عبدالباسط محمودپور

The aim of the present research was to investigate the phenomenological study of elderly individuals' lived experiences of the empty nest phenomenon and its coping components. Purposeful sampling was employed until data saturation was achieved, resulting in the selection of 17 participants, including 11 females and 6 males. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and analyzed using Colaizzi's method. The research findings in the domain of lived experiences consisted of four main themes: "Existential Crisis," "Emotional Turmoil," "Interpersonal Disruption," and "Positive Experiences." Additionally, coping components with the empty nest phenomenon included "Awareness and Willingness for Adaptation," "Purposeful Growth Experience," "Escape and Empathy," and "Strengthening Connection with Existential Source." In the domain of lived experiences, the theme of "Existential Crisis" encompassed four subthemes: "Sense of Void," "Fear of Death," "Confronting Existential Anxiety," and "Confronting Loneliness." The theme of "Emotional Turmoil" comprised four subthemes: "Experience of Contradictory Emotions," "Reactive Depressive Experience," and "Diminished Pleasure in Life." The theme of "Interpersonal Disruption" included three subthemes: "Lack of Mutual Understanding in Marriage," "Experience of Marital Conflicts," and "Social Withdrawal." The theme of "Positive Experiences" covered the subthemes: "Increased Leisure Time and Autonomy" and "Improved Relationship with Spouse." Moreover, in the coping components domain, the theme of "Awareness and Willingness for Adaptation" included "Self-Reflection and Self-Reliance," the theme of "Purposeful Growth Experience" encompassed "Engagement in Intellectual and Occupational Activities," "Recontextualization," and "Increased Resilience and Endurance." The theme of "Escape and Empathy" included "Focusing on Offspring's Happiness and Satisfaction," "Assisting Similar Individuals," and "Grandparenting." The theme of "Strengthening Connection with Existential Source" comprised "Gratitude and Trust," "Enhancing Spiritual Connection," and "Engagement in Religious Activities." Psychological experiences of facing the empty nest revealed contradictory emotions and reactions. Elderly individuals experience both positive and negative aspects during this phase, utilizing both intrapersonal and interpersonal dimensions for coping with the empty nest. Therefore, it is suggested that the findings of this research be utilized in planning, preventive actions, and interventions for elderly individuals experiencing the empty nest syndrome.

The Elderly have been a major issue for experts, policymakers, and even the public in recent years. The aim of this study was to predict social adjustment in the elderly based on distress tolerance, emotion regulation, and perceived social support. In recent years, the aging society has received attention in the field of global health, while some societies face it and others will face it in the not-too-distant future. One of the variables that can be effective in the social adaptation of the elderly is perceived social support. Social support plays a role as a psychosocial protective factor in relation to mental health problems. Social support is generally expressed in two ways: received social support and perceived social support. The meaning of received social support is the extent to which an elderly person enjoys obvious support, such as support from family and friends, and the meaning of perceived social support is satisfaction and having social support with positive emotions.Emotional distress, likely to be triggered by the current coronavirus situation, is another risk factor for premature death, as anxiety is known to be a predictor of all-cause death. This calls for addressing the psychological and behavioral effects, including perceived social support and emotion regulation that COVID-19 may have on social adjustment and the lives of individuals in this age group. However, little is known about emotion regulation, distress tolerance, and perceived social support and their association with social adjustment among the elderly during the coronavirus pandemic. Therefore, it seems necessary to discover the factors affecting social adaptation in achieving the growth of its physical, psychological, and social dimensions; therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of predicting social adjustment in the elderly based on distress tolerance, emotion regulation, and perceived social support. 

The present research was of the applied type and among descriptive and correlational research. The statistical population of the present study was all the elderly in Ahvaz in the period of November 1400 to December 1400 in the age range of 57 to 74 years. Data were collected using the Bell Social Adjustment Questionnaire (1962), Simmons & Gahr (2005) Distress Tolerance, Gross & John Emotion Regulation (2003), and Social Support (Zimmet, 1988). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis). 

The results showed that there is a direct relationship between anxiety tolerance, emotion regulation, and perceived social support with social adjustment (p <0.05). The adjusted R square value was equal to 0.416, which showed that the variables of distress tolerance, emotion regulation, and perceived social support explained 41.6% of the variance of social adjustment. The value of the standardized regression coefficient for the component of emotional distress tolerance (p<0.01, β=0.281), absorption of negative emotions (p<0.05, β=0.122), subjective estimation of distress (p<0.01, β=0.184), trying to relieve distress (p<0.01, β=0.274), marketing emotions (p<0.01, β=0.255), inhibiting emotions (p<0.01, -0.321 =β), emotional social support (p<0.01, β=0.325), support from relatives (p<0.01, β=0.153) and support from others (p<0.01, β=0.223). Therefore, it was concluded that distress tolerance, emotion regulation, and perceived social support can predict social adjustment. The findings of the present study indicate the importance of the variables of anxiety tolerance, emotion regulation, and perceived social support in explaining social adjustment in the elderly. 

Therefore, it is recommended to train for stress tolerance, emotion regulation, providing adequate support from family and important people in life, and developing the dimensions of adjustment in the elderly. ConclusionEmotion regulation strategies, distress tolerance, and perceived social support in the elderly can change their social adjustment capacity and thus affect their mental health. From a fundamental point of view, the research of the current research can be considered as a main factor in explaining social adaptation, and at the practical level, for more adaptation in the elderly, emotion regulation strategies, distress tolerance, and social support are considered. One of the limitations of the present study was conducted only on the elderly people of Ahvaz city. It is suggested to conduct research on a larger sample and elderly people with psychological disorders such as depression and schizophrenia.

Empty nest syndrome (SEN) in Iranian older adults is becoming an important social phenomenon. Although it is not a clinical disorder, it can affect a person’s life and lead to depression, alcoholism, marital conflicts, and identity crisis. This study aims to explore the lived experiences of older adults with SEN in Iran.

This is a qualitative phenomenological study. Participants were 17 older adults with a mean age of 65.7 years (6 males and 11 females) suffering from ENS in Tehran, Iran, in 2022. Sampling was done purposefully and until reaching theoretical saturation. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data regarding lived experiences.

Six main themes (existential crisis, emotional turmoil, cognitive disorientation, functional decline, disruption in interpersonal relationships, and satisfaction with the transition period) and 23 sub-themes were extracted.

Understanding of Iranian older adults’ experiences of ENS can provide valuable insights to gerontologists and practitioners in fields of psychology, counseling, and social work to develop future interventions for these older adults and enhance their quality of life.

The present study aimed to predict self-coherence in the elderly based on emotion regulation, self-compassion, and attitude toward death. The current research is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population included the elderly who lived in Tehran in 2021 and were selected using a purposive sampling method. The criteria for entering the study included living in Tehran, the ability to read and write, the absence of mental illnesses based on self-report, and the age of 65 years. Exclusion criteria included unwillingness to participate in the study and incomplete completion of questionnaires. Data collection was done using questionnaires of self-coherence, cognitive regulation of emotion, short form of self-compassion, and revised form of attitude towards death. Data analysis was done using SPSS software version 25 and Pearson correlation statistical tests and multiple regression analysis at a significance level of 0.05. The results showed that there is a statistically significant relationship between the components of emotion regulation, self-compassion, and death attitude with self-coherence in the elderly. Also, the regression analysis results showed that the components of emotion regulation, self-compassion, and attitude toward death explain 72.5%, 58%, and 28.8% of their coherence variance, respectively(P ≥ 0.01). It is concluded that emotion regulation, self-compassion, and attitude toward death play an essential role in predicting self-coherence in the elderly.

This research aimed to investigate the lived experiences of elderly individuals in relation to the empty nest phenomenon. A combined methodological approach was utilized for this qualitative study, employing a phenomenological method. Participants were purposefully selected using a targeted sampling method until theoretical saturation was reached. Ultimately, 17 elderly individuals residing in empty nests were chosen to undergo in-depth interviews. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive phenomenological analysis. The empirical exploration of participants' experiences in confronting an empty nest led to the identification of eight main themes and 25 sub-themes: 1) Sobriety and adaptation (self-reflection and reliance on personal capabilities), 2) Self-care (engaging in pleasurable and health-promoting activities, receiving psychological services, and engaging in mindfulness exercises), 3) Attitudinal changes (revising perspectives on separation from children and nurturing hope for future reunions), 4) Emotional regulation strategies (accepting emotions related to separation, reevaluating memories, journaling thoughts and feelings, avoiding cognitive rumination, and learning from peer experiences), 5) Strengthening social bonds (determination to improve communication, perception of network support, utilizing support from family and parents, participating in collective activities, and maintaining connections and obtaining information about children), 6) Purposeful growth experience (resuming scholarly and cultural activities, reinterpreting life's meaning, and enhancing resilience and adaptability), 7) Focusing on self-fulfillment (prioritizing happiness and satisfaction for their children and assisting individuals with similar issues), and 8) Enhancing spiritual connections and engaging in religious activities (expressing gratitude, relying on faith, and participating in religious and spiritual activities).

Marriage is one of the most important decisions people make in life to achieve emotional needs and gain security; Because it provides the cornerstone of family relationship. One of the most important elements in providing the emotional needs of people and the durability of marriage is intimacy between couples. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of developing a model of marital intimacy based on the strategies of maintaining the couple, tolerance of distress with the mediating role of mindfulness. The research method was descriptive and correlation type, which was done in the form of path analysis. The statistical population of the present study were married women in Tehran between the ages of 24 and 55 years, of which 320 were selected using available sampling. The data collection tools used in this research were the Marital Intimacy Scale by Walker and Thompson (1983), the Couple Strategies Scale by Bass et al. (2008), the Distress Tolerance Scale by Simmons and Gaher (2005), and the short form of the Freiburg Mindfulness Questionnaire made by Wallach et al. (2006). ). The resulting data were analyzed at the descriptive level using mean and standard deviation and at the inferential level using correlation test and regression analysis and path analysis to investigate the role of mediator, using SPSS and AMOS software.The results indicated that the marital intimacy formulation model has an acceptable fit. This shows that the variables of couple maintenance strategies and distress tolerance are related to mindfulness. The relationship between mindfulness and marital intimacy is directly significant, and also the indirect effect of spouse preservation strategies and distress tolerance on marital intimacy with the mediation of mindfulness is significant (P<0.05). The results indicate that the variables of couple maintenance strategies, distress tolerance and mindfulness are important and influential in intimacy between couples.

Changes in the lives of the elderly can have profound effects on the lives of the elderly and their mental health. If one is flexible and adaptable, one can cope more with these changes. The present study was conducted to investigate the psychometric properties of the Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS) in the elderly. The present study was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of method. The statistical population of the present study included the elderly in the empty nest in Tehran in 2021. Among them, 278 eligible people who volunteered to participate in the study were selected as a sample by the sampling method and the Simmons and Gaher distress tolerance questionnaire (2005) responded. The results of exploratory factor analysis using the principal components method, in addition to the general factor of anxiety tolerance, confirmed four factors (tolerance, absorption, evaluation and regulation) for the anxiety tolerance questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to evaluate the reliability of the questionnaire and confirmatory factor analysis was used to determine its factor validity. The results showed that the questionnaire has an acceptable internal consistency and the reliability coefficients of the distress tolerance questionnaire are between 0.64 and 0.82. Also, the total reliability coefficient of the questionnaire is equal to 0.89. Confirmatory factor analysis was also used to determine factor validity. The results of confirmatory factor analysis confirm that the structure of the questionnaire has an acceptable fit with the data and all goodness indicators of the fit confirm the model. Therefore, considering the desirable psychometric properties, this questionnaire is a suitable tool for determining Distress Tolerance tolerance.

The present study was done using a qualitative approach and descriptive phenomenological method aimed at analyzing identity changes in mothers confronted with the phenomenon of an empty nest. The research community consisted of mothers living in Tehran, aging between 45 and 65 years old whose last child had left home at least 1 year and at most 5 years ago. Sampling was done theoretically until reaching saturation and finally 11 people were selected as the sample. The collection of data was performed using a semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis was used for analyzing the data. The findings of the research include 3 main themes and 20 subthemes. The themes include issues related to children (the change of home atmosphere, concern about children’s future, children’s independence), negative consequences in mothers’ lives (sense of aging, loneliness, sense of emptiness, sense of missing, being confused, loss of identity, being bored and depressed, losing independence), positive consequences in mothers’ lives (an increase of self-care, an increase of spouse’s support and sense of closeness to a spouse, self-actualization, an increase of social relationships, increase of leisure and entertainment time, self-improvement, positivism, improving sex, a decrease of responsibility for children ). The results showed that most of the participants considered children’s departure as a positive event, moreover, husbands’ supportiveness after children’s departure was an important and effective factor in mothers’ positive performance in the empty nest period.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the soldiers' suicidal ideation model based on the meaning of life, emotion regulation, and social support with its role of self-compassion mediation. The present study was a descriptive and correlational study using path analysis The statistical population of the study was all the duty personnel of the units of the Army of the Islamic Republic of Tehran in Tehran, which were surveyed by the available sampling method of 320 of them. To collect data from the beck suicide scale ideation   (Beck, 1979), the meaning of life (Stiger and Oishi, 2006), emotion regulation (Gross and John, 2003) and social support (Zimmet, 1988), self-compassion (Nef, 2003 path-analysis was used to analyze the data, which confirms the hypothetical model of the research, so the meaning of life, reassessment component, social support negatively predicted suicidal ideation in soldiers (p <0.05). Self-sufficiency had a mediating role in this prediction (p <0.05). The results of this study showed that soldiers with meaning in life, efficient emotion regulation, social support, and self-compassion are less prone to suicide.

The aim of this study was to study the phenomenology of parent-child conflict management practices during the coronavirus outbreak. The method of this research is qualitative and has used a phenomenological design to deeply describe the subject. Participants in this study were 12 parents of elementary school students in Tehran in the 1399-1400 academic year who were selected by convenience sampling method. Data were collected during semi-structured interviews and analyzed using the Klaizi method. Finally, after analyzing the data, 4 main categories in the fields of health, education, finance, and interpersonal relations and 12 subcategories were obtained. It can be concluded that this study has provided a new understanding of the parent-child relationship in the current situation. In this way, creating a relationship-oriented environment in the family and meeting the developmental needs of the child, and supporting and caring for her along with committing her to her responsibilities can help increase the quality of the relationship between parents and their children. And lead to a safe and peaceful atmosphere in the family center even during the period of coronary heart disease and global fear of it.

The purpose of this research was to determine the effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy on distress tolerance and feeling of guilt in mothers of children with physical-motor disability.

The quasi-experimental research method included pre-test and post-test, with control group. The statistical population of this study consisted of all mothers of children with physical disability who had received education in special schools in city of Saqez during the Persian year of 1398. For this purpose, 24 mothers of physically disabled children were selected from the exceptional schools by convenient sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (12 in each group). The experimental group received 10 sessions of intervention and no training was given to the control group. The instruments used in this study were the Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS) and the Test of Self-Conscious Affect (TOSCA-2), which were completed in the pre-test and post-test phases. Data were analyzed using covariance analysis.

The findings of this study indicated that there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in pre-test and post-test in scores of distress tolerance and feeling of guilt. According to these findings, compassion-focused therapy is effective in decreasing feeling of guilt and increasing distress tolerance of mothers of children with physical disability.

The results showed that self-compassion, through providing positive experiences, increasing adaptation to stressful situations, and expressing empathy and sympathy can increase distress tolerance in individuals and reduce the level of guilt of mothers with children with disabilities.

This study aimed to investigate the relationships of early maladaptive schemas to marital satisfaction and quality of life in women with substance-dependent spouses.

This study was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population consisted of women with substance-dependent spouses referred to public and private drug abuse treatment centers in the city of Tehran. For this purpose, 200 of these individuals were selected by convenience sampling method. To collect data, the Young schema questionnaire-short form, the marital satisfaction questionnaire, and the quality of life questionnaire were used. Data were analyzed using Pearsonchr('39')s correlation coefficient and stepwise regression analysis.

The results showed that maladaptive schemas of emotional deprivation, abandonment, dependence, and emotional inhibition predicted 40% of the variance of marital satisfaction significantly and negatively. Also, maladaptive schemas of abandonment, dependence, self-sacrifice, entitlement, and insufficient self-control were able to predict 84% of the variance in quality of life significantly and negatively.

The results of this study provide appropriate information about the role of early maladaptive schemas in creating individual and interpersonal problems in women with substance-dependent spouses and can be appropriate in determining treatment programs and interventions

The purpose of this study was to study the marital identity changes in women after the birth of the first child from their spousechr('39')s point of view. To achieve this goal, a qualitative approach and a descriptive phenomenological method were used. The research community is Fathers living in Tehran that at least one year and at most seven years passed from the birth of their first child. Purposeful sampling was used and 12 persons were selected as the participants. Data were collected through researcher-made semi-structured interviews and analyzed by content analysis method. Finally, the research findings led to 13 sub-themes and 3 main themes. The main themes are Role changes (Decreased emotional support, Increase emotional support, Reduce instrumental support, Increase instrumental support, Reduce intelligence support), Rule changes (Child orientation, Communication with family and friends, expand expectations from a spouse, Increase attention to family) and Internal changes (Personal growth, Behavioral and personality traits, Internal tensions, Attitude, and worldview ). The results showed that a group of participants consider the identity Changes of their wives after childbirth Positive and another group considers them negative. It seems that the quality of marital relations before childbirth, Main family support, husband participation in parental responsibilities, and household Affairs are the influential factors in the formation of cohesive identity of mothers in the transition to parental phase.

Marital conflicts have a profoundly negative effect on the couplechr('39')s relationships and, consequently, on the context and family relationships. Therefore, the present study seeks to answer the question of whether cognitive avoidance and emotional expression are able to predict marital conflict?

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of cognitive avoidance and emotional expression in predicting marital conflict.

The method of this research was descriptive-correlational. The research population included all women in Tehran in July, August and September of 2019, and 324 women referred to the neighborhoods located in 1, 2 and 3 areas were selected as the sample by the convenience sampling method. In order to collect the data, the marital conflict scale of Sanaee Zaker and Barati (2008), the cognitive avoidance scale of Sexton and Dugas (2008) and the emotional expression scale of King and Emmons (1990) were used. Pearson correlation test and multiple linear regression analysis were used to analyze the data.

The findings showed cognitive avoidance and emotional expression are significantly correlated with marital conflict (P< 0/05) and predict 64% of the variance of marital conflicts (P< 0/05).

According to the findings of this study, it is necessary to pay attention to informing people about cognitive avoidance and emotional expression. The findings of this study can be used in order to develop and implement educational and treatment programs in order to reduce the level of marital conflicts.

Academic failure is one of the most common problems of the academic problems among the university students which accompanied by a range of interpersonal and psychological damages and conftont with disturbance the person, s function in all aspects of the life. The purpose of the current study was to qualitative investigation of the damages and psychological dysfunctions of the students with academic failure.

This study was administered by qualitative method and using the descriptive phenomenological. The under study population in this study consisted of all master, s degree students with academic failure in Allameh Tabatabayi University in the years of 2016-2018. Also the sampling method was purposeful sampling during which 16 subjects from the target population were selected to participate in the study and were interviewed. All interviews were recorded and then transcribed line by line and eventually were analized by using the Diekelmann et al. descriptive analysis method.

the 16 semistructured interviews were conducted and the analysis of the data from the interviews led to identification and classifying of 6 main themes (psychological distress and discomfort, unpleasent percieved emotions, cognitive-mental damages, unresolved grief, low self-esteem, failures and relational Inconveniences) and 26 sun themes in context of the psychological damage and malfunctions of the students became conditional.

Based on the results, functional programs should be designed and implemented with the aim of correcting and improving the common psychological injuries and dysfunctions among conditional students, thus increasing their efficiency in taking care of their academic duties and responsibilities.

The aim of this research was to study the role of e-learning on students’ perceived interpersonal relationships with teachers.

This research has been done in the framework of qualitative research method and phenomenological design. The participants were 11 high school students in Tehran and they were selected in an accessible manner and participated in a semi_ structured interview. Data were analyzed by Klaizi method.

Finally, after analyzing the data, 4 main categories and 8 sub-categories were obtained. Based on the findings, the studentchr('39')s view on their limited communication with teachers, students confusion in new situations, the nature of the differences between distance and face-to-face education, and students’ concerns about the unpreparedness of infrastructure were obtained.  These component led to a comprehensive dimension of studentchr('39')s perspectives on research concerns.

The results of this study explain the possible contexts for positive intervention in the teacher-student relationship considering the existing conditions.

Marital relationships and their effective factors play an important role in the satisfaction of couples from their common life and their marriages. Therefore, prediction of marital burnout based on differentiation of self and communication beliefs with mediation role of emotional regulation in female applicants for divorce in Kermanshah. The statistical population of this study included all women applying for divorce in Kermanshah city court in Question 2019 out of which 200 selected as available sample. Data collection tools in this study were differentiation of self  Inventory (Skowron & Friedlander, 1998), Marital burnout questionnaire (Pines & Nunes, 2003), Emotional regulation (Garnefski, Kraaij & Spinhoven, 2001), and Communication beliefs questionnaire (Eidelson & Epstein, 1982). To analyze the data, a path analysis statistical method used to determine the causal relationships between the variables. The results showed that communication skills and differentiation of self were significantly able to predict marital distress. Positive and negative emotions were also significantly able to predict marital distress. The results of path analysis also showed that positive and negative emotions play a partial mediating role in the relationship between differentiation of self   and communication skills with marital distress. In other words, the mediating role of positive and negative emotions was confirmed. The results showed that appears to cut the marriage is a complex phenomenon that also affects many couples, many factors, including differentiation of self, beliefs, communication, and emotion regulation is affected. Therefore, it is necessary to pay special attention to differentiation of self, communication beliefs, and emotional regulation in family therapy and family education interventions.

Marital burnout is a gradual loss of emotional attachment that reduces attention to the spouse, emotional alienation, and increased feelings of discouragement and indifference toward the spouse. In this regard, the aim of the present study was to predict marital burnout based on emotional expression, distress tolerance, and communication patterns of married female students. The method of this research is descriptive-correlational. The statistical population was married female students of Allameh Tabatabai University in the academic year of 1998-99. Among them, 280 people who had entry criteria were selected using a convenience sampling method. The present research instruments were the Pines Marital Burnout Questionnaire (1996), the Christensen & sullaway Communication Pattern Questionnaire (1984), the Simons and Gaher Distress Tolerance Scale (2005), and King & Emmons emotional expression Scale (1990). The research data were analyzed using regression analysis. The results showed that constructive/reciprocal communication, expression of intimacy, and two components of stress tolerance include appraisal and regulation negatively predict the marital burnout. Also, the expression of negative emotion positively predicts marital burnout. according to the results of the research, it is possible to help the couplechr('39')s marital quality of life and reduce their burnout by teaching constructive/reciprocal communication pattern and appropriate emotional expression methods  and increasing stress tolerance

Intimacy is a relationship in which there is care, mutual trust and acceptance. Regarding the importance of intimacy in the marital relationship, the aim of this study was to predict marital intimacy based on mindfulness, patterns of conflict resolution, perceived social support, and social well-being.

The present research method was correlational. For this purpose, 264 people were selected from the women's community of Tehran using the available sampling. Participants responded to Marital Intimacy Scale (Thompson & Walker, 1983), Conflict Resolution Styles Questionnaire (Rahim, 1983), Short Form of the Freiburg Mindfulness Questionnaire (Wallach et al., 2006), Perceived Social Support Scale (Zimet, 1988) and responded to the social well-being Scale (Keys, 1998). For data analysis, multiple regression were used.

The results showed that the variables of conflict resolution patterns, mindfulness, perceived social support and social well-being are significantly related to marital intimacy. In total, these variables were able to predict 23% of marital intimacy variance.

The findings of this study indicate the importance of conflict resolution, mindfulness, perceived social support and social well-being in explaining women's marital intimacy. Therefore, teaching the correct ways to resolve conflicts and mindfulness exercises, providing adequate support from family and important people in life, and strengthening the motivation to grow the social dimensions of women's personality is recommended.

Achievement Motivation is a tendency to try to choose and perform activities that aim to achieve success or avoid failure. The aim of this study was to Predicting studentschr('39') achievement motivation based on academic self-efficacy, academic self-efficacy, dysfunctional attitudes, and the meaning of education. The research method was correlational. The statistical population included all male dormitory students of the University of Tehran and the statistical sample included 293 people who were selected as available. Research tools included the Hermans (1977) The achievement motivation Scale, Jones  & Rhodewalt (1982) The self-handicapping scale, Jinks & Morgan  (1999) The Academic Self-efficacy Scale, Weissman & Beck (1987) The Dysfunctional Attitude Scale, and Henderson-King and Smith (2006) The Learning Meaning Scale. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation, regression and t statistical tests. The research findings showed that the relationship between academic self-empowerment, academic self-efficacy and the meaning of education with achievement motivation at the level of 0.01 is positive and significant and the relationship between dysfunctional attitudes and achievement motivation is negative and significant) P< 0/01(. Also, the results of regression analysis showed that the predictor variables explain 21% of the variance of the achievement motivation. The results of this study help identify the factors influencing the achievement motivation and show the need for more attention of officials to these factors to promote achievement motivation and subsequent success.

Numerous studies have examined early maladaptive schemas and marital satisfaction and psychological distress. But there is research on the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and marital satisfaction and the psychological distress of infertile women.

the present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and marital satisfaction and psychological distress of infertile women.

The method of this study was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population included all infertile women in Tehran in 2019. A total of 260 infertile women were selected from two infertility centers in Tehran using the available sampling method. In order to collect data, the short form of Yangchr('39')s initial maladaptive schema questionnaire(1998), Questionnaire 47 Enrich Marital Satisfaction Question (1989), and Kesslerchr('39')s psychological distress questionnaire (2002) were used. Data analysis was performed using Pearson correlation test and multiple linear regression analysis.

There is a significant relationship between incompatible schemas of abandonment, defect, dependence, obedience, emotional inhibition and unrelated criteria with marital satisfaction (P< 0/05). There is also a significant relationship between maladaptive schemas of abandonment, dependence, underdeveloped self-development, emotional inhibition, unrelated criteria, insufficient self-control, and entitlement to psychological distress (P< 0/05).

Early maladaptive schemas are among the factors that lead to a decrease in womenchr('39')s marital satisfaction during the infertility period and increase psychological distress.

Middle age is one of the periods of human development and during this period, women experience identity changes in the field of perception and relationship with themselves, others and the universe. Recognizing these changes is necessary for more and better understanding of middle-aged women. Hence the present paper aimed at a qualitative study on the role of identity transition in relation to oneself, others and the environment of middle-aged women in Tehran. The present research method is qualitative and phenomenological. Thirteen participants were selected through purposeful sampling. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data and interviews were continued until data saturation. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data from phenomenological interviews. Findings on the role of middle-aged women's identity transition in relation to oneself includes the main themes of intrapersonal relationship, attitude to retirement, perception of middle age and attitude to self-identity. Relationship with others includes the main theme of improving relationship methods and relationship with the environment with the main themes of change in the value system, aging and death, the review of the past, the attitude towards the future and the relationship with nature were classified. Given the role of Identity transition in relation to oneself, others and the environment, counselors can benefit from the findings of this study while counselling with middle-aged women. The findings indicate the impact of the identity transition of middle-aged women in improving their relationship with others during this period and their relationship changes towards themselves and the environment around them.

Numerous studies have examined academic competence, parenting styles, perceived self-efficacy, and emotion regulation. But research that focuses on predicting academic achievement based on parenting styles, perceived self-efficacy, and student emotion regulation has been neglected.

The aim of this study was to predict studentschr('39') academic competence based on parenting styles, perceived self-efficacy and emotion regulation.

The research method was descriptive correlational. The statistical population of the study included all male high school students in the city of Karaj in the academic year of 1398-1399. 320 students were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling. The present research instruments were DiPerna and Elliottchr('39')s (1999) Curriculum Assessment Scale, Bamrindchr('39')s Childhood Styles Questionnaire (1972), Sherrchr('39')s General Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (1982), and Gross & Johnchr('39')s Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (2003). Data analysis was performed using correlation coefficient and regression simultaneously.

There is a significant positive relationship between authoritarian parenting style, perceived self-efficacy and emotional market marketing with academic competence (p< 0/05). There was also a significant negative relationship between authoritarian parenting style and academic competence (p< 0/05). The results of multiple regression analysis showed that the The variables of parenting style, perceived self-efficacy and emotion regulation have the ability to predict 60% of academic competence.

Parenting styles, perceived self-efficacy, and emotion regulation were able to predict academic competence among students.

Divorce is considered as one of the social harms that can cause many behavioral and psychological problems. This study examined Prediction of distress tolerance based on attachment styles, frustration tolerance and religious attitude in divorced women. The study had a descriptive correlational research design. The research population included all women who referred to the welfare counseling centers in Tehran in July and August of 2019, 225 of whom were selected as the sample by the available sampling method. The Simons and Gahar Distress Tolerance Scale (2005), Hazen and Shaver’s Attachment style Questionnaire(1987), Harrington's Frustration Discomfort Scale (2005) and Allport’s Religious Orientation questionnaires(1967) were used for gathering the data. The gathered data were analyzed through running Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression on SPSS. The findings indicated a significant relationship between attachment styles, frustration tolerance and religious attitudes. Therefore, according to the findings of this study, it can be concluded that distress tolerance interacts with several factors, including attachment style, frustration tolerance and their religious attitude (P<0/05). The results of multiple regression also showed that the predictor components of the study could predict 34% distress tolerance. Therefore, based on the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that the tolerance of distress in divorced women interacts with several factors, including attachment style, frustration tolerance and their religious attitude. Thus, psychological empowerment programs and personal growth by focusing on effective social communication with individual independence can increase the ability to encounter effectively with frustrations that a person suffers as a result of divorce. Also, deep relationship with God can be accompanied by positive changes on the eve of distress tolerance in the statistical population under study.

Divorce as one of the most determining factors in the disruption of the family as the most important social institution and the basis of society is of undeniable importance. The complexity and growing number of divorce in all societies highlights the need for the comprehensive investigation of the relevant underlying factors of this social dilemma. The present study aimed to explore the tendency for divorce based on marital burnout and tolerance of distress by the mediation of loneliness in female applicants for divorce in Kermanshah.

The method of the research was descriptive and correlational which was conducted in the form of regression analysis and path analysis. The study population included all women seeking divorce in Kermanshah out of whom 100 samples were selected through availability sampling and asked to respond to research instrument. The data collection instrument in this study included marital Burnout Scale (MDS), Emotional Distress Tolerance Scale, and Social-Affective Loneliness Scale for Adults (SELSA-S). The resulting data were analyzed using mean and standard deviation at descriptive level and using the correlation test and regression analysis and path analysis at inferential level to reveal the mediating role by SPSS And Amos.

Data analysis results revealed that the scales of marital Burnout and distress tolerance have a direct effect on loneliness.

As for the research results, the tendency for divorce among the applicants can be curbed through training and counseling concerning marital Burnout, tolerance of distress and loneliness in women.