عباس پاکدل

The growth rate of the number of cities is increasing day by day, and in the course of their development, extensive changes have occurred in their spatial structure. These changes sometimes lead to spatial balance between urban functions and population, and sometimes to polarization and spatial inequality, revealing the importance of providing an urban development model to improve the spatial-functional structures of cities. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the performance indicators of the development of Region 9 of Isfahan. The statistical population of this study was the citizens of the region, and a questionnaire designed with a Likert scale was completed by 383 of them. Structural equation modeling and t-test were used. Correlation tests and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the relationships between indicators and their impact on the urban functional structure. Then, an appropriate development model for District 9 of Isfahan was presented. The results showed that the impact of economic, socio-cultural, physical, urban services, and environmental indicators on improving the functional structure of urban areas from the perspective of citizens is greater than average. In economic indicators, access to shopping centers; in socio-cultural indicators, citizen participation; in physical indicators, increasing the desirability of public transportation; in urban service indicators, the performance of beautification in urban spaces has the greatest impact on improving the functional structure of District 9 of Isfahan. The least impact in economic indicators is the use of new global technologies in promoting the local economy; in socio-cultural indicators, the adaptation of services for the disabled; in physical indicators, the existence of public parking lots; and in urban service indicators, the organization of nuisance jobs and industries. Providing an appropriate model of desirable urban development showed that, from the perspective of citizens, urban services and the environment, socio-cultural, physical, and economic priorities will be effective in improving the functional structure of urban areas.

Production, economic, and nutritional metrics are used in the dairy farming industry to maximize profitability and enhance decision-making. The largest share of herd economics is represented by feed costs and milk income. Milk pricing methods in Iran are challenging due to ignoring milk quality and composition. Using indices such as income over feed cost, milk corrected money, and income equal to feed cost is an effective tool for  profit margin analysis and optimal herd management, can be used. This study aims to investigate the profitability of Holstein dairy herds in Isfahan province using technical-economic indices and evaluate the impact of different milk pricing scenarios on profitability based on these indices.

In this study, two datasets were used: The first dataset contains 4,637,629 daily records of milk production, fat percentage, protein percentage, and somatic cell count for 255,804 cows in 120 herds in Isfahan province between 2016 and 2024; a second dataset consists of economic data on five selected herds, including prices for milk and feed. The feed cost was estimated using a regression model based on crude protein and net energy of lactation. NRC (2001) standard equations were used to calculate daily energy and protein requirements. Based on the number and level of milk quality components, four pricing scenarios were considered. For each scenario, technical-economic indices were calculated using SQL SERVER (version 18). The statistical analysis of the indices was conducted by SAS (version 9.4). Furthermore, to evaluate the effect of milk quality on profitability in each pricing scenario, the produced milk was graded based on its quality components. To assess the impact of inputs such as milk production, fat and protein percentages, as well as milk and feed prices on technical-economic indices, a sensitivity analysis was conducted using Microsoft Excel (version 2021).

The average price for each megacalorie of energy and each gram of crude protein was estimated to be 44,215 and 222 Rials, respectively. The income over feed cost per cow per day was estimated at 2,823,520 Rials, with a range of -549,000 to 10,398,000 Rials. Isfahan province dairy farmers spend about 52% of milk income on feed cost, based on an average income equal to feed cost of 21.1 kg. The average milk corrected money (41.1 kg) was about 1% higher than the average milk production (40.8 kg). The average milk-to-feed price ratio was estimated at 1.27 (±0.33), with a range of 0.53 to 4.2. Sensitivity analysis revealed that a 10% decrease in feed prices and a 10% increase in milk prices led to a 13-15% and 22-25% increase in the income over feed cost index, respectively. Grouping based on milk quality showed that improvements in the studied indices occurred only in scenarios with higher baseline levels of milk protein and fat.

Based on the results, advanced pricing scenarios, which account for parameters related to milk hygiene quality and provide higher baseline levels for milk components, significantly improve profitability and encourage the production of higher-quality milk. The sensitivity analysis also revealed that fluctuations in milk production, milk prices, and feed prices have the greatest impact on economic indices. Therefore, revising milk pricing methods and incorporating milk quality components into pricing can motivate dairy farmers to produce higher-quality milk and enhance dairy herd profitability.

The balance in the spatial structure of cities, from the perspective of the equitable distribution of urban facilities and functions, is considered an important indicator for improving the quality of life and is a fundamental aspect of distributive justice policies. Therefore, achieving balance in the spatial structure and distribution of urban functions is essential in the urban development process, stemming from attention to various issues within cities. This study aims to examine the performance indicators of development in region 9 of Isfahan. A questionnaire was prepared using a Likert scale and completed by 30 experts in urban planning and design from region 9. Economic, socio-cultural, physical, and urban service indicators were considered in the questionnaires. Structural equation modeling and t-test were employed for analysis. Ultimately, a suitable development model for region 9 of Isfahan was proposed. According to the results, the impact of the studied indicators on improving the functional structure of the city is above average. Urban services and the environment, socio-cultural factors, physical aspects, and economic indicators are the most significant factors for enhancing the functional structure of the area. In the economic indicator, access to shopping centers; in the socio-cultural indicator, security in the area; in the physical indicator, the quality of construction; and in the urban services indicator, the development of green spaces have had the greatest impact on improving the functional structure of urban areas. The least impact was observed in the economic indicator regarding the enhancement of the local economy compared to Isfahan; in the socio-cultural indicator, the adequacy of services for the disabled; in the physical indicator, the availability of public parking; and in the urban services indicator, the improvement of per capita urban services.

The present study investigated the effect of eight weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) on the apoptotic factors Bcl2 and Bax and the Bcl2/Bax ratio in response to Exhaustive Exercise in young men.

In this semi-experimental study, twenty-four young non-athlete men (age: 19.13 76 1.76 years and BMI: 23.67 59 4.59 kg / m2) were voluntarily selected and randomly arranged in three groups of HIIT(n=8) MICT (n=8) and control (n=7). Subjects in the HIIT group performed an exercise program with an intensity of 80% of maximum heart rate in five three-minute training cycles and rested actively for three minutes between each period with an intensity of 40% of maximum oxygen consumption. The MICT program consisted of 30 to 50 minutes of running with an intensity of 60 to 65% of maximum heart rate. Serum levels of Bcl2 and Bax were measured using ELISA Data analysis was done using independent t-test and analysis of variance with repeated measurements at a significance level of p˂0.05.

Serum Bax levels were significantly decreased in HIIT (P = 0.005) and MICT (P = 0.002) groups, while there was no significant difference in the control group (P = 0.873). Serum Bcl-2 levels did not show significant changes in the groups. Serum Bcl2 / Bax ratio was significantly changed in MICT group (P = 0.017) but not in other groups (P = 0.622) (P = 0.463).

it seems that performing both HIIT and MICT exercises can reduce the serum level of Bax protein, to prevent apoptosis in the cells.

The growth models own a very great importance in biological systems.  For example, by analyzing the growth curve of ruminant animals and poultries, it is possible to fastener and to manage their rearing, nutritional and behavioral requirements, based on their growth routines and principles. On the other hand the growth pattern of animals might be used in evaluating their genetic potential for breeding purposes. Thus, to evaluate and describe the growth pattern of Japanese quail, this study aimed to evaluate the capabilities and advantages of non-linear and nonlinear mixed models to describe and evaluate the growth pattern of Japanese quail.

In order to assess and designate the growth pattern of Japanese quail, we used the growth data of three groups; high weight (HW), low weight (LW) and the control lines of Japanese quail. Different models, including logistic, Gompertz and Richard's both non-linear and nonlinear mixed models were fitted to the data. For evaluation of models three criteria including coefficient of determination (R2), mean square error (MSE) and Akaike's information criterion (AIC) were employed as criteria to compare the mentioned six different models.

Values of the coefficient of determination (R2), for logistic, Gompertz and Richard's nonlinear models were 0.954, 0.957 and 0.951, mean square error (MSE) for three models were 74.034, 72.560 and 72.730, and Akaike's information criterion (AIC) for the models were 65829, 65307 and 65349, respectively. The results for non-linear mixed models, in the same order mentioned above and for R2, MSE and AIC, were 0.976, 0.978 and 0.978; 33.400, 31.658 and 31.849; 61449, 60641 and 60591 respectively.

The results showed that nonlinear mixed models had higher accuracy and less mean square error, compared to nonlinear models and Richard’s model is more capable (better) to the predict growth pattern of Japanese quail. Also among non-linear models Gompertz model had a better fit to the purpose. In general it can be said that the parameters determined by the functions inspected in this study, are not much different.

Milking activity is one of the most important daily activities in industrial dairy farms, which accounts for about 80 percent of the annual milking costs and more than 50 percent of the daily activities of each dairy farm. Milking speed (MS) is an important functional trait to dairy producers and in few countries (e.g. Canada), MS have been recorded for several years by milk recording agencies. Functional traits include traits related to animal health, feed efficiency, milkability, and calving ease. Milkability is the ease of milking in dairy cows (Gäde 2007). One of the important traits related to milkability is milking speed and usually, milkability is evaluated by measuring this trait (Gray et al. 2012). Milking speed refers to the amount of milk released from the mammary glands per minute (Klindworth 2003). Due to the effect of milking speed on udder health and labor productivity, this trait is considered a very important one from an economic point of view and has been emphasized in dairy cow selection programs for many years (Karacaören et al. 2006). However, there is evidence that increasing of milking speed is associated with increasing of udder health problems such as mastitis, and as a result, the optimal milking speed is considered by breeders. Milking speed can be assessed based on two indicators; 1) Scoring based on 1 to 5 points and 2) Using electronic stopwatch and flowmeter. The advantage of using a stopwatch is that it is being used easier than a flowmeter and the duration of its use is being reduced, However, the need for a technician to be present during milking is a major drawback of this method (Beard, K. 1993). This study aimed to estimate genetic parameters for milking speed and association between milking speed and milk components (somatic cell score, protein percentage, and fat percentage), in Holstein dairy cows in Isfahan province, Iran.

Data were 5292 observations related to 1762 cows in 7 herds of Holstein dairy cows in Isfahan between October 2015 and April 2016. The distribution of MS scores was skewed toward faster milking speeds. Milk components data, including fat percentage, protein percentage and somatic cell count, belong to the same date, was obtained from the Isfahan Farmers' Cooperative (Vahdat). Only herds with complete pedigree information and three milkings records per day were selectected for final dataset. The milking time of each animal was measured by using a stopwatch and recorded in the form. Data editing quality control was performed by using Excel (2013) and FoxPro 9.0. The average milking flow rate criterion(amount of produced milk in kilograms divided by the milking time in minutes) was used to evaluate the trait of milking speed. To generate data with normal distribution, the somatic cell count (SCC) was transformed to somatic cell score (SCS) by natural logarithmic conversion. Pedigree was traced back to the founder generation. (Co)variance components were estimated using a DMU software package with an average-information (AI)-REML algorithm for the analysis of multivariate mixed models (Madsen and Jensen, 2013).Genetic evaluations and Best Linear Unbiasd Prediction (BLUP) of breeding values for milking speed was computed with the animal model by DMU program.

The results of the analysis of variance showed that the effects of herd, milking frequency, parity, and stage of lactation on milking speed were significant (p <0.01) and remained in the model. However, the effect of age at the first calving on this trait was not significant (p > 0.05). Mean of milking speed of the animals in this study was 1.96 ± 0.75 kg/min, and the least square means of milking speed in the population was 2.11 (±0.01) kg/min. The highest least square means of milking speed belonged to the third-parity cows with a mean of 2/21 (±0.01) kg/min and the least square means of milking speed belonged to the primiparous cows with mean of 1/98 (±0.02). Older cows have higher-capacity gland cisterns, and consequently, their cisterns can store more milk than the cisterns of primiparous cows. More milk stored in the cisterns can put more pressure on the teat sphincter and escape more quickly. By stages of lactation, the highest least square means of milking speed was observed in group 4 (the cows in the 51 to 65 DIM) with mean of 2/32 (±0.05) kg/min which can be due to the location of the animal in its milk yield peak. Also, the lowest least square means of milking speed was related to group 15 (the cows in the 321 to 350) with mean of 1.79 (±0.04) kg/min. In late lacataion stage, the amount of milk produced by the cow will reach the lowest possible level during its lactation stage. The estimated heritability of the milking speed in this study was 0.22 (±0.06). The results of this study showed that the traits related to milkability have moderate heritability. A high genetic correlation was observed between milking speed and milk yield (0.90) and milking time (-0.83). The estimated genetic correlation between milking speed with fat percentage and protein percentage was high and negative, -0.69 and -0.47, respectively. In this study, the estimated genetic correlation between milking speed and somatic cell score showed that selecting to increase the milking speed would reduce the somatic cell count. In general, Genetic evaluations for MS can provide useful information for breeding decisions because of the moderate heritability of MS.

Milking speed has a moderate heritability that allows selection to improve this trait in breeding programs.

Cardiac tissue is one of the organs affected by thyroid hormones imbalances. Apolipoprotein D is a multifunctional glycoprotein that is expressed in various tissues including heart tissue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism on the level of apolipoprotein D protein in the heart tissue.

In order to induce hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism in white mice, propylthiouracil (PTU, 100 ppm) and levothyroxine (L-T4, 8 ppm) dissolved in water  and were used for 6 weeks, respectively. ELISA method was used to measure the total T3 hormone in rat serum. After confirming the model, the mice were anesthetized and the heart tissue was removed and the ventricle and apex of the heart were used for histological examination. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the expression level of apolipoprotein D.

We showed for the first time that the expression of apolipoprotein D in the hearts of hypothyroid (P<0.05) and hyperthyroid (P<0.001) rats increased significantly compared to the control group.

It is suggested that the increase in cardiac apolipoprotein D levels due to thyroid disorders may be part of an inherent system to protect the heart against damage caused by oxidative stress and inflammation in these disorders.

The objectives of this study were to identify a suitable mathematical method for describing the growth traits of Mahabadi goat. Thereafter, four non-linear growth function of Brody, Gompertz, Logistic and Von Bertalanffy were applied. Growth curve analyzed based on weekly records of live weight form birth to 105 days of Mahabadi goat breed. Growth models were fitted to a total of 2036 weight-age data belonging to 126 kids. The growth models were compared by using the coefficient of determination (R2), Root mean square error (MSE) and Akaike information criterion (AIC). Among all non-linear models, the Brody function had the smallest AIC and MSE values and the higher R2 value, indicating the best fit for Mahabadi breed growth data. Average of birth weight, weaning weight (105days old) and pre-weaning average daily gain (ADG) for Mahabadi goat were3.25kg, 13.5kg and 0.092kg, respectively. The results of this study can help farmer to management strategies and make decision in selection and culling of kids through the growth curve.

Identification of disease-causing genes that underlie complex traits such as susceptibility to disease not only can improve diagnosis and the prevention of illness, but also help breeder to select resistance animals against diseases. In the current study to aim the higher power of statistical analysis to identification of genes and biological pathways related to mastitis disease, we used Fisher meta-analysis to combine p-values obtained from individual analysis of datasets extracted from 6 microarray-based studies which investigate transcriptomic data of mammary gland tissue infected by Escherichia coli (E. coli) in dairy cows. Identification of genes that did not show a significant p-value in any of the independent studies may confirm the aim and lead to introduce a more complete set of biological pathways involved in this disease such as the pathways related to immune response, inflammation, proteolysis, growth, and death of cell. Positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter, is new pathways related to this disease which despite of the enrichment by maximum number of up-regulated genes in this study, have not been reported in previous mastitis studies.

Chemotherapy is one of the procedures in colon cancer treatment. 5Fluorouracil (5-FU), a conventional drug for colon cancer treatment is used for several decades. Chrysin is a natural flavonoid that inhibits the growth of cancer cells. In vivo and also in vitro studies have showed that Chrysin does not have any toxic side effects on normal cells. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of Chrysin in combination with 5-FU on azoxymethane (AOM) - induced colon cancer in mice.
In this study 42 male balb/c mice weighing 15-18 g, were used. Mice were divided into seven groups: 1) Health control, 2) Cancer Control, 3) 5-FU, 4) Chrysin with dose of 50 mg/kg, 5) Chrysin with dose of 100 mg/kg, 6) Chrysin with dose of 50 mg/kg plus 5-FU, 7) Chrysin with dose of 100 mg/kg plus 5-FU. Colon cancer was induced by i.p. infusion of AOM (10mg/kg) and (Dextran sodium sulfate) DSS (1.5%) in the drinking water for one week. All rats were sacrificed for evaluation of histopathology (hyperplasia, dysplasia, carcinoma and the number of aberrant crypt foci ,ACF) in distal region of large intestine.
Pathological lesions (hyperplasia, dysplasia and carcinoma) and the number of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) was lower in all treatment groups compared to the cancer control group (p Chrysin has a synergistic effect with 5-FU in reducing the number of ACFs. Chrysin can be considered as an anti-cancer agent in combination with other anti-cancer drugs available, such as 5-FU

Obesity and Metabolic Disorders is one of the risk factors for health in the world. Physical activity and herbal supplements is the research topic in the field of health and reducing obesity.
The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of five weeks circuit resistance training with garlic supplementation on serum levels of adiponectin in over weight female.
In a double-blind trial quasi-experimental design, 32 healthy overweight women were selected and randomly divided into following four groups: Placebo, supplement, training and placebo and training and supplement groups. The experimental subjects received circuit resistance training was performed three times a week. All groups were given 1000 mg garlic supplements or placebo for five weeks in two doses of 500 mg daily. Anthropometric indices, and blood sampling were measured before and after five weeks of circuit resistance training.
After five weeks, levels of adiponectin in serum increased in resistance training group with garlic with compared to other groups, but this increase was not statistically significant (p=0.123) also body weight did not show significant difference (P=0.99).
Based on the results suggested that more research investigate effect of garlic supplementation with resistance exercise on weight loss and serum adiponectin levels and other indicators associated with obesity in obese women.

At the present study in order to detect major genes in a commercial broiler line Bayesian method as the most powerful statistical method in detection of major genes was used. After preliminary data editing, data of body weight (BW) at birth and six weeks of age of 14 and 35 generations respectively were analyzed using iBay software. The results verified segregation of major gene for two economical traits investigated at the current study. Compared to the effect of major genes, the polygenic effect on BW at birth which is highly biased by maternal genetic factors was proved to be stronger. However, our results confirmed that the role of major genes in determining BW at six weeks of age was more impactful than that of polygenic part, which highlights the importance of direct genetic effect on the trait. In this study, results of Bayesian segregation analysis confirm the segregation of major genes for the two traits, BW at birth and six weeks of age, which potentially paves the way for future studies to detect major genes.

ApoAI, is the main protein of HDL and its gene is a member of apoAI-CIII-AIV gene cluster on chromosome 11q23-q24. In some studies, association of PstI polymorphism with dyslipidemia has been reported. This study was designed to investigate the frequency of rare allele (P2) of apoAI gene PstI polymorphism and its association with serum lipids levels in an Iranian population (Semnan city).
In a case-control study genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood of 76 Iranian hyperlipidemic patients [total cholesterol (TC) > 200 mg/dL, triglyceride (TG) > 150 mg/dL] and 75 healthy control subjects (TC The frequencies of the PstI polymorphism minor allele (P2) were 22.14 and 14.7 in the case and control groups respectively (P>0.05). In the case group, patients with P2P2 genotype had lower serum HDL-c and apoAI, compared those with P1P1and P1P2 genotypes (P> 0.05).
Considerably, the presence of the rare P2 allele was not associated with lipid levels in the studied population. The association between the polymorphisms and dyslipidemia is quite complicated. We propose evaluation of PstI polymorphism with other polymorphic sites in the apoAI-CIII-AIV gene cluster

This study aimed to investigate the effects of eight weeks intensive resistance training combined with the ginger supplement on body composition, waist to hip ratio (WHR) and boday mass index (BMI) in obese women.
Participants were 18 women (with an average age of 30.11 ± 06.45 years, weight 82.46 ± 12.40 kg, BMI 31.60 ± 03.99 kg per square meter). The participants were split into resistance training daily Ginger supplements (n=10) and resistance training placebo (n=8) group randomly. All groups performed high intensity resistance training for eight weeks, three sessions per week (totally 24 sessions). Resistance training per session includes 8 exercise with upper-lower orders and 80-85 percent of 1RM, three set with 20 s rest intervals. Before and after the eight-week training, the examiner administered a protocol to assess body composition using Bioelectrical Impedance BOCAX1. The supplementation group consumed capsules containing ginger supplement (Zintoma Manufacturing Co. Goldaroo) 1000 mg per day in the morning and evening after meal and placebo group received 500 mg of starch in gelatin capsules similar to ginger supplementation in a double blind way. The participants used supplements twice a day (morning and afternoon) after their meals.
Comparison of changes in different variables showed that only reductions in weight and fat mass were significantly different between groups. The placebo group had more reduction in their weight and fat mass while ginger plus group showed less reduction. In both groups, other variables showed reductions too but the changes did not reach the significance level (0.05
It seems that resistance training alone can have more positive effect compared to resistance training plus ginger supplements capsule. Perhaps long-term use of ginger supplements or changes in its usage level combined with resistance training even repetition of the present study in a larger group may provide different results. Future studies can take a fresh look to resistance exercise and herbal supplements in different demographic groups to see their effects.

The objective of this study was to investigate common effective single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) on two and four week body weight, breast and carcass weights traits (slaughtered at 28 days of age) in Japanese quail. For this purpose, phenotypic data of 105 birds and 12798 SNPs were used. Phenotypic correlation among the interested traits were estimated using a multiple (four) trait model, such that the effects of sex and hatch were considered as a fixed effects. Also, a single marker regression method was applied to estimated marker (SNP) effect for each traits. The results showed that the effect of sex and hatch on the interested traits were significant (p

Insulin-like growth factor-1 gene (IGF1) is a biological candidate gene for investigation traits such as growth, body weight and muscles growth in different species. In this research eight pairs of white and wild quails were crossed reciprocally as a base population. A total of 34 quails were produced in first generation (F1) and 422 quails were generated by intercrossing the F1 population. Body weights at the time of hatching and different weeks were recorded in the second generation. The association between IGF1 promoter region polymorphism and body weight in different ages was investigated in F2 generation. Using PCR-SSCP assay and sequencing, a novel single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was identified in IGF1 promoter region in 472 birds from three Generations. Genotypic frequencies of AA, AG and GG genotypes were 0.05, 0.62 and 0.33, respectively for all generations. The frequency of A and G alleles were 0.36 and 0.64, respectively. The AA genotype was lower than AG and GG genotypes for body weights in ages of one to five weeks and slaughter time and the average of daily gain was also lower from week first to four but these differences werent significant. The average of daily gain was higher in females compared to males for AG genotype (P

Ascites syndrome is a metabolic disorder in fast growing broilers. Due to high mortality, the poultry industry carries economic detriment. Ascites related traits have high heritability which shows impressibility of genetic factors. Therefore, genetic selection against ascites susceptibility is possible. The aim of the current study was to evaluate consequences of alternative selection indices to reduce ascites susceptibility using deterministic simulation. The traits investigated were partial pressure of oxygen in venous blood, bicarbonate, oxygen saturation in venous blood and ratio of right to total ventricular weight. In addition, the consequences of having information on the underlying genes (MAS) were identified. Alternative selection strategies were compared based on the selection response for body weight and ascites susceptibility, accuracy of selection as well as the rate of inbreeding. The results showed that by including blood gas parameters as indicator traits to ascites, reduced genetic response for BW5 based on indices number 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 were 20, 23, 69, 16.8, 18.8 and 15.7 percent of genetic response for BW5 based on single trait selection, respectively. The results of schemes comprising QTL information of ascites susceptibility showed that ascites susceptibility can be reduced appropriately with considering different values of genetic variance due to QTL. This reduction was lower by including QTL information and was about 2.8 percent for BW5 in which QTL explains 50% of the genetic variance of ascites syndrome. The profitability of MAS was depended on economic analysis of animal breeding programs.

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary amino acid levels, and feeding method on broiler performance and carcass characteristics. Experimental design was based on completely randomized design in a factorial arrangement with 3 feeding method (control, intermittent feeding and continue feed withdrawal), and 2 amino acid levels (Arian typically recommended and 8-10 % more). Each treatment was replicated to 6 pens with 23 male broilers per pen. In control feeding no feed withdrawal was applied. In intermittent feeding from 11 to 24 days 4 times an hour’s feed allowance and 4 hours restriction and 1 time an hour’s feed allowance and 3 hours restriction was applied. From 25 days 4 times an hour’s feed allowance and 4 hours restriction and from 1 am to 6 am no feed restriction was applied. In continue feeding from 11 to 24 days 6 hours and from 25 days 4 hours feed withdrawal was applied. Feed intake (FI), body weight (BW), mortality, and feed conversion were measured on 11, 24, 36, 45, and 49 day. At the end of the experiment carcass percentage, breast, leg and abdominal fat were measured with 5 birds from each pen. Data were analyzed by completely randomized design. Feed conversion was improved by both increasing amino acid levels and feed restriction methods (p<0.05). Broilers fed high density amino acid diet had increased BW at the age of 36, 45 and 49 days when compared with broilers fed standard amino acid recommendation (p<0.05). Feed restriction had no adversely effect on BW. Feed intake was positively reduced by increasing the duration of feed withdrawal. No effect of dietary amino acid density was observed for FI. Amino acid had inversely effect on carcass yield (p<0.05). Feed restriction reduced yield of breast and back (p<0.05). Continue feed withdrawal schedule reduced mortality more than other feeding programs. The present experiment shows that Overall improvements in economically important parameters may be observed by continue feed withdrawal when standard amino acid concentration is used.

Lactose determines the milk volume of mammary gland due to osmotic property. Glucose is essential precursor for lactose synthesis, which is mainly absorbed by glucose transporter 1 from blood to mammary gland. In the current study, the transcription levels of GLUT1 have been investigated during prenatal, milking and drying times in mammary glands of Adani goats having high and low breeding values. At the first, breeding values of the animals were estimated by multi-trait random regression model. Then, the samples were taken by biopsy gun and Real-Time PCR method was applied to study the expression of GLUT1. The results indicated that all fixed factors including breeding value groups, sampling times and interaction between them were significant (p<0.005). In addition, the expression of the gene only was different at milking times between two breeding value groups, so that the high breeding value group showed more transcription levels compared with the other group. The expression pattern of this gene in mammary gland was also different between two breeding value groups. Minimum expression of GLUT1 was observed at the prenatal time in high breeding value group, however low breeding value group presented the lowest expression at the milking time. The expression differences observed between the two groups in milking time could be due to the nucleotide variations in transcription factor or miRNA binding sites. Therefore, analysis of nucleotide polymorphisms need to be investigated in coding and promoter regions of this gene in further studies on Adani goats.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different levels of amino acid and feeding methods on performance and immune system of broiler chickens. Experimental design was based on completely randomized design in a factorial arrangement with 3 feeding methods [control (ad libitum feed intake)، intermittent feeding (IF) and continuous feed withdrawal (FW))، and 2 amino acid levels (level recommended by Arian and 8 % more). Each treatment was replicated 6 times with 23 male broilers per replicate. The CFW method was associated with a decreased mortality rate (P<0. 05). The IF and FW methods improved feed conversion ratio (P<0. 05). In CFW and IF feeding programs، the relative weight of spleen was increased (P<0. 05). At higher amino acid level، the percentage of circulatory lymphocyte was decreased and that of heterophil and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio were increased (P<0. 05). In conclusion، it seems that the FW feeding regimen with Arian recommended amino acid level might have a positive effect on the cellular but not the humeral immune system with no adverse effect on growth performance.

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship among body weight and Fat-tail measurements with fat-tail weight by using Multiple regression and Principal component analysis. The eleven characters includes, body weight, Fat-tail length, Fat-tail circumference, width and diameters in 3 position of upper, middle and lower before the slaughter, and also Fat-tail weight after the slaughter, were measured in 120 Torki-Ghashghaii sheep. After analyzing data, the five first principal components explained 89.69% of the total variability for Fat-tail weight by 45.02, 19.81, 11.58, 7.27 and 6.1, respectively. The highest coefficients in the PC1 and PC2 were to Fat-tail circumference and widths (0.362±0.036) and Fat-tail diameters (0.50±0.34), respectively. Body weight had the highest coefficient in 3 next principal components. Fat-tail length had the highest coefficient in PC3 and PC4. In the Principal component regression, Fat-tail length (0.071), upper circumference of Fat-tail (0.041) and body weight (0.040), had the highest coefficients. While, in General least squares method, middle circumference of Fat-tail (0.083), Fat-tail length (0.077) and body weight (0.042), had the highest coefficients. Also, Principal component regression resulted into much lower amounts for Standard Error (0.006 to 0.02) than General least squares method (0.01 to 0.08). The result of this study showed, estimation of Fat-tail weight using Principal component analysis had a higher accuracy that could be useful for genetic improvement specialists in designing appropriate management, selection and implementation breeding programs.

In this research، in order to describe milk production traits lactation Mahabadi goat breed، seven statistical functions were fitted using 1665 milk production traits records and 833 body weight records. The milk production traits were milk yield، fat percent، fat yield، protein percent، protein yield، lactose percent and SNF percent. These records have been recorded on 123 goats during years of 2012-2013. Based on results، there was not considerable difference in curve fitting of milk production and its composition yield among used functions. However، Ali and Schaeffer and Narushin-Takma functions in fat and SNF percentage، and inverse polynomial and Gompertz functions in protein and lactose percentage had higher goodness of fit in comparison with other function. Average daily milk production، days to peak production، milk production in peak، lactation period، and milk persistency were estimated 1 kg، 22 days، 1. 22 kg، 120 days، and 5. 59، respectively.

In this study، effect of two genotype imputation strategies، relatedness between reference panel and test populations and minor allele frequency on imputation error rate were examined with using a stochastic simulated population. Reference panel and test populations were composed of 1،000 and 500 individuals، respectively. Individuals in the reference panel were genotyped with using a high and a medium density chips. The high density chip contained 75،000 SNPs plus QTLs. The medium density chip contained 7،500 SNPs. Individuals in the test populations were genotyped with using a low density chip with 500 SNPs. Two strategies were applied for genotype imputation. In 2-tiered strategy، genotypes of low density chip were directly imputed from high density chip. In 3-tiered strategy، genotypes of low density chip were imputed from high density chip with using a medium density chip. In order to impute genotypes، BEAGLE method was used. Correlation between imputation error rate and minor allele frequency showed that imputation error rate was affected by minor allele frequency in both strategies. Imputation error rates were decreased when using a medium density chip to predict genotypes of low density chip. Closer relationship between reference panel and test populations led to a higher accuracy.

The aim followed in the present research was to investigate the effect of nine generations of divergent selection on some reproductive and egg production traits in Japanese quail. The results indicated that selection for 4-week body weight، increased the age at sexual maturity of HW and of LW lines، in comparison with control، for about 7 and 3 days، respectively (P<0. 05). At the ages of sexual maturity، there weren’t significant differences observed within the selected lines (P<0. 05)، but these lines were significantly different from control. Body weight at sexual maturity was higher in HW line than in LW and in C. The differences between lines were significant (P<0. 05). Body weight at sexual maturity and average egg weight at different productive stages increased in HW in comparison with control (P<0. 05). This was while، percentage egg lying at the point of sexual maturity was higher in LW than in control (P<0. 05). Total number of eggs laid was higher in LW than in HW and in control while the difference being significant only with HW. The highest percentage of egg-laying was recorded within 3-6 pm in any of the three lines. Peak egg production occurred during the second month. It can finally be concluded that because of the interrelated response between body weight and reproductive traits، it’s important to consider the reproductive and safety traits beside growth traits in selection programs.