterol, triglycerid and fasting blood sugar. For this cross-sectional study, 265 participants all aged over 30 years were randomly selected from the patients who referred to a clinic over the first three months of 2004. Cholesterol, triglycerid and fasting blood sugar level was tested. Severity of corneal arcus was determined. The data were then analyzed using ANOVA and chi square test with %95 confidence interval. Our results showed that the frequency and severity of corneal arcus were positively correlated with age (P=0.041) and the condition was more prevalent in males (P=0.001). There was a statistically significant difference between mean of cholesterol and blood sugar level and how severe corneal arcus (cholesterol P=0.004, blood sugar P=0.04). But the condition was not related to the triglyceride level (P=0.268). Corneal arcus picked up in eye exams can aid detection of coronary artery disease as the condition is related to other health problems such as high cholesterol and high fasting blood sugar level.