عباسعلی وفایی

Semantic metamorphosis, a significant branch of diachronic semantics, explores the evolution of meaning in linguistic units. This is a phenomenon often overlooked by speakers of a language community despite extensive semantic shifts revealed through diachronic investigations, particularly in loanwords integrated into Persian that acquire a new identity. This study examines the semantic evolution of the word *raʿnā* (رعنا) in texts from the 4th century onward to trace its semantic trajectory.Utilizing a descriptive-analytical approach and library resources, this research demonstrates that after entering the Persian language, *raʿnā* underwent semantic broadening and elevation, shedding its original pejorative meanings such as "foolish" and "gullible." Over centuries of use within the geographical expanse of ancient Iran, the term acquired positive connotations, evolving to signify "beautiful," "tall," "well-featured," and "a captivating beloved." A core similarity across its various usages is the concept of beauty.

Combination is the major method of generation and expansion of Persian lexicons. All seven categories of Persian language are of potential for making combination. There have been studies on compound lexicons out of categories including verb, noun, adverb and word but this is not the case for pronoun. In this research, we aimed to investigate the capacity of Persian pronouns combinability and their generation extent over time on four categories of “noun, adjective, adverb and word” under different types of “compound, derivative, and derivative compound”. Exemplifying Persian prose and verse, we have clarified those combined lexicons made from pronouns and described each grammar and complied culturally references. This thesis has been arranged emphasizing Dehkhoda’s dictionary and other references through a library method. The method of this thesis “the capacity of combination of demonstrative pronouns and their roles within Persian language” was adopted from Abbas Ali Vafaei. All lexicons derived from Persian pronouns are introduced here and each one’s grammar is provided. Their contribution in word makings determined based on obtained samples.

Oral tradition is one of the important subjects in the history of the Persian language and literature, which, from several perspectives, requires reconsideration. In this research, relying on some major Arabic, English, and Persian sources, we first examined the oral tradition in primitive cultures, then compared it with the oral tradition in ancient Iran. Oral tradition is one of the most significant foundations directly connected with the sacred word, as exemplified in this article by the ancient Arabs and Iranians. Among the most important results of this research is the finding that oral tradition, from a linguistic and functional perspective, enabled human beings to find a way to the mysteries of the unseen world. For instance, one of the most important manifestations of the ancient oral tradition, along with religious and ritual hymns, is the worship of deities, particularly the praise of the gods of ancient times. In this way, the invocation and glorification of ancient gods constitute an inherent characteristic of the oral tradition in this period.

Syntactic and musical structures are two of the most significant stylistic features of any literary text, as they form the foundation for its rhythm, linguistic melody, and semantic organization. Within this framework, Mantiq al-'Ushshaq by Ohadi Maraghei stands out as a prominent example where the arrangement of syntactic components and their relationship with the musicality of language are distinctly manifested. One of the most remarkable stylistic traits of this poem is the poet's avoidance of excessive use of ezafe constructions—an inclination reflected not only at the semantic and syntactic levels but also in the text's musical dimension. Adopting an integrative approach that combines structural and cognitive stylistics, and employing a descriptive-analytical method, this study examines the implications of this stylistic feature. From a structural perspective, the reduction of ezafe constructions simplifies syntactic-semantic relations, increases the frequency of balanced sentences, and contributes to a stable internal order within the text. From a cognitive perspective, this tendency directly aligns with the principle of linguistic economy and the reduction of the reader's processing load, thereby enhancing semantic transparency and conceptual accessibility. The findings reveal that Ohadi's avoidance of ezafe constructions not only enhances linguistic clarity and cohesion but also plays a crucial role in establishing a consistent rhythmic-musical pattern and increasing the likelihood of syntactic balance. Thus, the poet's style emerges as the outcome of a dynamic interaction among syntactic, cognitive, and phonological factors.

This study, using a descriptive-analytical method and relying on meta-roles of ideas, studies the way mystical experiences are represented in Sufi writings and seeks to answer the question of what effect does the dominance of each of the roles of language in these texts have on the way linguistic processes are used The results of the study show that the dominance of each of the roles of language in these texts has directly affected the type of use of linguistic processes and has caused a difference in the representation of the experiences of Sufi writers. For example, in texts where the persuasive role of language has prevailed, a significant transformation has occurred from material processes to mental processes. In such texts, the “experiencer” is active and doer, and most verbs have transitive structures and past tense. The high frequency of the declarative aspect and the emphatic semantic ranges in these texts indicate the certainty in the author’s words. When reading these narratives, the audience’s mind is separated from its natural place and time and accompanies the narrator in the space of the experience. This mode of expression has found different manifestations with the changing roles of language. The characteristics of mystical experiences such as “indescribability”, “transience” and “passivity” are also, in parallel with the roles of language, other determining factors in the way of representing these experiences. Sufi writers are influenced by these characteristics, who refrain from accurately describing the situation and quality of experiences. Symbolic expression, high frequency...

The aim of this research is to study and investigate the structure and meaning of repeated compounds in two works by Nizami, namely "Khosrow and Shirin" and "Makhzen al-Asrar". In these two works, Nizami has used repetition, along with other word-building methods such as compounding, derivation, compound-derivation and reduction. In Nizami's Khosrow and Shirin, repeated compounds can be examined in the form of noun, verb and adjective groups. The method in this research is descriptive-analytical and all examples of verb, adverb and adjective in the two mentioned works of Nizami are examined. The most important findings of this research show that among the types of repetition, the poet has used both its patterns, namely complete and incomplete repetition and their various branches. There are repetitions in the two works mentioned by Nizami: such as noun + noun, noun + interjection + noun, object + interjection + object, adjective + interjection + adjective, countable number + interjection + countable number, adverb + adverb, adverb + interjection + adverb, prayer sentence with a combination of the letter neda and monada +, exclamatory sentence with the same combination, infinitive + infinitive, noun + interjection + subjects or the imperfect form of a noun, object + interjection + object from the root of object. Most of the repeated nominal combinations in “Khosrow and Shirin” and “Makhzan-ul-Asrar” are complete repetitions of the middle addition with grammatical morphemes. Most of the repeated adjectives and adverbial combinations in “Khosrow and Shirin” and “Makhzan-ul-Asrar” are complete repetitions of the middle addition with grammatical morphemes. In addition to artistic form, these repetitions show the lexical structure and development of the Persian language.

Each of the seven categories of the Persian language has the capacity and ability to create new compound words in combination with other components. In this passage, pronoun is one of the categories of Persian language which has not contributed much in linguistics and grammatical studies. Especially, the investigation of the structure of Persian language pronouns and the extent of their reproduction and expansion in the Persian language has not been the subject of research and research studies so far. Word formation through combination is the most common and main way to generate and expand vocabulary in Persian language. All the seven categories of Persian language have the capacity of composition. There have been many researches about the structure of the combined vocabulary of the verb, noun, adjective, adverb, letter and pseudo-sentence categories; But the pronoun is the only category that has not been mentioned. In this research, an attempt is made to examine the combinability capacity of all the pronouns of the Persian language and their rate of reproduction since long ago, in the area of compound derived nouns, compound derived adjectives, compound derived adverbs and compound derived letters. By mentioning Shahid examples of Persian poetry and prose.

 Numerous studies have demonstrated that environmental enrichment (EE) can mitigate the impacts of chronic stress. In this study, we explored the influence of maternal environmental enrichment on cognitive-behavioral disorders stemming from stress in the offspring rats.

Upon confirmation of pregnancy through the presence of vaginal plaque, the mother rats were randomly assigned to two groups: Control and enriched environment. The male and female pups were subsequently categorized into stress and nonstress groups. The stress groups experienced 6 hours of daily restraint stress for 21 days starting from the 30th day post-birth (adolescence). Serum corticosterone levels were measured after this period, and behavioral tests were conducted.

Restraint stress resulted in elevated serum corticosterone levels (P-value < 0.05). Data analysis from the elevated plus maze and light-dark box revealed an increase in the time spent and the number of entries into open arms in the offspring of the EE-St group compared to the STD-St group (P-value < 0.05). Light-dark box results demonstrated an increase in step-through latency and the number of entries into the lightbox in the offspring of the EE-St group compared to the STD-St group (P-value < 0.05). During the forced swimming test, immobility time was decreased in the offspring of the EE-St group compared to the STD-St group (P-value < 0.01). In the shuttle box test, step-through latency and the total time spent in the light compartment increased in the offspring in the EE-St group compared to the STD-St group (P-value < 0.01). Lastly, in the novel object recognition test, the time spent next to the new object increased in the EE-St offspring compared to the STD-St offspring (P-value < 0.01).

Environmental enrichment during pregnancy diminished anxiety and depression-like disorders as well as cognitive defects induced by stress in the adolescent offspring rats.

In Khaqani's Diwan a 6th-century pictorial poet, a large part of the images are made using only one specific word; This means that Khaqani can give an artistic function to a simple word. The word treasure, which has a special place in Supernatural sciences, spells and burials, is one of these words. In Mohammad Reza Shafi'i Kadkani's six division, rhetorical criticism analyzes the philosophy of the formation of rhetorical images by using six elements, which are: music-making and meaning-making industries, deceptive audience, lexical choice. And semantic breadth, norm breaking, connection with tradition and cultural and religious background and expressive topics. Using analytical methods in rhetorical criticism based on partial images can lead to the expansion of rhetorical techniques in literature while revealing the ambiguous points of rhetorical images of traditional Persian literature.Examining the rhetorical images created by the word treasure in Khaqani's poetry based on Shafii Kadkani's six-fold classification shows that the poet's mastery over the historical and cultural background has caused the word treasure to turn from a simple three-letter word into a functional rhetorical component. Become an artist.Rhetorical criticism, Shafi'i Kadkani, treasure and Supernatural Sciences , Khaqani's rhetorical illustrations, six categories of the basics of literary arrays.

The grapheme “و” in the Persian written system signifies several graphs and linguistic signs. This grapheme signifies both “o” and “va” (=and) in the field of conjunction, and there is no noticeable difference between their grammatical categories, function and meaning in the Persian language system. Pointing to the lexical and conceptual changes of these two words from a diachronic study, this article has tried to prove from the perspective of the reduction process in perceptional semantics that the word “و” has only one linguistic meaning and does not belong to more than one grammatical category. Research corpus is the lyric poems of Saadi and Hafez. Studying this conjunction from the perspective of the process of reducing the signs in perceptional semantics showed that the types of meanings attributed to “و” in the tradition of Persian language and literature studies are related to the meanings of collocating units, or are related to the reduction of companion units in the intra-linguistic context. In this approach, the conjunction “و” does not have any other category, meaning, and function in Persian language; and it is necessary to observe this point in the pragmatic studies related to this conjunction in Persian language and literary texts.

Both Persian and Spanish are parts of Indo-European language family that despite the need to categorize and understand some grammatical points for learning, so far no comprehensive comparative research on the grammar of these two languages has been done. Mood of verb is a sample of the complexities of the grammar of these two languages. . In this article, after matching the structures of indicative and subjunctive moods in these two languages, We have examined the association of commonly used modal elements and indicators  in simple Spanish sentences with the verbs of these two moods and by dividing them into three groups, we have determined which mood is used with verb along with the elements of each group, therefore by systematizing them, it is easier to find the mood equivalents of the two languages and this helps the process of learning and teaching the field of research. Besides, during the research, it was found that without knowing the structure of the source and destination language, and just by emphasizing the translation of modal elements, it is impossible to transfer the exact modal meaning concept of sentences in translation.

Discourse analysis is an interdisciplinary approach in the fields of linguistics, semantics, literature, cultural relations, and international fields which analyzes and evaluates how meaning and message are crystallized and formed in relation to intra-lingual and extra-lingual factors. Discourses are a kind of language of power relations due to the use of language and linguistic power. Since coherent and common meanings and themes (Semantics-based) that are crystallized in language are also prominent manifestations of cultural power; the authors of this article sought to explain it on the basis of semantics and discourse analysis in the development of cultural relations. The most important findings of this study indicate that in the approaches of semantic discourse analysis based on common celebrities in the field of common (non-linguistic) civilization, themes, mental and especially mystical schemes between common Iranian and Turkmen celebrities are evident. It also has mystical and moral schemas for Iran and Uzbekistan, which can be of interest for the public. The themes and mental schemas of the Shahnameh and the themes of some of the love poems or even the themes of Omar Khayyam's poems, which have been most welcomed by Georgian scholars, can be considered in writing Persian language textbooks in Georgia to provide deep cultural ties with friendly countries in the field of common civilization.

One of the phenomena studied in archeology is the study of historical beliefs and documents about the spells of treasures. The science of spells deals with: how to keep treasures, bury them in the ground to protect them from thieves and enemies, put various spells on them, ways to detect and open spells in Burials place. In his Khamse, Nizami has used these topics in great detail. The need to revise the traditional works of Persian literature from the point of view of archeology and to discover the historical values ​​of a prominent literary work has created the need to explore how to use the themes of spells and treasures in Khamse. This research has been done by using field observations, by conducting interviews with cultural heritage experts and by using descriptive analytical method. The analysis of verses based on the  classification of the imagination in Coleridge's Theory and also two different functions of the image in the literature as the linguistic and the virtual function reveals that in terms of content, spells and treasures have been used in the field of fiction and also pride, allegory, description, lyricism, praise and mysticism. Among these themes, the field of fiction is the most visible due to the use of precise details, and in other areas, it reveals the poet's thematic power. In rhetorical analysis, the study of three different literary structures shows that Nizami has created beautiful literary arrays by discovering the same features between specific concepts and spells and treasures.

The verb is one of the important pillars of grammar, the structure of which is disputed by grammarians. Hence, research to remove ambiguity has become one of the most important necessities of grammar. In this article, with a comparative study of verb structure in both Persian and Spanish, with regard to the verbs of the book "El libro de los abrazos" and its Persian translation, first the cause of disagreement about verb structure, then the way out of them provide an appropriate comparative classification of verb properties in both languages. During the research, it was found that the main reason for the disagreement about the structure of the verb is related to the type of division of language morphemes by the experts and the position of the preposition in it. After reviewing, we put the preposition below the lexical morpheme and considered the result of noun / adjective / adverb / verb / preposition+ verb as "compound verb" and the result of noun / adjective / adverb + derivative verbs as "derivative verb". In addition to providing a comparative division of verb structure in two languages and removing ambiguities about derivative and compound verbs, it became clear what the reason for the frequency of compound verbs in Persian compared to Spanish was.

This descriptive-analytical study is a comparative study of the methods of providing details in the textual context of Sufi mystical experiences in selected texts of the period of discovery and intuition. Each of the Sufis, as an "experiencer", under the influence of the dominance of one of the language maps, has directly or indirectly represented their mystical experiences in various states, including awakening, sleep, and the state between sleep and wakefulness. "Details or peripheral elements" as one of the sub-elements of the sentence, play a significant role in transmitting the author's thought to the audience, drawing the space of experiences and connecting the audience with the narrative flow. Most of these experiences were written at the request of a group of followers of the great Sufis. Therefore, it seems that in the process of writing these experiences, what is important in the first place is the "audience's view of the text"; In later stages, factors such as "content and stages of experiences" and "perspective of the narrative" are completely influential in the way these elements are used. The method of the authors in the way of presenting details has a direct effect on how linguistic processes are used in the narration of mystical experiences; This means that some processes have more capacity to express details. Material and mental processes, compared to relational processes, give the author more opportunity to discuss the details of events. In the textual context of mystical texts of the period of discovery and intuition,..

This article is organized with a linguistic approach to the prominent texts of past and contemporary Persian literature and with the aim of recognizing the compound word (morakkab-e atfi) from the coordinating phrase, and representing its lexical structure. First, the words of both sides of the conjunction “و” (and) were examined, and those that were components of a compound word, and syntactically independent, as components of a lexical unit were extracted and collected with some examples. Then, by examining the data structure, the lexical structure of the compound words, was grouped together under the heading of the term (vâže-atf)  and examples of the most difficult evidence were presented to show that 1) "Syntactic independence" is the most effective way in identifying the compound word of the coordinating phrase, especially in identical forms, 2) vâže-atf in the text does not completely follow the compound irreversibility rule, and 3) it benefits from greater structural diversity than standard language.

Abdullah Mirza Dara was one of the Qajar princes and thirteen's century poet.He was the most talented fathalishah's children who was known as a poet in his time. He was one of the restoration period's poets. His odes literature are similar to 4th and 5th century poems and his lyric poems are like Hafez and Sadii's sonnets.His odes's contents are praise and his lyric poems's contents are amorously. He was distinguished from other contemporary restoration period's poet by his religious poems and elegy, that, some of them is in Turkish.This paper will investigate Dara's stylistic feature and also review his biography and his productions to demonstrate his position among the restoration's poets in his time. Although he is not the best but there are beautiful couplets in his book of poems. It should be noted that Abdullah Mirza's collcction has not been corrected completely yet. The writer corrected his collection for the first time. and this article is from that correction

Mega-metaphors or central images, as propositions, contain profound thoughts originated from the mystic's personal experiences. Hence, decoding and clarifying the secondary meanings of these mega-metaphors will help to have a closer look at the mystic's worldview. These epistemological images can be represented in both superficial and intuitive levels. The present study aims to explore the connection between sun and the philosophical and mythological concepts (Active Intellect and Light of the Lights), on the one hand, and some other images like Simurgh, tree, Keykhosro, and Pir (Wise Man), on the other hand, and to explicate the function of sun image as a symbol that has become unified with meaning. One of the findings of this descriptive-analytical research is that it is the intuitive representation of the sun phenomenon which makes Suhrawardi’s symbolic stories distinct. This makes the sun transcend the language levels and turn into a conceptual perception. This study also sheds light on the interconnection between image and meaning in Suhrawardi's intellectual and linguistic doctrine and presents two key findings first, the images create meanings and not the other way round; second, phenomenal images create a mutual identity between the mental perception and the outside object. Therefore, in addition to being elusive and convoluted, such images are unconditional and ever changing, and are deployed for diverse meanings.

In the present age, which is the era of the rule of history and historicism, the question of identifying the mythical time and historical foundations is a concern for research.Particularly, in Iranian studies,  pinpointing the border between myth and history of the national epic is arduous.For the first time, Bertles  stated about the three distinct parts of  Shahnameh with mythical , historical and athletic titles. According to this view,the age of Pishdadian era is mythical, but scholars disagree on the era of Kianyan. The existence of mythical elements in the stories of Kianyan dynasty raises the question of whether the Kianyan kings have historical characters or belong to legends and myths. In response to this question, scholars such as Windschmall and Spiegel and Darmstadt and Lommel and wikander and Dozmil have a mythical view that  Kianyan or some of the kings of this dynasty are mythical.The existence of marvelous elements in the story of Kikavus and Kikhosro is the basis of this thinking. Another group of historians  such as Henning and Mary Boevis and Chrirstensen, consider Kianyan  kings the kings of East Iran to have ruled in the historical period before Achaemenids appierance and attendance Zoroaster in the kingdom goshtasp is the basis of this thinking In the present research, the views, arguments and evidence of these two groups of researchers have been criticized.The results of this study show that historians' theory is more reliable and closer to reality.

Exploring Persian grammar books, we find that most of categorizations of adjectives are repetitive and similar to each other. Focusing on semantics, the present article, offers a new classification according to the assignment or non-assignment (generality) of the adjective to the nouns. Therefore, the adjectives are divided into two specific and general categories; specific adjectives are divided into two special categories (type 1 and special type 2) based on their belonging to a specific semantic domain, or just a to specific adjective. General adjectives are divided into three general categories: less active (based on the scope of belonging to words), semi-active general, and active general. To obtain a set of traits, three novels: Symphony of the Dead by ‘Abbas Maroufi, Suvashun by Simin Daneshvar and Her Eyes by Bozorg Alavi were selected to extract the traits. After extracting the traits, the adjectives are classified into the general and the specific. These two categories are, in turn, were divided according to the expressive adjectives (simple (absolute), active, objective, relative, merit). Finally, it was determined which of the expressive adjectives is more close to each of the new divisions. Accordingly, the active adjectives are more close to the active and possessive adjectives, and the passive adjectives are associated with the active and unauthorized adjectives; Relative attributes, especially when they convey the concept of gender, are specific to the semantic domain of inanimate objects. The attributes of gesture, ambiguity, number, etc. are common and are considered as general attributes.

Discourse analysis is one of the interdisciplinary trends in linguistics, sociology, anthropology, psychology, and so on. This tendency has two main perspectives: first, it evaluates the formation of meaning and message in relation to the intricacies (including the physiological and structural aspects of language) and, in the second perspective, examines the exogenous factors (the relationship between language and all external features that include the knowledge of sociology, culture, etc.) Discourses are considered as the open language of power relations, and since language teaching concepts are also manifestations of cultural power, the authors of this paper have sought to criticize the concepts of second language teaching based on the second view of discourse analysis. The most important findings show that in meaning-based approaches, the reliance is on common prominent figures, for example, between Iran and Turkmenistan (Abu Saeed Abul-Khair, Abulfazl Sarakhsi, ...), Iran and Uzbekistan (Rudaki Samarghandi, Amir Ali Shirnava’i, Attar Neishabouri, and ...). Community-based approaches identify target communities by examining linguistic geography to transform communicative potentiality to communicative action. A culture-based approach which identifies common roots in literature, art, and language, and the obvious examples of which are the customs of Nowruz celebrations, Welcoming Spring and Seven Sin between Iran and its neighbors such as Azerbaijan, Pakistan, Turkmenistan and ..., refers to the creation of common cultural themes for the teaching of language learners. The psychology-based approach deals with the use of mystical literature, as well as its link with the concepts of participatory learning such as improvement of attitude in Hafez poetry and self-esteem in Saeb.

Painting is one of the attractive and symbolic arts in Iran and the study of paintings confirms the transfer of significant individual and social concepts of such aforementioned works. Persian poetry and literature are one of the literary artworks that bestows an imperative value in conveying essential human concepts. One of Rumi's main concerns is anthropology and according to him the Quran is considered as the most influential book; the reflection of good and evil is one of such impacts represented in the Quran and on the verses of the Masnavi. This research has been done by "comparative-analytical" method. The research findings indicate that many of the models presented in Masnavi are consistent with Quranic models; the furthermost of these role models are either divine prophets or saints including: divine prophets such as: Adam, Ibrahim, Noah, David, Solomon, Saleh, Younis, Moses, Yusuf, Jesus and Muhammad (PBUH); and divine saints such as: Bayazid Bastami, Mansour Hallaj, Fazil Ayyaz and Shaqiq Balkhi among other figures. In addition; a number of human manifestations in the abyss of the oppressors of history are tyrannical kings and bloodthirsty rulers; including: Cain, Pharaoh, Nimrod, Qarun, Abu Jahl, Abu Lahab, and Hajjaj Yusuf. Rumi has applied such human patterns through symbols and signs and has often made mystical interpretations regarding the figures and events related to their lives; in this regard, his objective was to display what moral virtues or vices each of these patterns partake. In the remaining paintings from the Safavid period, concepts and themes beholding the virtue and significance of human beings can be deliberated upon.

1. Scrutinizing the human face in Masnavi and its comparison with the Holy Quran. 2. Examining the pinnacle and depth of the human face in Safavid paintings.

Research questions:

 1. What is the pinnacle and depth of man from the point of view of Masnavi and Quran 2. What is the reflection of the human face in Safavid paintings

Cardiac tissue is one of the organs affected by thyroid hormones imbalances. Apolipoprotein D is a multifunctional glycoprotein that is expressed in various tissues including heart tissue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism on the level of apolipoprotein D protein in the heart tissue.

In order to induce hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism in white mice, propylthiouracil (PTU, 100 ppm) and levothyroxine (L-T4, 8 ppm) dissolved in water  and were used for 6 weeks, respectively. ELISA method was used to measure the total T3 hormone in rat serum. After confirming the model, the mice were anesthetized and the heart tissue was removed and the ventricle and apex of the heart were used for histological examination. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the expression level of apolipoprotein D.

We showed for the first time that the expression of apolipoprotein D in the hearts of hypothyroid (P<0.05) and hyperthyroid (P<0.001) rats increased significantly compared to the control group.

It is suggested that the increase in cardiac apolipoprotein D levels due to thyroid disorders may be part of an inherent system to protect the heart against damage caused by oxidative stress and inflammation in these disorders.

One of the common topics in Persian grammar is the topic of "citizens". It can be said that this issue is one of the cases that arises outside the control of linguists and completely with the direct involvement of people in the language, and its law and rule have not been chosen by experts and have not created a stereotyped system and style. The present article is a research to understand the process of formation and prevalence of citizens in Persian language and literature as a new style in people's speech. In this research, literary works after the Constitutional Revolution (which is the time of the rise and prevalence of citizens) have been examined and after comparing the use of citizens in the old style, a new division has been made and named for citizens; Also, the effect of human feeling in the use of such combinations has been studied for the first time and along with extracting the cases of nationalities in the works of contemporary writers and poets, the formation and creation of this language style and its prevalence have been stated.

The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical and the data collection method is documentary (library).

Citizens, before being a kind of compound in grammar, is a special style of speech that has entered the linguistic and literary styles from the colloquial language of the people in the present age.

The influence of people on social stories and articles - especially in the constitutional period when people were very involved in politics and reading articles and stories of that day - had a great impact on the prevalence of the use of negligent composition and also the effect of colloquial language on these works. Is. Works that have colloquial language and quotations from the language of the people of the street and the bazaar in their text, such as: Ebrahim Beyk's travelogue, Dehkhoda's nonsense articles, Jamalzadeh's works and other authors, have benefited more from national compositions, especially negligent ones. They had a language style.